Medically significant indoor/ectoparasitic insect populations, including bed bugs and head lice, have developed considerable resistance to insecticides due to limited introduction of new genetic traits and the absence of an overwintering barrier. In contrast, outdoor pests like Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes exhibit fluctuating resistance patterns, likely influenced by factors such as overwintering barriers and relatively wider open habitats. Mosquitoes also face selection pressure from diverse sources beyond public health insecticides unlike bed bugs or head lice. Understanding different factors driving resistance among pests is essential for effective resistance management.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of squat exercises with an upper limb resistance movement on the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, and gluteus maximus. This study recruited 16 healthy men. All subjects performed squat exercises with and without upper Limb resistance movements by using elastic tubing band. Electromyography (EMG) activity of the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, and gluteus maximus was recorded using a surface EMG system during these isometric squat exercises in both experimental conditions. The different muscle activation of the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, and gluteus maximus between the squat exercises with and without the upper limb resistance movement was analyzed using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test. Our findings showed that the vastus medialis oblique, vastus medialis oblique/vastus lateralis ratio and gluteus maximus muscle activity was significantly increased during the squat exercise with upper limb resistance movements, as compared to the squat exercise without this component (p < .05). Based on our findings, the additional upper limb resistance movement may be a useful strategy to facilitate the vastus medialis oblique and gluteus maximus muscle activation during a squat exercise.

본 연구에서는 식품에서의 L. monocytogenes에 대한 기 초자료를 제공하고자 2010년부터 2011년까지 서울지역에서 수거된 식품 총 1042건에서 L. monocytogenes를 분리 하여 항생제 감수성 검사를 하였다. 김밥 4건(0.8%), 육회 4건(2.6%), 연어제품 2건(11.1%), 돈육식품과 조리된 생선에서 각 1건씩(각5.9%, 6.3%) 총 12균주가 분리 동정되었다. 분리 균주를 20종의 항생제에 검사한 결과 대다수 항생제(16종)에 감수성을 나타내었지만 cefotetan (11균주), cefotaxime (7균주), cefepime (6균주)에서 내성을 나타냈으며 3균주에서 임상치료에 자주 사용되는 tetracycline에 대해서 내성을 나타내었다.

Listeria monocytogenes continues to be a important food safety concern. The aims of the present study were to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of L. monocytogenes. A total of 1,042 samples was collected from 2010 to 2011 in Seoul and twelve L. monocytogenes were isolated. Isolation rate was Gimbap (0.8%), Beef (yukhoe) (2.6%), Pork (cooked) (5.9%), Fish(cooked) (6.3%), and Salmon (11.1%), respectively. In this study, most of the isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. The most common resistance was cefotetan on 11 isolates, followed by cefotaxime on 7 isolates, cepefime on 6 isolates and tetracyclin on 3 isolates.

Antimicrobial resistance and multi-drug resistance patterns have been carried out on total of 210 isolated of Salmonella spp. and pathogenic E. coli isolated from food poisoning patients on January through December 2012 in Incheon, Korea. The highest percentage of antibiotics resistance was found to the following antimicrobial agents: tetracycline 43.8%, ampicillin 34.8%, nalidixic acid 23.8%, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and chloramphenicol 12.4%, and ampicillin/sulbactam 11.4%. The highest percentage of resistance was 37.5% to ampicillin for Salmonella spp. and 59.0% to tetracycline for pathogenic E. coli. Overall the multidrug resistance rates of 1 drug was 26.2%, 2 drugs 9.0%, 3 drugs 9.5%, 4 drugs 7.1%, and 5 or more drugs 12.46%. The multi-drug (MDR) strains to four or more antimicrobial agents among the resistant organisms were quite high: 15.9% and 22.1% for Salmonella spp. and pathogenic E. coli, respectively. The study implies that limitation of unnecessary medication use is pertinent in order to maintaining the efficacy of drugs.

