The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia (E.) coli is a major problem in pig farms. To tackle this issue, in July 2011, the Korean government banned the use of antimicrobials for growth promotion of animals in farms. Moreover, E. coli encoding the Stx2e gene cause edema disease which results in high mortality and morbidity in pig farms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli encoding the Stx2e gene isolated from weaned piglets with diarrhea before and after the ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in Korea from 2007 to 2016. In this period, 479 E. coli isolates were obtained from weaned piglets with diarrhea, and of them, 144 E. coli isolates encoding the Stx2e gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction. The susceptibility of the E. coli isolates to antibiotics were tested using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The most frequently observed resistances in isolates obtained from weaned piglets in the last 10 years were to tetracycline (92.4%) and chloramphenicol (88.9%). The prevalence of resistance to colistin (3.1% to 16.5%) and tetracycline (86.2% to 97.5%) was also observed to have increased over this period. Additionally, multi-drug resistance was also found to have increased (87.7% to 97.5%) after the ban on AGPs. These findings provide useful data for designing prevention and treatment strategies for postweaning diarrhea and edema disease, and can be used in future studies on antimicrobial resistance in Korea.

회사 내외에서 막강한 권한을 행사하는 발기인, 이사, 집행임원, 감사, 감사위원, 지배인, 검사인, 청산인, 사채권자집회의 대표자 등이 청렴하여 야 국민경제가 발전하고 깨끗한 사회, 정의로운 사회를 구현될 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 상법은 이들에게 무거운 법적 책임을 지우고 이를 위반 할 경우에는 민사책임을 부담시키는 외에도 행정목적의 실효성 제고를 위하여 엄중한 형사 처분을 인정하고 있다. 그러나 회사에 있어서 이사 등 임원의 혼탁한 양상은 너무 많은데도 상법 제630조가 적용되어 독직 죄가 인정된 사례를 찾아보기 힘들다. 이 연구는 그 동안 사문화되다시피 하여 학계와 실무계의 관심 밖에 있던 동 법제를 정비할 수 있는 단초를 제공함으로써 이와 관련된 범죄 가 발생할 경우, 동조의 적용을 가능하게 하고, 그러한 범죄를 예방할 수 있도록 하여 깨끗하고 투명한 사회, 정의로운 경제 질서 확립에 기여하 는 한편 이사 등 임원의 직무집행의 공정성과 이에 대한 사회의 신뢰를 보호하는데 보탬이 되고자 한다. 이 연구는 독직죄에 관한 이론구성과 그 본질을 함께 하는 형법상의 뇌 물죄를 비교하면서 법제를 정비하기 위하여 필요한 부분을 보충하는 형식 을 취하고 있다. 그 결과 법제를 정비하기 위해서는 행위주체에 사실상의 이사(상법 제401조의2 업무집행지시자 등)를 포함해야 한다는 점, 재산상 이익의 개념 확대, 처벌 강화, 그리고 본조의 적용을 위한 해석기준으로서 직무범위를 구체화해야 할 필요성 및 윤리규준의 마련 및 지속적인 교육 홍보활동 추진, 지속적인 감시감독활동의 강화, 고소고발의 활성화와 고발 인 보호제도, 독립된 기업수사기관 설치 등을 제안하고 있다.

Genetic modification of the pig of which the gene is relevant to human diseases allows the pig to be used as a source of biomedical animal model. The promoter which could drive efficient expression constitutively or specifically of the interest gene in porcine organs is essentially required to increase versatility of a biomedical porcine model. In this study, we compared different promoters of activities driving efficient expression in different types of porcine cells including primary fibroblasts, kidney-derived PK-15, and primary endothelial cells (EC). To this end, we inserted CMV, EF1-α, CMV/EF1-α, CAG, human and porcine membrane cofactor protein gene promoters(MCP and Mcp), and porcine intercellular adhesion molecule-2 (Icam-2) promoter into pGL3 basic vector. Luciferase assay revealed that CAG promoter led to highest promoter activity in fibroblasts and PK-15 cells. CMV, EF1-α, CMV/EF1-α promoters showed moderate activities for luciferase expression in fibroblasts and PK-15 cells. Interestingly, CMV/EF1-α promoter, in which CMV promoter was linked to the front of EF1-α promoter as an enhancer led to highest luciferase expression in EC. The MCP, Mcp and Icam-2 promoters showed very low level of luciferase expression in three types of cells. Taken together, this study demonstrated that promoter activity in different porcine cells is differently expressed.

