환경과 교통이슈로 자전거가 대안적 교통수단으로 주목받는 가운데, 많은 나라에서 자전거 이용을 촉진하기 위해 공유경제 플랫폼인 공공자전거 사업을 운영 중이다. 서울시 역시 공공자전거인 “따릉이”를 5년째 운영 중이며, 이제 따릉이는 서울의 단거리 교통수단 중 하나로 자리매김하였다. 이 연구는 따릉이가 몇 가지 문제점을 가지고 있으며 개선이 필요하다고 주장한다. 이 연구는 자전거 흐름의 시공간적 패턴을 파악하고 그 원인을 설명하고자 한다. 이를 위해 따릉이의 요일, 시간대별 이용 패턴을 분석하고, 서울시의 주요 자전거 네트워크 클러스터를 찾는다. 네트워크 클러스터를 찾기 위해서 Getis와 Ord의 Gi통계를 공간 네트워크로 확장 적용하였다. 이후 통계적 유의성을 검증하기 위해 부트스트랩 치환법(Bootstrap permutation)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 서울시 에서 시계열에 영향받지 않는 명확한 자전거 네트워크 클러스터를 확인하였다. 하지만 국지적 분석 결과는 시간대별 통행 방향에 명백한 차이를 보여준다. 이 연구는 따릉이의 효과적, 효율적 운영을 위해서 따릉이 이용 패턴의 시간, 공간적 차이를 측정하고 반영해야 한다고 제안한다.

생활권 수목은 도시림, 생활림, 가로수 등 국민들의 일상생활을 하는 구역이나 장소에 식재된 수목으로 산림이 아닌 지역의 수목으로, 도시민들이 쉽게 접근⋅이용 할 수 있는 공간이다. 현재 생활권 수목의 해충 관리를 위해 농약을 살포하는 화학적 방제가 주로 이루어지고 있으며, 경기도 지역 아파트의 경우 수목관리를 위해 65%는 1년에 4회 이상 약제를 살포하는 것으로 나타났다. 주요 수목 해충 129종 중 방제 약제가 등록된 해충은 33%인 42종뿐으로, 생활권 수목의 화학적 방제는 약제의 오남용 등의 문제가 발생하고 있다. 생활권 수목의 해충 관리를 위해서는 생물적 방제방법과 같은 친환경적 방제방법에 대한 요구가 커지고 있으나, 현재까지 생활권 수목의 생물적 방제방법은 연구와 적용이 거의 이루어지지 않은 상태이므로 향후 많은 발전 가능성을 가지고 있다.

In this study, we measured the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM10), Formaldehyde (HCHO), and Total Bacteria Count (TBC) at three facilities: elderly care centers, day care centers, and postnatal care centers located in the cities of Seoul, Sejong, Daegu and Ulsan from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015. PM10 concentration was the highest in the day care centers and HCHO concentration was the highest in the postnatal care centers. TBC concentration was the highest in the day care centers. Comparing the different cities, PM10 concentration was the highest in Sejong, HCHO concentration was the highest in Seoul, and TBC concentration was the highest in Daegu. This study is expected to be helpful in preventing damage to health from the contaminated indoor air at sensitive facilities, and can be used as basic data for indoor air quality management.

도시림, 생활림, 가로수, 도시공원 등 국민들의 일상생활을 하는 구역이나 장소에 위치한 생활권 수목 식재지에서의 농약 살포는 농약 살포자의 농약 노출 문제뿐만 아니라 농약의 살포 후 생활권 수목과 접촉하는 불특정 시민들도 지속적인 농약 노출이 문제가 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 생활권 수목의 관리를 위해 관행적으로 가장 많이 사용 살포되는 살충제인 Fenitrothion을 회양목에 살포하고 일정시간별로 손 노출량, 잎 잔류량, 호흡 노출량을 측정 한 뒤, 위해성 평가 수식(MOS; margin of safety)을 이용하여 체중별 안전 노출시간을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 살포된 Fenitrothion의 손을 통한 전이량이 급격하게 떨어지고 호흡노출량이 측정되지 않는 48시간 이전 까지는 농약노출에 대한 주의가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