Saliva from the oral cavity was collected from 129 patients with periodontitis and 54 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were isolated from these samples. The S. aureus isolates were tested for their resistance patterns against 15 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. The percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to ampicillin was the highest (92.6%). In addition, the percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, cefotetan, cefepime and erythromycin was 90.7%, 11.1%, 11.1%, 9.3% and 5.6%, respectively. However, S. aureus isolates were susceptible to gentamycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin. 96.3% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to antibiotics. Among them, the percentage of two antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 74.1%, the percentage of one antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 5.6%, the percentage of three antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 3.7% and the percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to more than 4 antibiotics was 13%. The most common multiple antimicrobial resistance pattern was AM-P. Furthermore, the percentage of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates was 11.1% and they were resistant to more than 3 antibiotics.

To determine current rate of antimicrobial resistance, a total of 236 isolates from milk samples of dairy cattle with mastitis in Korea during 2010-2011 were examined against 12 antimicrobials using disc diffusion method: 67 Staphylococcus aureus, 74 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS), and 95 Escherichia coli isolates. The isolates examined in this study were submitted by Local Veterinary Service Laboratories located in 13 provinces and metropolitan cities nationwide. The highest rates of resistance among S. aureus isolates were against ampicillin (56.7%) and penicillin (56.7%), followed by kanamycin (11.9%). All S. aureus isolates were sensitive to lincomycin, amikacin, and cephalothin. Only one isolate showed resistance to tetracycline and oxacillin, respectively. Less than 10% of the S. aureus isolates presented resistance to erythromycin, neomycin, and gentamicin. Among CNS isolates, the most frequently observed resistance was to lincomycin (44.5%), followed by penicillin (28.3%), ampicillin (18.9%), tetracycline (17.5%), kanamycin (13.5%), and erythromycin (9.4%). All or most of the CNS isolates were sensitive to cephalothin, amikacin, neomycin, and gentamicin. The highest rate of resistance among E. coli isolates was against tetracycline (26.3%), followed by streptomycin (21%), neomycin (15%), kanamycin (12.6%), and gentamicin (10.5%). Amikacin was the only antimicrobial to which no E. coli isolates showed resistance. Around 10% of the S. aureus isolates and 15% of the CNS isolates showed resistance against three or more antimicrobials simultaneously, while more than 30% of the E. coli isolates did.

This study was carried out to investigate antibiotic resistances of 181 isolates in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 450 specimens which were a General Hospital personnel in Cheonan province. Of the 181 isolates, 89 isolates (49.2%) were methicillin resistant and 92 isolates were susceptible. They were resistant to penicillin (80.1%), clindamycin (18.8%), oxacillin (49.2%), cefepime (28.2%), cefotetan (34.3%), ampicillin (66.3%), gentamicin (27.6%), tetracycline (17.7%) and erythromycine (43.1%), also. In resistant rates of the 89 MRSA, 5 antibiotics were more than 50%, but in those of the 92 MSSA, only 1 antibiotics was. Also they showed very highly multi-drug resistance patterns to 15 antibiotics as follow : One hundred and forty five isolates(82.3%) showed antibiotic resistance to more than one kind of the 15 kinds antibiotics. In the multiple resistant patterns, one drug resistant isolates were 18 isolates (9.9%), 2 drugs 29 (16.0%), 3 drugs 21 (11.6%), 4 drugs 29 (16.0%), and more than 5 drugs were 52 isolates (28.7%). The number of more than 5 drugs resistant strains in MSSA were only 1 strain, but those in MRSA were 51 isolates (57.3%). Forty five isolates (24.9%) produced enterotoxin serotype C and all MRSA.

There are many researches about the contribution of virginiamycin use in animals to quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) resistance in humans. In this study, the prevalence and mechanisms of streptogramin resistance in Enterococcus faecium from chickens were investigated. A total of 170 E. faecium isolates from 38 chicken farms was tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Eleven (6.5%) E. faecium isolates were found to be resistant to Q/D. The vatE and ermB genes were detected in 2 (18%) and 6 (55%) of Q/D-resistant E. faecium respectively. By using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 6 distinct PFGE patterns were identified. These data indicate that Q/D resistance among E. faecium from chickens remains low despite the long history of virginiamycin use. However, we have to concern over antimicrobial resistance in bacteria originated from animals, including the possibility of transfer of resistance genes from animal to human.