The building for the Sutra appeared as the Sutra-belief became popular in the early years of the Koryo Dynasty. According to the written documents, there were two types of apparatus to keep sutras, one by fixing the cabinet to the wall and the other by rotating the cabinet at the center of the hall. There are no remains. Recently, at the excavation of the site of the Yeongguk Temple (寧國寺) in the Chungcheong Prevince (영동군), a building which was presumed as the Sutra Hall was recovered at the side of the Main Hall. At the center of the building, of 6meters width and 6meters depth, there was a large stone which had a round trace which was presumed to supporting the rotating sutra-case cabinet. By examining the concerned situations, this building was concluded as the Sutra Hall of the temple. The Yeongguk Temple had a close relationship with the royal household. Budddhist monk Gwangji, son of the 16th King Yejong was lived at the Temple. the tomb of King's advisory priest Wongak was also erected at the Temple. Two monks were well known as the defender of the Sutra. The Sutra Hall of the Yeongguk Temple regarded as a significant example which showed us how the archtectural aspect of the Sutra Hall was shaped in the Koryo Dynasty. It could be said that revealing the architectural aspect of the Stura Hall will help revealing the Buddhist architecture of the Koryo Dynsty which is veiled in many field.

본 실험에서는 외래 유전자의 효율적인 발현을 위하여 GFP 표지유전자를 이용하여 여러 종류의 promoter를 검정하였다. 또한, retrovirus vector에 WPRE 서열을 도입함으로써 GFP 유전자의 발현 증가 여부를 확인하였다. 모든 표적 세포에 있어서 UbC와 β-actin promoter에 비해 RSV와 CMV promoter 통제하의 GFP의 발현이 더 강하게 나타났으며, 특히 CEF 세포에서는 RSV promoter가 가장 우수한 것으로 확인되었다. WPRE의 도입으로 인한 발현율의 증가는 CEF를 제외한 세포주에서 promoter의 종류에 관계없이 확인되었다. 이상의 결과로 각 세포주는 promoter에 따라 발현 양상이 약간의 차이를 보이고 있으나 RSV와 CMV promoter에서 유전자의 발현이 보다 효율적이며, WPRE 서열이 도입된 경우에 HeLa와 PFF 세포에서 발현이 현저히 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 효율적인 유전자의 발현 체계를 확립하는데 기여함으로써 더 나아가 유전자 치료나 형질전환 동물생산에 적극적으로 활용되어질 수 있을 것이다.

Dextran(Mw.:500,000)용액의 한외여과에 있어서, 현재 나권형 모듈의 유로형성체로 사용되는 난류촉진물체를 적용하여 실험한 결과, 난류촉진물체의 mesh가 증가할수록 막투과 flux가 향상되었으며, 난류영역에서는 층류영역에 비해 순환유속과 난류촉진물체의 사용에 따른 막투과 flux에 대한 영향이 상대적으로 적었다. 난류촉진물체의 사용에 따른 막투과 flux 향상율은 사용한 membrane의 종류에 따라 층류영역의 경우 최대 112%, 난류영역의 경우 50%에 달하였다. 또한 난류촉진물체를 사용함으로써 한외여과막의 고분자 용질에 대한 배제 성능을 높일 수 있었으며, 이러한 flux 및 배제 성능 증가 등의 효과들은 높은 조작압력차와 낮은 순환유속(농도분극이 상대적으로 심한 영역)에서 더욱 두드러졌다. 그러나, 난류촉진물체의 mesh 수와 순환유속이 증가함에 따라 한외여과 cell 내에서의 압력손실도 증가하였으며, 특히 난류영역에서는 그 영향이 매우 심하였으므로 실제 공정 설계시 순환유속과 압력차 및 난류촉진물체 형태에 따른 압력손실을 반드시 고려해 주어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 물질전달계수 예측을 위한 기존의 물질전달 상관관계식을 농도분극층에서의 고분자 물질의 물성변화를 고려하고 경계층 저항 모델에 근거하여 보정하였는 바, 기존의 관계식에 비해 오차를 줄일 수 있었으며, 이때의 관계식은 다음과 같았다.Nsh}=0.151(NRe})0.199}(NSc})0.22}(NScm})0.197};(625

