Dystocia, a challenging condition in obstetrics, can arise from various causes, including fetal monsters with structural abnormalities. This case report presents a unique case of dystocia due to a fetal monster known as Perosomus Elumbis in a beetal breed goat from Pakistan. The 4-years-old pregnant doe presented with prolonged straining and failure to deliver the fetus after 8 hours of labor. Upon examination, the cervix was dilated, and only the forelimbs of the fetus were visible in the birth canal. The subsequent delivery involved the application of manual traction by using a dystocia kit, and the removal of edematous fluid from the legs. The monster fetus exhibited absence of hair growth, along with the absence of thoracic vertebrae. Two other fetuses were present, with one found dead and the other alive. Posttreatment involved fluid therapy, antibiotics, and supportive care for the doe. This case report sheds light on the occurrence of Perosomus Elumbis fetal monsters and their impact on dystocia in goat breeding. Understanding the underlying causes and implementing appropriate management strategies are crucial for successful outcomes in similar cases.

본 연구는 희귀난치 질환 자녀를 둔 가족의 생활 실태와 지원 욕구를 파악하여 지원방안을 모색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2020년 기준 전국의 희귀난치 환아 가족 약 169천 명 중 할당표본추출(quota sampling) 을 통해 모집된 총 263명을 대상으로 설문조사를 하였다. 그 결과, 희귀 난치 환아 가족의 주양육자는 여성으로 자녀 돌봄 및 간병 비중이 높았 고, 치료비지출로 인한 경제적인 부담이 매우 높았다. 전체 삶의 질 평 균 및 삶의 질 하위요인 전반에서 보통 이하의 인식수준을 보였고, 교 육 현장이나 과정에서 자녀의 질병에 대한 인식과 대처 관련 어려움이 큼을 확인하였다. 희귀난치 질환 및 자녀의 재학 상태에 따른 인식수준 도 매우 낮은 수준이었다. 이런 실태에 근거하여 가족지원을 위한 다차 원적인 지원방안을 제언하였다.

This study focused on improving the phase stability and mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), commonly utilized in gas turbine engine thermal barrier coatings, by incorporating Gd2O3, Er2O3, and TiO2. The addition of 3-valent rare earth elements to YSZ can reduce thermal conductivity and enhance phase stability while adding the 4-valent element TiO2 can improve phase stability and mechanical properties. Sintered specimens were prepared with hot-press equipment. Phase analysis was conducted with X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mechanical properties were assessed with Vickers hardness equipment. The research results revealed that, except for Z10YGE10T, most compositions predominantly exhibited the t-phase. Increasing the content of 3-valent rare earth oxides resulted in a decrease in the monoclinic phase and an increase in the tetragonal phase. In addition, the t(400) angle decreased while the t(004) angle increased. The addition of 10 mol% of 3-valent rare-earth oxides discarded the t-phase and led to the complete development of the c-phase. Adding 10 mol% TiO2 increased hardness than YSZ.

Background: A breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide and among different types of breast cancers, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor prognosis. Methods: We investigated the potential of ginsenoside compound K (CK), an active ingredient in the bio-transformed ginsenoside, to be used as a therapeutic ingredient by examining the effects of CK on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cancer-related gene expressions in breast cancer cells. Results: From the results of treating MCF-7, an ER and PR-positive breast cancer cells, and MDA-MB-231 (TNBC) with CK at a concentration of 0-100 μM, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for each cell were 52.17 μM and 29.88 μM, respectively. And also, it was confirmed that cell migration was inhibited above the IC50 concentration. In addition, fluorescence analysis of Apoptosis/Necrosis showed that CK induced apoptosis rather than necrosis of breast cancer cells. Through qPCR, it was confirmed that the expression of genes related to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest was increased in CK-treated breast cancer cells, and it acted more effectively on TNBC. However, the expression of genes related to tumor invasion and metastasis is also increased, so it is necessary to consider the timing of application of CK as a potential therapeutic anticancer compound. Conclusions: CK showed a stronger inhibitory effect in TNBC with poor prognosis but considering the high tumor invasion and metastasis-related gene expression, the timing of application of CK should be considered.