This study examines the Singapore public housing supplied by Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) in the 1950s. Focused on the Princess Elizabeth estate and Princess estate of Queenstown, this study surveys their construction backgrounds, site plans, unit plans, architectural designs and meanings. The Princess Elizabeth estate was the model estate for workmen’s flats. This estate showed mixed blocks of flats arranged around a large quadrangled open space for children. The Princess estate was a neighborhood of Queenstown, Singapore’s the first new town. At this Estate, there were some new architectural occurrences departing from the Tiong Bahru Estate. Those are the appearance of high-rise typology, and the increased specificity in the functions of open spaces. Thus the open space became to get hierarchy, and divided an estate to small neighborhood units. For the SIT, open space is synonymous with the improvement of urban environment. Through the purposeful creation of open space, the SIT intended to solve the problem of sanitation and to make a neighborhood unit which can be pleasant place for regional community.

본 연구는 지하철 로비공간을 대상으로 한 주시실험을 통해 공간정보의 본능적 시선탐색과정에서 나타나는 주시특성에 나타난 주사경로 알고리즘을 분석하였다. 주시기간 구간별 분석에서 주시시간이 오래 경과할수록 주 사유형 횟수가 증가하고 있었는데, 오래 주시할수록 주시단절이 많이 일어난 것으로 해석이 가능하며, 주시에 따 른 피로나 활발한 탐색이 자연스러운 공간탐색과정에서 일어나는 과정에서 화상범위를 벗어나는 경우가 많았던 것으로 보인다. 또한 시간구간의 변화에 따른 주사유형의 변화를 추세선으로 살펴본 결과, ｢집중｣은 시간구간의 증가와 함께 가파른 증가, ｢대각․수직｣은 완만한 증가를 보이는 반면, ｢순환․혼합․수평｣은 감소 경향을 보이 고 있다. 공간을 주시한 피험자의 주시데이터에는 다양한 시각정보가 포함되어 있는데, ｢주의집중｣에 나타난 주 사유형을 분석한 결과, 이상과 같은 의미 있는 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 이러한 주사유형의 증감특성은 시간의 경과에 따른 주사경향을 파악함에 있어 기초자료가 될 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to survey public preferences for dining space image styles depending on the types of passage rites in Korea and to determine potential differences in public preferences for dining space image styles depending on the types of passage rites in terms of various general characteristics such as gender, age, family type, and preference for the image and color styles of the dining space. As a result, this study determined the following: According to a public preference survey of dining space image styles depending on the type of passage rites, our respondents showed the highest preference for casual images (27.1%) at a party for a 100-day-old baby. Additionally, our respondents showed the highest preference for casual images (27.4%) when celebrating a baby's first birthday but showed the highest preference for romantic images (35.8%) when celebrating a baby girl's first birthday. Our respondents showed the highest preference for casual images (21.4%) for graduation ceremonies. Our respondents showed the highest preference for classic images (21.7%) at coming-of-age ceremonies for new adult men, but also showed highest preference for elegant images (26.2%) at coming-of-age ceremonies for new adult women. Moreover, the respondents showed highest preference for classic images (41.0%) at traditional wedding ceremonies but elegant images (24.1%) at modern wedding ceremonies. In contrast, the respondents showed highest preference for classic images (31.3%) for a 60th birthday party. The highest preference for classic images (28.9%) was found for a diamond wedding ceremony. Respondents showed highest preference for classic images (30.4%) for a funeral ceremony Finally, our respondents showed highest preference for classic images (32.5%) at memorial services (religious ceremonies).