기후변화의 원인으로는 온실가스의 과량 배출이 문제화 되는 현 시점에서 온실가스 중 가장 많은 양을 차지하는 이산화탄소의 경우 기후변화에 미치는 영향이 다른 종류의 온실가스보다 크다는 것은 널리 알려진 사실이다. 여러 분야의 산업과 인간 활동에서 발생하는 이산화탄소를 KOH 흡수제를 통해 흡수된 CO2양을 측정하고 발전소 탈황 공정에서 발생하는 ASH를 첨가하여 반응시켜 생성된 CaCO3를 다른 유용한 물질로 전환하여 자원화하고 재사용하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 KOH 흡수제 농도에 따른 CO2 흡수량 측정과 KOH 흡수제와 흡수첨가제(piperazine)을 함께 넣고 흡수된 CO2양을 측정하였다. 또한, CO2 loading curve 이용하여 CO2 흡수량을 계산하였으며, 화력발전소의 탈황공정에서 발생하는 ASH와 CO2가 흡수된 KOH를 수용액과 반응시켜 생성된 시간당 CaCO3의 양을 측정하고 분석기기 XRD(X-Ray Diffraction)와 SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)을 사용하여 결정 구조와 표면 구조를 분석하였다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rooting promoters on rooting and seedling quality in Buddleja davidii ‘Empire Blue’, Hydrangea paniculata ‘Magical Candle’, Hydrangea arborescence ‘Annabelle’, Stephanandra incisa semi-hardwood cuttings. IAA and IBA (500, 1000, or 1500 mg･L-1 soaking for 30 minutes and 3,000 mg･L-1 dipping for 10 seconds) or RootoneTM were used as rooting promoter. In B. davidii ‘Empire Blue’, IBA 1,500 mg･L-1 soaking reduced rooting percentage than control, but the effect of rooting promoters was generally insignificant. Number of leaves and shoot length were reduced in RootoneTM and IBA 1,500, 3,000 mg･L-1 treatments. IAA 1,000~3,000 mg･L-1 and IBA 500 mg･L-1 treatments showed better mat formation than control. The rooting ratio of H. paniculata ‘Magical Candle’ increased to 66.7% in IBA 1,500 mg･L-1 soaking treatment compared with 26.4% in the control. The mat formation was higher in RootoneTM, IAA and IBA treatments compared to control, and root length showed longer tendency in IAA and IBA except RootoneTM. The rooting ratio of H. arborescence ‘Annabelle’ was highest at 70.8% in the control and auxin treatments showed negative effect on the rooting percentage except IAA 1,000 mg･L-1 soaking treatment. The mat formation was very poor in IBA 1,000 and 1,500 mg･L-1 soaking at 1.1 and 1.3, respectively. S. incisa showed high rooting percentage at RootoneTM (80%) and IAA 1,500 mg･L-1 (80%) treatments compared to control (51.7%). Root length and dry weight were high in IAA 1,500 mg･L-1 soaking treatment. As a result, B. davidii ‘Empire Blue’ and H. arborescence ‘Annabelle’ did not need rooting promoter for stem cuttings, and IBA 1,500 mg･L-1, IAA 1,500 mg･L-1 soaking treaments could be used to improve rooting and seedling quality of H. paniculata ‘Magical Candle’ and S. incisa semi-hardwood cuttings, respectively.

