최근 도심지에서 지중매설관의 구조적 결함에 의한 토사 유실로 인해 지하 공동이 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 지하 공동을 파악하는데 있어 현장 실험 수행 결과 전기비저항 탐사와 공압콘관입시험이 지반 조건의 이상 징후를 탐지하는데 효율적임을 확인하였다. 또한, 이미지 분석을 통한 전기비저항 실험 측정값을 정량화 하여 평균 비저항 값을 산정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 실대형 실험 결과, 평균 비저항 값이 감소할수록 위험도가 증가하였고, 공압콘관입시험 결과, N치가 작을수록 위험도가 높다는 것을 확인하였으며, 제한적인 측정 데이터 수를 토대로 평균 비저항 값과 공압콘관입시험의 결과를 토대로 상관관계를 나타내었을 때, 지반의 지하공동 발생과 관련된 위험 수준을 제한적으로 평가할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The Jeju Special Self-Government Provincial Government made and has been working on the 'Carbon Free Island Jeju by 2030' Plan. Currently, it has been working on a plan of gradually penetrating (introducing) EVs to Jeju province to realize a carbon-free Jeju Island. In this paper, we made a model equation estimating the electrical energy consumed by EVs in a definite region, and then the number of EVs to be introduced every year according to the ‘penetrating EVs plan’ was estimated. Finally, the electrical energy consumed yearly for the next 10 years by the EVs was calculated.

The penetration-enhancing effect of a binary mixture of rosemary essential oil constituents, and its correlation to increased toxicity were investigated. GC-MS analyses revealed that the major constituents of rosemary essential oil were 1,8-cineole and camphor, and a binary mixture of them showed synergistic insecticidal activity via topical application in third instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. In the mixture, penetration of camphor was significantly enhanced both in vivo and in vitro, whereas that of 1,8-cineole did not change much compared to individual application. Injection into hemocoel of fifth instar larvae indicated that camphor was more toxic than 1,8-cineole, although it was less toxic than 1,8-cineole when applied topically. A possible mechanism for enhanced penetration of camphor by 1,8-cineole is reduced surface tension of the mixture. Contact angles of 50% acetonic solutions on a layer of beeswax showed that the surface tension of 1,8-cineole was lower than that of camphor. Another probable reason is a change of camphor from solid to liquid status, when mixed with 1,8-cineole. This is the first report attempting to explain the synergistic insecticidal interaction of essential oil components, from a physiochemical perspective.

본 논문은 종래의 간음(姦淫) 개념을 통해 2012년 개정 형법 내용 중 객체가 부녀 에서 사람 으로 확대된 강간죄 규정(형법 제297조)과 신설된 유사강간죄 규정(형법 제297조의2)이 갖는 문제점을 살펴보았다. 또한 법률상 배우자 이외의 자와의 성교행위 라는 종래의 간음 개념을 2012 년 개정 전부터 논란이 되었던 여성으로 성전환한 자 , 법률상의 처 , 남성 피해자 문제에 대입(代入)한 경우에 발생하는 문제점을 확인하였다. 더 욱이 종래의 간음 개념을 유지하는 한, 개정 형법상 강간죄의 객체가 확 대되었다고 해서 기존의 논란이 완전히 종식될 수 없음도 살펴보았다. 이런 점에서 개정 형법의 취지를 제대로 살리기 위해서 간음 개념이 수 정·변경될 필요가 있다. 그렇다면 간음 개념을 어떻게 정립할 것인가? 학설은 대체로 외국 입법례를 기초로 간음의 범위를 구강 ‧ 항문과 관련 된 성적 행위로까지 폭넓게 확대하려는 경향이 있다. 하지만 간음 개념 은 시공(時空)에 따른 상대적 성도덕 관념을 기초로 한다는 점에서 외국 의 입법례를 그대로 수용하기에는 무리가 있다. 또한 간음 개념이 지나 치게 확대될 경우 대부분의 유사성교행위가 간음 개념(강간)에 포섭된다 는 문제가 있다. 따라서 간음 개념을 합리적으로 제한할 필요가 있다. 생 각건대, 간음 개념을 유사강간죄의 유사성교 유형 중 성기에 의한 또는 성 기에 대한 유사성교행위로 제한하는 것이 타당하다. 이에 따라 입법론적 으로 현행 3분류 체계를 취하는 형법 및 특별법의 유사(성교)강간 규정 을 삭제하고, 성적 침해 유형을 간음과 추행으로 2분류하여 성폭력범죄 를 강간죄와 강제추행죄로 규율하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각한다. 그리 고 현행 유사강간죄의 구성요건과 관련하여 첫째, 그 불명확성에 대해 성적 자유의 침해라는 관점에서 그 타당성 여부를 검토하였다. 둘째, 폭 행 및 협박의 정도에 대해서는 성적 침해 유형 중의 하나인 유사성교행 위의 불법을 검토함으로써 그 폭행 및 협박의 정도는 강간죄의 폭행 및 협박의 정도와 동일하다고 보았다.