Kim, Jun-Geun(Gisan) was a late 19th century Chosen dynasty painter who created numerous genre paintings for West European clients in the newly opened treaty ports of Wonsan, Busan and Inchon. The treaty ports in the late 19th century Chosen represented of the crossroads the economy, values, and the institutions of the West European powers. In particular, the agriculture-based economy, Confucianism, and land-owner noble class started being eroded by a commerce-based economy, the values of Christianity, West European institution, and a new class of people who amassed wealth from commerce. As Kim, Jun-Geun’s paintings were created for sale to West European clients, they exhibit characteristics that are distinct from the traditional genre paintings in terms of presentation style and the selection of the subject matters. The export genre painting originated in the 18th century around Guangdong, China. Broadly, there are two styles of genre paintings: the Guangzhou style and Ningbo style. Kim, Jun- Geun's paintings resemble the Ningbo style. The Ningbo style tends to highlight the main subjects, form an album of small paintings, and provide a simple treatment of the scenes without the background. Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings cover most aspects of life of common people of his time, ranging well beyond the subjects matters of the traditional genre paintings. His subject matters include the scenes of funeral, folk games, Buddhist and ancestor worship, prison and punishment, shaman custom, debauchees, government officials' formal trips, beggars and handicapped, etc. Many of the subjects are the neglected and the oppressed of the society. And he presents in detail the dress and its ornament that the subjects wear, and all the utensils and things around them. Besides, his subjects' faces are generally expressionless, and their postures are stiff; as such, the feeling of liveliness or movement is lacking. It may be the results of Kim, Jun-Geun's taking the other perspective, namely of his West European clients, rather than his own. The adoption of the other perspective may in turn be a product of the Social Darwinism and the new sense of values that accompanied the infusion of Christianity and West European institutions. Kim, Jun-Geun's portrayals of his subjects appear to reflect the attributes with which the West European Orientalists' of the period characterized the people of the Far East, namely, backwardness, barbarity, irrationality, violence, and mysticism.

이 연구는 인천시 공개공지의 조성과 이용실태 그리고 식재 현황을 분석하여 도심 녹지로서 기능을 개선하기 위한 방안제시를 목적으로 하였다. 연구대상지는 1994∼2002년 조성된 대형상업건물 10개소, 교통관련 건물 3개소, 공공기관 건물 2개소의 공개공지였으며, 우리나라와 유사한 공개공지 제도를 운영하고 있는 일본 오사카시와 가와사키시 공개공지의 식재지 구조를 인천시 연구대상지와 비교하였다. 인천시는 아직까지 공개공지를 도심 녹지로 보는 시각이 부족하였고 공개공지는 법적 의무만을 충족시키는 수준에서 조성되고 있었다. 공개공지의 도심녹지 기능 강화를 위해서는 첫째. 공개공지 식재지율을 어린이공원 수준인 40%로 늘려 소공원화 하는 것이 필요하다. 둘째, 공개공지의 수목 식재기반. 수종선정, 식재방법 등에 대한 사항을 인허가시 녹지관련 부서와 협의할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 셋째. 공개공지의 식재 기준으로 삼고 있는 '대지안의 조경 식재기준'을 현재 보다 상향 조정하여 녹지 질과 녹량을 증진시켜 환경개선 효과를 높일 수 있도록 해야 한다. 넷째. 공개공지를 시민들이 쉽게 알아보고 이용할 수 있는 안내 사인의 설치 의무화가 요구된다. 다섯째, 공개공지가 본래 목적 이외의 다른 용도로 전용되지 못하게 법적 규정을 마련할 필요가 있다.

In order to address housing issues, alleviate the concentration of urban populations, and resolve other issues regarding residential spaces, large residential complexes have been developed in Korea since the 1970s. The changes to the residential culture due to such development projects propagated rapidly, making the apartment complexes the most representative form of housing in Korea. In developing such large-scale complexes, plans for public open spaces, which play an important role in formulating the quality of residential environment, have been mostly the same, only utilizing the spaces remaining after planning other types of spaces. The current study looks at the case of Tama New Town development project, a Japanese new town development project that has a similar public open space system in large scale residential complex development projects in Korea. In doing so, the current study aims to identify the features of public open space plans. In the conclusion, the study first finds that various public open spaces must be reviewed and introduced in term of predicting social demands. Second, the study suggests the policy-makers should actively introduce pedestrian paths as a public open space. Third, the study deduces the planning implications of applying the principle of original landscape preservation.

