Over the years, luxury has built-up a reputation as recession proof industry. Even though the industry growth has slowed down in the mid 2000s, luxury firms have managed to cope with economic contingencies and shortening traditional demand by widening their clientele base to prestige mass consumption ― the “masstige clientele”. Doing so, luxury firms have been pursuing a dual strategy by wooing aspirational consumers as well as their traditional elite customers, thus managing the challenge of handling both a differentiation strategy based on scarcity and uniqueness, and increased volumes of sales. This has been a trend in mature markets such as Europe, the United States and Japan, but was significantly fostered by expanding into emerging markets. Sector specialists thus expect China to remain a major structural growth area in the medium term, where the number of both high-end clients as well as new aspirational consumers will substantially increase and influence firms strategy.

本文的悖论不同于逻辑学中的悖论，而是文学上的悖论，是指有些语句，表面看来内容具有相反性或矛盾性，深层的含义却更加准确合理。事物有表象与本质，语言仅表达事物的概念，不一定是真理或真实，因此，用语言表述事实容易陷入明显的局限。人们洞察事物真实面目后，有时更需要用悖论来揭示本质：不仅使用语言表达表层意味，更需要透过语言表层，运用悖论来表现更加深层的含义。在诸子百家中，老子比其他任何人都更多地使用悖论来展示自己的思想。这篇论文针对老子如何通过悖论提出治国方略进行研究。 『老子』的悖论总共三个类型。第一，我们所认知的现象，经常与事物的本质不一样。老子最典型的句子就是“大巧若拙”。老子用意义完全相反的词语来描述现象和本质，指出人们所认知的只是与本质恰恰相反的表象，以此来告诉君王必须准确地洞察国家现实。第二，老子强调“物壮则老”这一规律。这是中国自古就有的思想，它表明，事物达到极端的一面就会自然产生回归的反作用力，这是所有事物运行的自然循环规则。老子以此来劝勉君王不要追求过度的、做作性的治国方式，并说明这种背道而驰的治国方式将带来灾难性后果。第三，“无为而无不为”，这是老子五千言的最高命题。“无为”在文字上看“不做”，而最终追求的却是“无事不能成”。君王治理国家，所有的政策与措施就应该顺其自然，才能马到成功。这就是老子所希望的最高治国方略。 为了这种治国方略的实现，他进而要求君王积极地退让、谦虚、慈爱及俭约。让君王积极追求雌性的柔软性、婴儿般的赤子心、水流般的自然性、溪谷江海般的包容性。这是使君王和国家平安无事、长存永保的原则。因此老子的这些治国方略是极其现实的，也是非常积极的。在他的悖理语句里，正反两面词语的指向是非常明确的。正面意义的词语是指君王和国家的走向：君王必须成为真正的君王（“大方”、“大器”、“大音”、“大象”），而不是空壳般的君王。为了成为真正的君王，必须善于洞察，把握事物本来的真实面目（“大直”、“大巧”、“大辩”）。以此英明政策来管理国家，君王本人的理想人品（“上德”、“大白”、“广德”、“建德”、“质真”）就会与老百姓浑然一体。君王推动国家政策时，必须透彻地把握现实，用更准确更先进的原则（“明道”、“进道”、“夷道”)施行各种措施。必须以谦让朴素的态度包容天下，细心周到（“疏而不失”）地关怀老百姓。这样的国家就会永不衰亡（“大成不弊”、“大盈不穷”)。君王所希望的（“立”、“行”）国家不断地繁荣成长（“全”、“正”、“盈”、“新”、“得”），君王自己获得真正的成功（“明”、“彰”、“功”、“長”、“知”、“名”、“成”)。这没有任何勉强做作，全是自然而然发展繁荣（“无不为”、“无不治”)。这样的国家，是老百姓人人都幸福、温暖、安全（“民利百倍”、“民复孝慈”、“盗贼无有”)的国家。这就是王弼所谓“崇本息末”的“崇本”方略。 反面词语则集中表达了君王本身要持有的心态和力行的言行。老子要求君王不要做作（“企”、“跨”），不要伪善（“自见”、“自是”、“自伐”、“自矜”），不要过度的“有为”。君王不要顽固地执着，一意孤行（“无隅”、“晚成”、“希声”、“无形”)。君王要谦虚（“不武”、“不怒”、“不与”、“为之下”)，少做（“不行”、“不见”、“不为”），淳朴（“屈”、“拙”、“讷”、“曲”、“枉”、“洼”、“敝”、“少”)，甚至于愚钝（“不德”、“若谷”、“若辱”、“若不足”、“若偷”、“若渝”、“若昧”、“若退”、“若纇”)。这样他的政策松散而宽裕（“天网恢恢”），也不必处处标榜人伦价值（“绝圣弃智”、“绝仁弃义”、“绝巧弃利”）。如此进行“无为之治”，就是王弼所谓“崇本息末”的“息末”方策。 总而言之，老子的悖论具有以下三个要点。一是其悖论有“正言若反”、“物壮则老”、“为无为”三种类型。 二是老子所说的悖论的确拥有“崇本息末”的含义。三是老子所追求的理想的治国方略具有非常积极而值得肯定的意义与价值。