Impact damages induced by a low-velocity impact load on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite plates fabricated with various stacking sequences were studied experimentally. The impact responses of the CFRP composite plates were significantly affected by the laminate stacking sequences. Three types of specimens, specifically quasi-isotropic, unidirectional, and cross-ply, were tested by a constant impact carrying the same impact energy level. An impact load of 3.44 kg, corresponding to 23.62 J, was applied to the center of each plate supported at the boundaries. The unidirectional composite plate showed the worst impact resistance and broke completely into two parts; this was followed by the quasi-isotropic lay-up plate that was perforated by the impact. The cross-ply composite plate exhibited the best resistance to the low-velocity impact load; in this case, the impactor bounced back. Impact parameters such as the peak impact force and absorbed energy were evaluated and compared for the impact resistant characterization of the composites made by different stacking sequences.

본 논문에서는 노심용융사고 시 관통노즐이 제거된 원자로용기 하부헤드의 구조 건전성 평가를 수행하였다. 열응력, 노심용융물의 질량 그리고 내압조건의 해석결과를 고려할 때, 하부헤드의 열응력에 의한 영향이 가장 크게 나타났다. 손상 가능성은 파손기준에 따라 평가하였으며, 등가소성변형률이 임계변형률 파손기준보다 낮은 수준으로 평가되었다. 열-구조물 연성해석 결과 하부헤드의 두께 중간층에서 항복강도보다 낮은 응력이 발생한 탄성영역 구간을 확인하였다. 내압이 커지면서 탄성영역 범위가 점차 좁아지면서 탄성영역이 내벽으로 이동하는 결과를 확인하였고, 노심용융사고 시 구조적 건전성을 만족하는 것으로 평가되었다.