A study was conducted on the vitrification of the rare earth oxide waste generated from the PyroGreen process. The target rare earth waste consisted of eight elements: Nd, Ce, La, Pr, Sm, Y, Gd, and Eu. The waste loading of the rare earth waste in the developed borosilicate glass system was 20wt%. The fabricated glass, processed at 1,200℃, exhibited uniform and homogeneous surface without any crystallization and precipitation. The viscosity and electrical conductivity of the melted glass at 1,200℃ were 7.2 poise and 1.1 S·cm−1, respectively, that were suitable for the operation of the vitrification facility. The calculated leaching index of Cs, Co, and Sr were 10.4, 10.6, and 9.8, respectively. The evaluated Product Consistency Test (PCT) normalized release of the glass indicated that the glass satisfied the requirements for the disposal acceptance criteria. Furthermore, the pristine, 90 days water immersed, 30 thermal cycled, and 10 MGy gamma ray irradiated glasses exhibited good compressive strength. The results indicated that the fabricated glass containing rare earth waste from the PyroGreen process was acceptable for the disposal in the repository, in terms of chemical durability and mechanical strength.

This study was performed to evaluate the separation of Sr, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, and Nd using gas pressurized extraction chromatography (GPEC) with anion exchange resin for the quantitation of Neodymium. GPEC is a micro-scaled column chromatography system that provides a constant flow rate by utilizing nitrogen gas. It is overcome the disadvantages of conventional column chromatography by reducing the volume of elution solvent and shortening the analysis time. Here, we compared the conventional column chromatography and the GPEC method. The whole analysis time was decreased by nine times and radioactive wastes were reduced by five times using the GPEC system. Anion exchange resin 1-X4 (200~400 mesh size) was used. The sample was prepared at a 0.8 M nitric acid in methanol solution. The elution solvent was used at a 0.01 M nitric acid in methanol solution. Finally the eluate was analyzed by ICP-MS to determine the identification and recovery. In this case, we applied the natural isotopes of LREEs (139La, 140Ce, and 144Nd) and high activity nuclides (88Sr, 133Cs, and 138Ba) instead of radioactive isotopes for the preliminary test; as a result, unnecessary radioactive waste was not produced. The recoveries were 93.9%, 105.9%, 91.9%, 47.6%, 35.9%, and 79.9% of Sr, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, and Nd, respectively. The reproducibility of recoveries by GPEC were in the range 2.8%–10.9%.

Liquid metal extraction (LME), a pyrometallurgical recycling method, is popular owing to its negligible environmental impact. LME mainly targets rare-earth permanent magnets having several rare-earth elements. Mg is used as a solvent metal for LME because of its selective and eminent reactivity with rare-earth elements in magnets. Several studies concerning the formation of Dy-Fe intermetallic compounds and their effects on LME using Mg exist. However, methods for reducing these compounds are unavailable. Fe reacts more strongly with B than with Dy; B addition can be a reducing method for Dy-Fe intermetallic compounds owing to the formation of Fe2B, which takes Fe from Dy-Fe intermetallic compounds. The FeB alloy is an adequate additive for the decomposition of Fe2B. To accomplish the former process, Mg must convey B to a permanent magnet during the decomposition of the FeB alloy. Here, the effect of Mg on the transfer of B from FeB to permanent magnet is observed through microstructural and phase analyses. Through microstructural and phase analysis, it is confirmed that FeB is converted to Fe2B upon B transfer, owing to Mg. Finally, the transfer effect of Mg is confirmed, and the possibility of reducing Dy-Fe intermetallic compounds during LME is suggested.

A new method for chemical separation of light rare-earth elements (LREEs) using gas-pressurized extraction chromatography (GPEC) is described. GPEC is a microscale column chromatography system that features a constant flow of solvents (0.1 mL/min), which is created by pressurized nitrogen gas. The separation column with a Teflon tubing was packed with LN resin. We evaluated the separation of Ba, La, Ce, and Nd using various elution solvents. Here, we applied the natural isotopes of LREEs (La-139, Ce-140, and Nd-144) and barium (Ba-138) instead of radioactive isotopes for the preliminary test and reducing unnecessary radioactive waste. The column reproducibility of the proposed GPEC system ranged from 2.4% to 4.9% with RSDs of recoveries, and the column-to-column reproducibility ranged from 3.1% to 6.3% with RSDs of recoveries. This proposed GPEC method provides robust analysis and facilitates production of lesser chemical wastes and faster separation owing to the use of low solvent volume compared to traditional column chromatography.