This study is to solve the public education’s dilemma between the standardized education to maximize learning efficiency and the personalized education to maximize learning effectiveness, using the paradox management process. The process is based on combining the TOC (Theory Of Constraints) and TRIZ (Russian Theory of Inventive Problem Solving), which is a creative way of thinking to draw the synergic effect by pursuing simultaneously the conflicting elements. Through this research, a new concept of learning method can be suggested on a public course. Further research should be performed to develop a learning guideline based on the students’ empirical study results.

자유민주주의는 자유주의와 민주주의의 결합어이다. 그러나 양 개념은 생각보다 잘 조화되는 개념이 아닌데, 대표적으로 칼 슈미트가 이 점을 통렬하게 지적한 바 있다. 칼 슈미트는 사람을 추상적 인류로 파악하는 자유주의적 인간관과, 구체적인 평등을 확보한 인민으로 파악하는 민주주의의 인간관이 충돌한다고 주장한다. 특히 그는 자유주의는 우적의 관계를 기본으로 하는 정치적인 것을 사유할 능력이 없음을 지적한다. 이는 오늘날의 자유주의, 특히 심의민주주의 이론이 갖는 문제이기도 하다. 궁극적으로는 자유민주주의가 몰락의 길을 걸을 수밖에 없다고 그는 말한다. 반면, 샹탈 무페는 양자가 조화되기 어려운 게 사실이라고 보면서도 양자가 일종의 역설 관계를 이루기 때문에 현대 민주주의 정치의 다이내믹스를 생성해낸다고 본다. 그녀에 따르면, 우리는 자유주의가 제시하는 자유와 민주주의가 제시하는 평등의 ‘이념의 접합’에 대하여 갈등적 해석을 가진다고 한다. 그리고 이러한 해석은 경쟁적 다원주의의 비전을 제시하고 있다고 한다.

This study is to propose the paradox management process to analysis and solve the public education’s dilemma between the standardized education and the personalized education. The process is based on combining the TOC(Theory Of Constraints) and TRIZ(Russian Theory of Inventive Problem Solving), which is a creative way of thinking to draw the synergic effect by pursuing simultaneously the conflicting elements. Through this research, a new concept of learning method can be suggested on a public course.

이 글은 마가복음이 ‘슬픈 이야기’로서 헬라 비극의 요소를 갖고 있음을 밝히고, 비극의 주인공인 예수의 불안에 대하여 다루고자 한다. 마가복음에서 예수는 죄 없는 의인으로 묘사된다. 예수는 겟세마네에서 자신이 당할 수치와 죽음을 앞두고 놀라며 괴로워한다. 그런데 예수의 불안은 당시 마가공동체의 현실적 불안이기도 하였다. 마가공동체는 예수의 본을 따라 살도록 부름 받았다. 그들에게 닥친 불안을 어떻게 대처해야 하는가를 겟세마네의 예수를 통하여 배우게 된다. 예수가 겪었던 불안은 인간의 보편성 특성이다. 대상관계 심리학에 관점에서 보면 인간은 불안을 외부로 투사하고자한다. 이렇게 투사한 불안을 담아줄 대상이 없을 때 그 불안은 해결되지 않는다. 인간은 스스로 불안은 극복할 수 없다. 불안은 자신의 내부에 담아내야 한다. 어린시기에 양육자에게 충분히 담겨있는 경험을 통하여 성인기에 불안을 해결할 수 있는 능력이 생긴다. 예수와 제자들은 자신의 견딜 수 없는 불안을 투사하면서 불안을 극복하고자 한다. 그러나 제자들은 끝내 불안에 굴복하여 잠에 빠지고 결국은 도망친다. 그러나 예수는 ‘아바(Abba)’ 하나님과의 관계 경험을 통하여 불안을 자신 안에 담아낸다. 예수의 불안 해결의 모델은 서기 70년의 시대적 상황에서 불안에 처한 원시 기독공동체인 마가공동체를 위로한다. 이러한 위로와 가르침은 마가복음을 읽는 독자가 자신의 삶에서 겪는 다양한 불안을 처리할 수 있도록 한다.