Three rice planthoppers, the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), the white back planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), and the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus) and the green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps) are major homopteran sap-sucking rice pests in Korea. These insect pests commonly have highly modified mouthparts, the stylet bundle, for piercing and sucking. Two pairs of mandibular and maxillary stylets consist of the stylet bundle by interlocking each stylet, which forms the two canals, larger one for food canal and smaller one for salivary canal. Destructive damages result from direct feeding effects (hopperburing) with heavy infestation and/or transmitting virus diseases (Rice stripe virus and Rice black-streaked dwarf virus by L. striatellus and Rice dwarf virus by N. cincticeps). Damage level is closely related to the feeding behavior of sap-sucking insects, so generally honeydew excretion amount on the resistant rice variety is smaller than that on the susceptible. Therefore, the method to measure the honeydew excretion amount has been primarily used as an indirect way to compare the feeding amount between the susceptible and the resistant. On the other hand, the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was firstly developed by McLean and Kinsey (1964) to measure voltage changes during piercing and sucking of insect on the plant. Since specific voltage waveforms were identified and it was known that each waveform is commonly related to salivary and feeding behavior of insect stylets in the plant tissue, EPG technique has been used to real-timely and quantitatively measure feeding behavior of piercing and sucking insects on susceptible and resistant rice variety. However, identifying each different waveform distinctly and understanding biological function of each waveform are certainly necessary to analyze feeding behavior in the plant tissue such as phloem sap ingestion. In this study, the stylet penetration behavior of N. lugens, S. furcifera, L. striatellus, and N. cincticeps on rice plants (Oryza sativa) was evaluated through the use of a direct current based electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG). To accomplish this, we classified the EPG waveforms of planthopper group into seven different patterns, np, N1, N2, N3, N4-a, N4-b, and N5, according to their shapes, voltage amplitudes, voltage levels, and frequencies. The N4-b pattern was always preceded by N3 and N4-a, in that order. Continuous honeydew excretion only occurred during the N4-b period, and the honeydew deposited on a filter paper containing ninhydrin reagent during the N4-b period were stained into violet. Based on the location of the stylets in the cross-section of rice tissue and honeydew excretion, the EPG waveforms for the stylet penetration behaviors of the three rice planthoppers were assigned to the following groups; np: non-penetration of stylets, N1: penetration initiation, N2: salivation and stylet movement, N3: an extracellular activity near the phloem region, N4-a: an intracellular activity in phloem region, N4-b: phloem sap ingestion, and N5: activity in the xylem region. Futhermore, we classified the EPG waveforms of the green rice leafhopper, N. cincticeps into seven different patterns, Nc1, Nc2, Nc3, Nc4, Nc5, Nc6, and Nc7 according to their shapes, voltage amplitudes, voltage levels, and frequencies. The Nc6 pattern was always preceded by Nc5 pattern. The Nc6 pattern of the leafhopper was carefully considered as a phloem sap feeding behavior based on regular honeydew excretion. On the other hand, the planthopper group and the leafhopper hardly showed the phloem sap feeding pattern on resistant rice varieties during an EPG-recording. In addition, the duration of the phloem sap feeding patterns was highly decreased on resistant rice varieties relative to susceptible ones. From these results, it is suggested that the phloem sap feeding related patterns are an important parameter to determine resistance of rice plant.

Aphids feed on host plants by penetrating the stems or leaves with stylets. The feeding behavior of aphids consists of probing, penetration, salivation, and sap ingestion. To assess the effects of sound on feeding behavior, we monitored the stylet activity of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), using electrical penetration graph (EPG). The use of EPG was critical for determining the stage, frequency, and duration of feeding in aphids. We played back four acoustic stimuli of sine waves with frequencies of 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 Hz to adult aphids. When the sound was treated, the frequencies of probing, penetration, and salivation increased, whereas the duration of sap ingestion decreased. The 100 Hz and 500 Hz was significantly effective to disturb ingestion of phloem sap. The results of EPG revealed that the acoustic stimuli may restrict aphid feeding by disturbing sap ingestion.

Aphids feed on host plants by penetrating the stems or leaves with stylets. The feeding behavior of aphids consists of probing, penetration, salivation, and sap ingestion. To assess the effects of sound on feeding behavior, we monitored the stylet activity of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), using electrical penetration graph (EPG). The use of EPG was critical for determining the stage, frequency, and duration of feeding in aphids. We played back three acoustic stimuli of sine waves with frequencies of 100, 1000, and 5000 Hz to adult aphids. In the sound treatment group, the frequencies of probing, penetration, and salivation increased, whereas the duration of sap ingestion decreased. The results of EPG revealed that the acoustic stimuli may restrict aphid feeding by inhibiting sap ingestion.

포장의 동결깊이는 30년간의 기온자료를 분석하여 만든 동결지수를 근거로 하여 동상방지층의 두께를 결정한다. 본 연구에서의 현장계측 지역은 동결지수에 따라 동결지수 550~650℃·일, 450~550℃·일, 350~450℃·일로 구분하여 지역을 선정하였고, 각 지역별로 절토부, 절성경계부, 저성토부(2m 이하 성토부) 구간으로 단면을 구분하였다. 각 단면에 동상방지층 유 무를 구분하여 포장층별로 계측기(온도, 함수비)를 설치하고 데이터를 수집하였다. 현장 모니터링 시스템을 통하여 수집된 데이터 분석을 통하여 포장된 도로의 동결깊이를 결정하는데 이용할 수 있다. 연구 결과, 동상방지층이 없을 경우 동결지수 550~650℃·일 지역에서는 대기온도에 따라 겨울철 노상층의 온도가 0℃ 이하로 나타났고, 동결지수 450~550℃·일 지역에서는 지역별로 상이했으며, 동결지수 350~450℃·일 지역에서는 동상방지층이 없어도 노상층의 온도가 0℃ 이하로 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 포장 단면별로 동결깊이를 비교한 결과 대기온도에 따라 동결깊이는 절토부가 가장 높았으며, 절성경계부, 저성토부 순으로 단면별 차이가 나타났다.