From April to December in 2009, microbial investigation is accomplished for 100 frozen foods asked to microbial control team that corresponds with total aerobic viable bacteria, coliform group, Escherichia coli,Enterococcus spp. and antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterococcus spp. isolates are investigated. Average of total aerobic viable bacteria numbers is 4.3 × 10⁴CFU/g. Average of coliform group numbers is 4.3 × 10³ CFU/g. Average of Enterococcus spp. numbers is 1.8 × 10³ CFU/g. Escherichia coli from 100 frozen foods is not detected and detection rate is 0.0%. 22 Enterococcus spp. are isolated from 100 frozen foods. 12 of 22 Enterococcus spp. strains are identified as E. faecium. 7 of 22 Enterococcus spp. strains are identified as E. faecalis. 2 of 22 Enterococcus spp. strains are identified as E. gallinarum. 1 of 22 Enterococcus spp. strains is identified as E. hirae. Enterococcus spp. isolates show a high resistance to erythromycin, rifampin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, chlorampenicol, penicillin and a susceptibility to vancomycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, strepomycin, linezolid. 15 of 22 Enterococcus spp. strains are multi-resistant and the most frequent multi-resistant pattern is erythromycin-rifampin for 6 Enterococcus spp. strains.

From April 2008 to January 2009, a total 458 raw milk samples were randomly collected from 15 stock raising farms located in northern area of Kyunggi province and cultured for the presence of Enterococci spp. A total 170 enterococcal isolates were recovered from the raw milk samples. Enterococcus faecalis was predominant species recovered (64.7%), followed by E. faecium (18.8%), E. avium (5.9%), E. gallinarum (5.9%) and E. durans (4.7%). Antimicrobial resistance patterns of 170 Enterococci spp. against ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and streptomycin were tested. According to the result, they showed high level resistance to erythromycin and streptomycin (82,9% and 93,5% respectively), moderately resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracyclin (50%, 45.9% and 32%, respectively) but fortunately, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin are still effective against this species.

Methic illin - resistant StaphyJococcus aureus(MRSA) is not only a common cause of nosocomial infections worldwide but also leading to seri ous illnesses with high rates of mortali ty , This study was performed to determine resistance patterns and molecul ar biological ca racteri slics on MRSA isolated from clinical specimen, The purpose is to provide valua ble in formation related to t he purs uit 0 (' in('ec tion trace and infe<:tion control The test of susceptibility to 17 kinds antibiotics showed that these bacterias were susceptible to glycope ptides s uch as vancomycin, teicoplanin by 100%, rifarnpin by 65, 8%, They we re a lso 100% resistance to peni cillin , cefotaxim, gentamycin and aminoglycoside drugs , and showed 68, 56% multidrug res is ta nce to a bove 13 a ntibi oti cs incl uding peni cillin, 1n the analysis of MRSA using PCR, mecA was detected in every MRSA at 35 s t ra i ns a nd l'emA in 94 1%, ln a test , to de tect toxic genes, six genes, such as sea, seb(8, 6% res pectively)‘ sec(51, 4%) ‘ seg, se i(65 , 7% res pectively) and seh(2 , 9%) were found Finally , in resisrance chract eristics, toxic genes we re isola ted c1 ifferently acco rcling to specimen but there was no c1ifference res istance pattern ancl toxic genes The c1ata from t his s t ucly contribule to a more prec ise knowledge about the resistance pa ttern of MRSA in a clinical sett ing in k orea ancl regarcl exa mi na ti on of resis ta nce pattern accorcling to molecular biological methocl are expectecl to provide bas ic informa ti on on MRSA di ssemination and infection contro