Recently, paradox management is a new paradigm to solve the management dilemmas. This is a new perspective and a creative way of thinking to draw the synergic effect by pursuing simultaneously the conflicting elements. As one method for the paradox manage

W. B. Yeats poetic purpose is to advocate to Sophia who is suffering in the world with mankind as a hidden God and the feminine principle in Christian Gnostic myth. He searched for two of Sophia’s aspects: Mother and Daughter Sophia. Yeats believed that Mother Sophia abodes in heaven. On the other hand, Daughter Sophia is suffering in the world, and he thought himself as a chosen man of the sole priest for Daughter Sophia. Yeats tried to dedicate his life for Daughter Sophia from his early rose poetry. The immortal rose is a symbol of Helen of Troy or Countess Cathleen who sacrificed her life for rescuing her people’s souls. Yeats also waited for the time of the recovery of Sophia’s glory again. The decided time is coming to follow the theory of the Gyres in A Vision. After dominating the masculine gyre for 2000 years, the androcentric society will disappear by returning to the feminine gyre. Yeats thought the new age would be dominated by Sophia who was not only feminine but androgynous. Yeats also called the new age a ‘rosy peace’ which is a symbol of ’Unity of Being’ and the immortal world. Yeats was eager to search for achieving ‘Unity of Being’ by uniting with Sophia. As he got older, he was a passionate old man who still indulged in Sophia. Yeats believed in Sophia as a hidden and defeated god. But when decided time comes, Sophia will be recovered her glory. In “The second coming,” Sophia as an androgynous god, is symbolized by the sphinx. Yeats often used to the sphinx image to explain Sophia. Especially, the sphinx is identified with the Judge of the Last Judgement. It is important to the symbol of Sphinx’s eyes; ‘a blank and pitiless as the sun.’ The sun symbolizes God’s fury of the Last Judgement as well as the unchangeable supernatural world. Sphinx’s eyes of the sun image are compared with the cat’s eyes of the moon. The moon is a symbol of the wheel of reincarnation and mortal world. In A Vision, the moon has 28 aspects as a symbol of the wheel of reincarnation. Sophia has controlled the souls after death by following the rules of the moon’s 28 aspects. Yeats symbolized Sophia as the Judge of all souls by portraying her as a ‘cook.’ On the contrary, when the sphinx comes, there will be no more the moon’s changeable aspects in the world. Therefore, although the sphinx looks like an evil image, it is only a symbol of Sophia. Yeats always wanted to be Sophia’s sole priest. So he was a Christian Gnostic priest just as W. Blake. In fact, he identified with Ribh who was his poetic hero as well as the Christian Gnostic priest. God’s fury and the rough sphinx image are paradoxical symbols of the God’s glory and the age of the rosy peace. The sphinx’s ‘pitiless eye’ is connected with the horseman’s ‘cold eye’ on his epitaph. The ‘cold eye’ is symbolized to achieve Yeats’s final poetic purpose, ‘Unity of Being.’ That is, the symbol suggested that Yeats would be a Daimon after his death.