Under the circumstance of energy transition policy of the previous government in which nuclear energy portion will be gradually reduced, some R&D study looking for alternatives other than Pyro- SFR recycling could be very valuable and timely suitable. New alternative study started to evaluate the possibility of it if there are some advantages in terms of waste burden in case that the spent fuel are appropriately treated and disposed of in a disposal site, instead of recycling of spent nuclear fuels (SNF). The alternative study separate the fission products (minor actinides and rare earths) from SNF in a molten salt medium. The molten salt coming from the alternative study is radioactive and heat generating because it contains the fission products chlorides. It is necessary to collect the fission products from the waste molten salt for minimization of the high-level waste volume and to generate a final waste form containing the fission products compatible to the disposal site. Based on the results of a review for various precipitation methods, phosphorylation (phosphate precipitation) of metal chlorides selected as a proper treatment method for recovering of the fission products in a molten salt. Phosphate precipitation has the potential for removing most of fission product elements from a molten salt arising from the treatment of spent nuclear fuel. The performance of phosphate precipitation method evaluated using a salt mixture with the actinide and rare earth chlorides. The molten salt containing uranium as surrogate of the actinides and three rare earths (Nd, Ce, La) chloride was used for testing a phosphate precipitation method at experimental condition (temperature 500°C, salt stirring 200~300 rpm, and 1~1.2 eq. of phosphorylation agent). A cyclic voltammetry (CV) method monitored in-situ phosphate precipitation progress for determining the precipitation rate and conversion ratio evaluated. The phosphorylation reaction increased greatly at a salt stirring 300 rpm.

Iris laevigata, which belongs to the Iridaceae, is now designated as an “endangered” (EN) grade by Korea Forest Service because it does not have many natural sites known for its reckless development and damage to its natural habitats. This study was carried out to establish the propagation protocol from seed to restore the native habitat of the I. laevigata and to utilize it for ornamental purposes. Basically, the appearance and internal structure of seeds were observed and imbibition experiments were conducted. Germination rate was measured by cold stratification experiment, after warm followed by cold stratification experiment, and GA3 treatment experiment. The seeds had underdeveloped embryos, which had grown to about 25% of those of fully matured seed before germination. In the controlled laboratory experiment, after cold stratification at 5°C for 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks, the seeds germinated to 0, 11.7, 43.4, or 51.7%, respectively, after 4 weeks of incubation at 25°C. After warm stratification (25°C, 8 weeks) followed by cold stratification for 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks, the seeds germinated to 0, 51.7, 85.0, or 88.3%, respectively, after 4 weeks of incubation at 25°C. GA3 treatment did not overcome the dormancy. Our study determined the dormancy type of I. laevigata seed. Imbibition experiments showed that there was no physical dormancy, and it was also found that there was an underdeveloped embryo when it was observed that the embryo was growing according to the period of incubation. A nd t he e m bryo grew a t relatively w arm temperatures. It is concluded that the seeds of I. laevigata have morphophysiological dormancy (deep simple MPD). This is the first report to determine the dormancy type in seeds of this valuable ornamental plant.

희귀식물과 특산식물의 보전연구는 국가적 수준에서 식물다양성 유지를 위해 우선되어야 한다. 식물다양성 보전의 필요성에 따라 이들 분류군이 대상이 되는 다양한 연구가 보고되었다. 이러한 시점에서 지금까지의 연구결과를 비교하 고 평가할 필요성이 증가하였다. 그리고 수집된 자료를 분석한 결과로부터 국내 희귀식물과 특산식물의 효과적인 보전을 위해 필요한 연구항목과 연구의 방향을 재검토할 필요가 있다. 우리는 희귀식물 및 특산식물이 연구의 대상이 되는 전 세계적인 연구동향을 수집하였다. 그리고 특별히 한국에서의 연구동향을 수집하였다. 희귀 및 특산식물에 대한 연구 분야를 6개의 분야로 구분하였고 그 중 보전생태학의 분야는 ‘종 특성연구’, ‘개체군 연구’ 및 ‘생물학적 상호작용’의 세부항목으로 구분하였다. 수집된 연구를 종합해 볼 때 보전생태학적 연구는 권역별 그리고 국가별로 큰 차이가 있었다. 보전생태학 연구는 권역별로는 유럽과 북아메리카에서 활발하게 진행되었고 국가별로는 일본과 미국에서 비율이 높았다. 반면에 한국은 기초생태학 연구의 비율이 가장 높았고 보전유전학, 복원생태학 순이었다. 한국에서 보전생태학 연구비율은 세계적인 수준에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 뿐만 아니라 희귀식물과 특산식물 중에서 환경부 지정 멸종위기식물과 같은 특정 분류군에 대한 연구가 주를 이루었다. 특히, 우리나라에서는 보전유전학 및 복원생태학 연구의 비율이 높았다. 세계적인 연구동향, 특히 보전생태학적 연구를 선도하는 유럽 및 북아메리카와 비교해 볼 때 우리나라에서 희귀 및 특산식물의 효과적인 보전을 위해서는 종 특성에 대한 정보 확보, 개체군 구조와 동태 그리고 식물과 식물, 동물과 식물과의 상호작용을 포함하는 보전생태학적인 연구의 비율을 높이는 접근이 필요함 을 제안하였다.