Plant penetration by aphids can be monitored electrically by the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. To confirm whether some behaviors are correlated to specific graph pattern in EPG, we analyzed the two synchronized data, EPG and video records. We recorded electrical penetration graph (EPG) and behaviors of aphids simultaneously. Then we compared the behaviors of aphids with the recorded EPG waveforms in order to match their visible behaviors and invisible behaviors with stylet. The visible behaviors were categorized for walking, wagging, honeydew production, and reproduction. When the aphids were generally motionless, the EPG denoted feeding-related waveforms (E1, E2, F and G). Whereas, probing waveforms (B and pd) frequently occurred when they were wagging. We aim to present the correlation between observed behaviors and EPG patterns.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the collection time, co-culture and sperm penetration of canine oocytes on in vitro maturation and fertilization. The oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 media containing hormonal supplements (10% FCS, 10 IU/ml HCG, 10 IU/ml PMSG) at 5% CO2, 95% air, 38℃. The in vitro maturation rate to MⅡ stage of in vitro oocytes recovered from ovaries that collected at follicular, luteal and inactive phases of the reproductive phase for 44～72 hrs were 19.2%, 12.2%, and 6.0%, respectively. Follicular phases oocytes had a significantly higher in vitro maturation rate than oocytes collected at luteal and anestrus stage (p<0.05). The in vitro maturation rates to the MII stage of canine oocytes after 48 hrs of culture with glutathione, pyruvate, or glutathione + pyruvate were 12.5%, 10.7%, and 17.5%, respectively. This was higher than that in both alone or the combination of the two compared to the control group (19.0%). The sperm penetration rates of in vitro matured oocytes by fresh and frozen semen were 29/80 (36.3%) and 18/80 (22.5%), respectively. Although there are limited reports about canine oocytes co-culture and in vitro fertilization, our results on in vitro maturation is comparable to the results from other researches.

본 연구의 목적은 현재 국내에서 적용되고 있는 동결지수와 동결깊이 산정의 타당성을 검증하는 것이다. 이에 국내에서 운영되고 있는 LTPP-SPS(Long Term Pavement Performance- Specific Pavement Study)구간의 대기온도와 포장체 깊이별 온도 데이터를 이용하여 동결지수와 동결깊이를 산정하였으며, 기존 계산식을 이용하여 산출된 동결깊이와 비교 분석하였다. 또한 이 구간들의 인근 측후소 데이터를 이용하여 연도별 동결지수 추이를 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과, 지구온난화에 의해 1987년 이후에는 동결지수가 급격히 감소하였으며, 현재 도로설계 시 적용되고 있는 동결지수가 과하게 적용되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이에 동결지수 산정 시 현행 30년 데이터를 토대로 산정하기보다 기후가 변화된 시점부터 현재까지의 추이를 분석하는 것이 바람직 할 것으로 사료된다. 또한 LTPP-SPS 구간에서 측정된 포장체 깊이별 온도데이터를 분석한 결과, 동상방지층이 설계되어 있는 3개구간에서 대체적으로 보조기층까지만 동결이 발생하는 것으로 나타나, 동상방지층이 제 역할을 수행하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 실제 측정된 동결깊이와 계산식을 통해 산정된 동결깊이를 비교한 결과, 노상동결관입허용법을 이용한 설계방법이 실제 측정된 동결깊이와 가장 유사한 경향을 나타내었다.