This study was conducted to know the visual preference and emotional change for the cut-flower decoration at public indoor space by using vertical, horizontal, and round type which are generally used. The investigation was done with 173 participants of National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in 3 indoor areas designed with cut-flower decoration and 1 area of public place without it, respectively. Psychological evaluation was analyzed with the visual preference of cut flower shape and Semantic Differential method. In addition, the general awareness, loyalty and importance for cut-flower decoration were investigated. Statistical analysis was carried out with paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, cross correlation analysis, and analysis of frequency. As the result of evaluating the emotion of subjects with Semantic Differential, the feeling of comfort, nature and calm were significantly high in the public indoor space with cut-flower decoration. When we surveyed the feeling for the 3 type of cut-flower decoration with 14 pairs of emotional vocabulary, the participants felt ‘tranquil’ and ‘comfortable’ in the public indoor space with horizontal and round shaped decoration while they felt ‘strong’ and ‘anxious’ in the space with vertical shaped decoration. The preference of decoration forms was significantly high with round > horizontal > vertical type in order and vertical shape was highly preferred in twenties and sixties groups compared to other types significantly. In conclusion, we could recommend that round type decoration can be used in indoor place where comfort and calm are required and vertical form will be appropriate for challenging and vibrant twenties and depressed sixties with ageing. This customized cut-flower decoration will improve the environment quality of employment.

This study examined the effectiveness of and satisfaction of visitors with the Environmental Improvement Project on national parks’ trail entry areas. A survey was conducted to improve the proposal framework based on the data. Data for the study were obtained from 6400 respondents who used 28 national park offices at 32 national park trail entry areas. The field research was collected in 3200 surveys, divided between pre- and post-implementation of the Environmental Improvement Project. The study variables consisted of socio-demographics, visitors’ perceptions on the environmental improvement of trail entries, effects of the environmental improvement, and visitor satisfaction. Several important results were found. First, the environment of trail entries has a significant impact on the formation of images and user satisfaction of national parks. Second, the influence of the trail entry improvement showed that 71.8% of visitors rated the trail entry as environmentally friendly after the Environmental Improvement Project, compared to 48.5% of visitors rated the trail entry as environmentally friendly before the Environmental Improvement Project. The findings indicated that a top priority of environmental improvement of the trail entries needs to be the installation of convenience facilities such as rest areas, restrooms, and direction boards (pre: 34.5%, post: 32.6%). Third, functionality and the other nine variables were shown to enhance the effect of the environmental improvement of the trail entries at the 1% statistical significance level. Finally, results indicated that the overall satisfaction of the visitors with the park was significantly higher after the environmental improvement (t-value=25.741, p=.000), showing the satisfaction score was higher after the environmental improvement (pre: 3.51, post: 4.12), with a statistically significant difference at the 1 % level. This study helps to understand trail entries, which have influenced the image of the national park and satisfaction. These findings can be utilized to manage and design a national park as a public space.

In this study, thermal environment improvements throughout public design improvement project on the urban street space were compared and evaluated. Thermo-Render 3.0, 3D-CAD based thermal environment simulation program, had been used for thermal environment improvement evaluations. Followings are the results. First, clayey blocks which have low heat transfer rate and cool island effect by trees and roof gardens brought cooling effects for buildings and surface of streets. Seconds, MRT values showed low levels because of low radiant mulching materials. Thirds, roof gardens contributed to reduce heat island effect since HIP levels were affected by decreasing heat storage effect of buildings from roof gardens. As a result, reducing heat storage effect throughout selecting and arranging proper materials which would not increase heat island potentials should be performed to improve heat island effects.