본 연구는 전남 여수시 소재 거문군도에 분포하는 박달목서의 개체군 분포특성과 개체군 동태, 보존생물학적 연구를 통해 박달목서 개체군의 보전방안을 제시하기 위해 수행되었다. 거문군도 내 4개의 도서에 분포하는 박달목서는 고도에 31개체, 동백섬 41개체, 서도 49개체, 동도 1개체로 총 122개체가 조사되었으며, 서도와 동백섬에서는 개체 수가 점차 증가할 것으로 추정되었다. 122개체 중 성숙목은 81개체였으며, 41개체는 미성숙목 이었다. 성숙목 중 암나무는 39개체, 수나무 42개체로 성비는 1.08로 추정되었다. 유효집단크기는 23.0~30.9으로 성숙목 집단의 크기보다 작은 것으로 나타났다. 암․수나무의 공간분포는 암나무가 수나무에 비해 집중분포하는 경향을 보였다. 박달목서의 유전적 다양성은 10개의 isozyme에서 12개의 유전자좌가 산출되었고, Nei의 유전적 다양성은 평균 E=0.148로 다소 낮은 수준이었다. 그리고 아집단간 유전적 분화 정도는 Fst=0.078로서 매우 낮은 수준이었으며, 유전자 이동(Nm)은 2.94로서 높은 결과를 보였다. 거문군도에 분포하는 박달목서의 분포특성과 개체군 동태 및 보존생물학 적 연구결과를 종합하여 박달목서 개체군의 보전방안을 제시하였다.

To estimate the removal efficiency of TRU and rare earth elements in an oxide spent fuel, basic dissolution experiments were performed for the reaction of rare earth elements from the prepared simfuel with chlorination reagents in LiCl-KCl molten salt. Based on the literature survey, NH4Cl, UCl3, and ZrCl4 were selected as chlorination reagent. CeO2 and Gd2O3 powders were mixed with uranium oxide as a representative material of rare earth elements. Simfuel pellets were prepared through molding and sintering processes, and mechanically pulverized to a powder form. The experiments for the reaction of the simfuel powder and chlorination reagents were carried out in a LiCl-KCl molten salt at 500°C. To observe the dissolution behavior of rare earth elements, molten salt samples were collected before and after the reactions, and concentration analysis was performed using ICP. After the reaction completed, the remaining oxide was washed with water and separated from the molten salt, and XRD was used for structural analysis. As a result of salt concentration analysis, the dissolution performance of rare earth elements was confirmed in the reaction experiments of all chlorination reagents. In an experiment using NH4Cl and ZrCl4, the uranium concentration in the molten salt was also measured. In other words, it seemed that not only rare elements but also uranium oxide, which is a main component of simfuel, was dissolved. Therefore, it is thought that the dissolution of rare earth elements is also possible due to the collapse of the uranium oxide structure of the solid powder and the reaction with the oxide of rare earth elements exposed to molten salt. As a result of analyzing the concentration changes of Simfuel before and after each reaction, there was little loss of uranium and rare earth elements (Ce/Gd) in the NH4Cl experiment, but a significant amount of rare earth elements were found to be reduced in the UCl3 experiment, and a large amount of rare earth elements were reduced in the ZrCl4 reaction.