We recently reported rice promoters that are active in late stages of pollen development. However, rice promoters that allow manipulation of gene expression at earlier stages of pollen development are still very limited to date. In this study, we have chosen 10 putative microspore promoters, OsMSP1 through OsMSP10, based on publicly available transcriptomic datasets in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sequence analysis of these promoter regions revealed some cis regulatory elements involved in pollen-specific expression. We also examined promoter activities using the promoter-GUS reporter constructs in both transgenic rice and Arabidopsis. In rice, all of the 10 promoters directed GUS signals from the microspore stage throughout the all stages of pollen development. In addition, while GUS signals from 4 promoters, OsMSP2, OsMSP7, OsMSP9 and OsMSP10, seem to be expressed preferentially during pollen development, those from other six promoters were observed in vegetative tissues such as leaves, stems, and roots of seedlings. Similarly, in Arabidopsis, all of the 10 promoters directed GUS signals during pollen development. In detail, 8 promoters, OsMSP1 ~ OsMSP8 directed GUS signals from the microspore stage, whereas 2 promoters, OsMSP9 and OsMSP10, exhibited GUS signals from tricellular stage. Furthermore, seven promoters, except for OsMSP1, OsMSP2 and OsMSP10, showed GUS signals in shoot apical region or root tissues of seedlings. Furthermore, we verified microspore activity of four promoters, OsMSP1, OsMSP2, OsMSP3 and OsMSP6, by complementation analysis of the sidecar pollen (scp) mutant which displays microspore-specific defects. Currently, further analyses are underway for GUS expression of T2 generation in transgenic rice and scp complementation with remaining promoters.

Tissue-specific promoters are a very useful tool for manipulating gene expression in a target tissue or organ; however, their range of applications in other plant species has not been determined, to date. In this study, we identified two late pollen-specific rice promoters (ProOsLPS10 and ProOsLPS11) via meta-anatomical expression analysis. We then investigated the expression of both promoters in transgenic rice (a homologous system) and Arabidopsis (a heterologous system) using ProOsLPS10 or ProOsLPS11::GFP-GUS constructs. As predicted by microarray data, both promoters triggered strong GUS expression during the late stages of pollen development in rice, with no GUS signals detected in the examined microspores and sporophytic tissues. Interestingly, these promoters exhibited different GUS expression patterns in Arabidopsis. While in Arabidopsis, the OsLPS10 promoter conferred GUS expression at the uni- and bi-cellular macrospore stages, as well as at the shoot apical region during the seedling stage, the OsLPS11 promoter was not active in the pollen at any stage, or in the examined sporophytic tissues. Furthermore, by performing a complementation analysis using a sidecar pollen (scp) mutant that displays developmental defects at the microspore stage, we found evidence that OsLPS10, which can be an applied promoter expressed in Arabidopsis, is useful for directing gene expression in the early stages of pollen development. Our results indicate that the OsLPS10 and OsLPS11 promoters can drive the expression of target genes during the late stages of pollen development in rice, but not in Arabidopsis. Our results also emphasize the necessity of confirming the applicability of an established promoter to heterologous systems.

Based on the results of microarray analysis we selected ten candidate genes that express in pollen at the early pollen developmental stage. By PCR amplification, the promoter region of these genes were amplified from rice genomic DNA (Nipponbare) and cloned into the destination pKGWFS7 vector via an entry vector, pDONR201. The characteristic of promoters were evaluated in Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) through GUS expression analysis. Fifty T2 plants respectively from each promoter were tested. Whole inflorescence of individual plant was stained with 1mM X-Gluc solution to observe tissue-specific GUS expression patterns. The results showed that all 10 promoters activated in pollen tissues. Among them six promoters expressed at the early developmental stage (unicellular) of pollen and the others expressed at both early (unicellular) and late pollen developmental stage (mature pollen). The results indicated that these promoters would be potential applicable for the studies of pollen function. Currently, we are performing these promoters analysis in rice transgenic plants as well as molecular characterization.