본 연구는 교원성과급제 실행에 관한 초등학교 교사들의 인식을 알아보고, 패러독스를 탐색하여 시사점을 도출하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 초등학교 교사를 대상으로 심층 면담을 진행하고, 귀납적 분석모형의 단계를 적용하여 분석하였다. 교원성과급제의 패러독스는 다음과 같다. 첫째, ‘조직의 목표 달성을 위한 경쟁’과 ‘교사의 성장을 방해하는 경쟁’의 패러독스이다. 이는 교원성과급제가 동기유발을 통해 교사 성장에 기여하는 측면과 줄세우기식 경쟁으로 인해 성장을 방해하는 현상이 공존함을 의미한다. 둘째, ‘일반공무원과의 형평성’과 ‘측정하기 어려운 교육의 특수성’의 패러독스이다. 이는 교원성과급제가 교직의 특수성을 가지고 일반직 공무원 성과급제와 형평성에 맞게 운영됨에 따라 발생하는 패러독스에 주목하였다. 셋째, ‘성과 차이에 대한 보상’과 ‘근무 경력에 따른 봉급 인상’의 패러독스이다. 이는 성과급의 분배 기준에 따라 수월성과 형평성의 의견 차이가 발생하는 패러독스를 의미한다. 넷째, ‘모두에게 공정한 평가’와 ‘개인의 특성을 고 려한 평가’의 패러독스이다. 이는 교원성과급제가 공정한 평가의 방향을 가지고 있으나 온정주의 평가가 되는 실상을 주목하였다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 얻게 된 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교사의 업무성과를 실질적으로 측정할 수 있도록 교원능력개발평가의 틀을 재구성하여 제도의 타당성을 높이려는 노력이 선행되어야 한다. 둘째, 단위 학교의 다양성을 인정하고 교사 협력 패러다임을 적용한 교원성과급제의 자율성을 확대해 나가려는 시도가 필요하다. 셋째, 교원성과급제에 대한 교사들의 자발적인 의식 변화와 반성적 실천의 태도가 필요하다.

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to examine disconnection between supply and demand shipping market, which means shipowner has determined to raise capacity in bust period. Research design, data, and methodology – The research method to be applied is first to look into conceptual theory about shipping market, and then to study imbalance of supply and demand situations in shipping on crisis, and next, to analyses paradoxical aspects traced. Results – Shipping market is a volatile and cyclic characteristics, and its situations have to be examined very carefully. Since financial crisis has broken up in 2008, it is natural to think that world trade volumes has reduced rapidly, which means demand for shipping service has fallen, and accordingly, tonnage should be stagnated as well. However, shipping companies have put capacity into market as unexpectedly. This is because of economy of scale and time lag. Here, this can be explained in terms of paradox that is proved in this paper. Conclusions – From careful research in this paper, it is found that supply and demand are not always got along with market situations, in other words supply side could be working well, in spite of depression time of demand situations in world shipping markets.

Purpose – There are common factors both in Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model and Technology Paradox Theory which can be put together and made in one unified model. The unified model can provide the following merits. First, the unified model is simple but contains factors of the models. Second, the unified model can clarify the process of technology acceptance of common consumers. Third, the unified model can provide the opportunities to analyze the negative sides of new technology, thus find ways to improve the level of acceptance by general consumers. Research design, data, and methodology – The 450 questionnaires were handed out to people around Seoul and 421 were collected. Except insincere and wrong-marked ones, 402 were used to analyze. SPSS program was used to analyze. Factor analysis, regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses. Results – By analyzing sub-factors of both models and binding the common factors in one category, we accomplish one model. And we tested the model by empirical method. The results show that the results from the unified model are almost same as the results from the two models. In other words, the unified model works. Conclusions – Explaining one state of affair by two different method is in some sense distracting attention. By devising a new model including factors of both models, we can explain the affair more straightforward and efficiently. At first the technology acceptance model was devised to explain the technology users in an organization and the following tests and revised models were for the similar purposes. However, as on-lone activities including contracts have been expanded and become important, consumers as the technology uses have emerged as first factor to consider. In accordance models to explain this situation has been suggested. The model suggested in this research is one of the models but it has the following merits. That is, it is simple but has strong explanation power, it can clarify the process of technology acceptance of common consumers by containing negative sides of consumer conception, and thus, it can provide the opportunities to analyze the negative sides of new technology, also find ways to improve the level of acceptance by general consumers.