자기공명영상(MRI) 장비의 조영제로 흔히 사용되는 가돌리늄(Gd)은 매우 안정된 상태로 하수처리과정에서 거의 제거되지 않고 수환경으로 유입된다고 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 세 가지의 공법으로 하수처리를 하는 부산 수영 하수처리장에서 채취한 하수 시료의 공정별 용존 희토류 원소의 제거율 및 수환경으로 배출되는 인위적 기원 Gd (Gdanth)의 배출량을 평가하고자 하였다. 용존 희토류 원소는 공정별 처리 단계에 따라 무거운 희토류 원소(Tb-Lu)에 비 해 가벼운 희토류 원소(La-Eu)에서 농도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 일부 시료에서 나타난 음의(negative) Sm anomaly (<1)는 생물학적 제거 과정에서 Sm이 입자나 인산염과 흡착되어 함께 제거되었을 가능성을 시사한다. 모든 시 료에서 양의(positive) Gd anomaly (149±50, n=9)를 보였으며, 공정별로 측정된 Gd의 총 농도 중 Gdanth은 약 97% 이 상을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 하수처리과정에서 Gdanth 이 거의 제거되지 않고 수영강 하류로 배출된다는 것을 의미한다. 일별 처리용량을 고려하여 각 공정에서 배출되는 Gdanth의 배출량은 259 mmol/day로 추정할 수 있다. 본 연 구의 결과는 하수처리장을 통해 수영만 연안으로 Gdanth이 지속적으로 배출될 것으로 예상되며, 향후 Gd의 중장기적인 관측이 필요함을 시사한다.

Rare earth elements, which are important components of motors, are in high demand and thus constantly get more expensive. This tendency is driven by the growth of the electric vehicle market, as well as environmental issues associated with rare-earth metal manufacturing. TC 298 of the ISO manages standardization in the areas of rare-earth recycling, measurement, and sustainability. Korea, a resource-poor country, is working on international standardization projects that focus on recycling and encouraging the domestic adoption of international standards. ITU-T has previously issued recommendations regarding the recycling of rare-earth metals from e-waste. ISO TC 298 expands on the previous recommendations and standards for promoting the recycling industry. Recycling-related rare earth standards and drafts covered by ISO TC 298, as well as Korea’s strategies, are reviewed and discussed in this article.

본 연구에서는 한반도에 자생하는 삼수개미자리(Minuartia verna var. coreana)의 자생지 보존 및 신관상식물로서 원예 적 활용을 목적으로 자생지 식생조사 및 종자의 발아특성을 조사하였다. 삼수개미자리는 석회암지대가 오랜 시간에 걸쳐서 풍화된 모래 언덕에 자생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 자생지 주변에는 총 60종의 식물이 자생하고 있었다. 출현한 60종 중 에서 IUCN categoty 기준으로 EN(endangered) 종은 복사 앵도(Prunus choreiana), 솔붓꽃(Iris ruthenica), 동강할미꽃 (Pulsatilla tongkangensis) 3종이었고, VU(Vulnerable)은 백리향 (Thymus quinquecostatus)과 시호(Bupleurum komarovianum), 세잎승마(Cimicifuga heracleifolia var. bifida) 3종, LC(Least concerned)는 지치(Lithospermum erythrorhizon), 참배암차즈 기(Salvia chanryoenica), 금마타리(Patrinia saniculaefolia) 3종 이었다. 한반도 특산식물은 삼수개미자리를 포함하여 복사앵도 (P. choreiana)와 덕우기름나물(Sillaphyton podagraria), 세잎승 마(C. heracleifolia var. bifida), 동강할미꽃(P. tongkangensis) 5종이었다. 삼수개미자리 종자는 완전히 발달된 배를 가지고 있었고, 20/10, 25/15℃에서 각각 53.7, 95.6%의 발아율이 나 타났다. 20/10℃에서 31일차에 41%가 발아하였기 때문에 약 60% 정도는 ‘conditional dormancy’를 가지고 있었다. 광조건 과 암조건에서 각각 90.6, 38.9%가 발아하였기 때문에 땅속에 매몰된 종자의 경우 ‘soil seed bank’를 형성할 가능성을 보여 주었다.

A 63-year-old man with a 2-year history of a slowly growing mass in the chin area was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dankook University Dental Hospital. Physical examination revealed a 1.2 × 1.0 cm bluish mass in the middle of his chin, which was tentatively diagnosed as a hemangioma. Considering the size and location of the lesion, an excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. Bleeding and other complications were not observed. The results of histopathological examination revealed glomangioma. This study aimed to report a case of solitary glomangioma arising in the chin, which is not the usual location of this tumor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a solitary glomangioma in the chin area in the oral and maxillofacial surgery literature.