해사안전을 위한 비상대응훈련 및 해기교육기관의 안전교육은 정해진 시나리오와 교육내용을 기반으로 실시되기 때문에, 다양한 상황에 따른 인적오류 감소와 대응에는 한계가 있다. 이에 대한 개선 필요성이 요구되고 있으나, 기존 교육훈련에 대한 평가와 상황의 다양성 확보를 통한 대응능력 향상을 위한 방안은 부재하다. 본 연구는 비상대응훈련 개선을 위해 상황 다변성을 모델링할 수 있는 이론적 절차 분석기법을 제안한다. 선원과 시스템의 유기적 관계에 기반한 인적 및 시스템 이론적 절차 분석 모델(HSTPA)을 정의하고, 각 구성요소들이 발생시킬 수 있는 오류를 분석, 수직적 보고체계와 대응이 요구되는 화재대응 훈련 시나리오에 이를 적용하여 기존 훈련의 한계점을 식별하였다. 제안된 HSTPA 모델을 적용한 훈련 시나리오 고려요소의 세분화 및 점검은 비상대응훈련 및 교육에 있어 다양하고 현실적인 시나리오 생성과 피훈련자들의 상황판단 이해력 및 대응능력 향상에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

In order to verify the quality characteristics of soybean milk added chickpeas, the following characteristics were investigated: pH, solid contents, color, DPPH radical scavenging, as well as electric nose and sensory evaluation. Physicochemical and the sensory characteristics were analyzed based on the experimental data. The pH value was different in the control and the treatments (p<0.005). As the quantity of chickpea content increased, the solid content was augmented (p<0.0001). The L value was 56.86 in the control, and with the amount of chickpea addition increasing, the L value increased to 57.43 in 100% chickpea soybean milk (p<0.0001). The a value and b value also increased significantly (p<0.0001). However, the DPPH radical scavenging in the control was the lowest but the antioxidant activity of 100% chickpea milk was more than 2.5 higher than that of the control (p<0.0001). In the electric nose experiment, the flavor component of 20%, 30% and 100% chickpea treatment showed a significant difference compared to the control in the flavor components. In the sensory evaluation, for the score of flavor (p<0.001) and taste (p<0.0001), the score was higher in the treatments where 20% and 30% of chickpeas were added. In the sensory test of texture, there was no significant difference in the different experimental conditions except for the 100% chickpea addition treatment. In the overall acceptability test, the scores of 20% and 30% chickpea treatment were the highest results, compared to other treatments (p<0.0001). According to the correlation analysis, both antioxidant activity (0.797) and solid content (0.834) had shown high correlation to pH among the physiochemical characteristics (p<0.01). In the sensory evaluation, color, flavor, taste, texture and overall acceptability had shown a positive correlation to the amount of the soy bean milk added chickpea (p<0.01). In particular, the overall acceptability had shown the highest correlation to the taste (0.803), and it was the texture which resulted in the next highest correlation for overall acceptability (0.666).

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions of solvent extraction type and solvent concentration (60, 70, 80%, v/v), extraction time (30, 80, 130 mins) and extraction temperature (10, 15, 20℃) in order to increase the antioxidant activity of the chia seed. The total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured by using response surface methodology (RSM) to establish the optimal conditions. Using ethanol and methanol extractions at extraction concentrations of 60%, and time and temperature of 130 mins and 20℃, the maximum total polyphenol content was 871.00 mg% (R2=0.9507) and 557.70 mg% (R2=0.9784) for ethanol and methanol extraction respectively. Using the same extraction conditions, the maximum level of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 72.14% (R2=0.9675) and 52.79% (R2=0.9524) for ethanol and methanol extraction respectively. The results indicate that ethanol extracts showed a higher antioxidant activity than methanol extracts. The ethanol extraction conditions of response surface analysis (RSA) were affected more by ethanol concentration than by extraction time or temperature. In contrast, the methanol extraction conditions of response surface analysis (RSA) were affected more by extraction time. Based on the RSM, the optimum ethanol extraction conditions were the following: extraction concentration, 63%: time, 100 mins: and temperature, 18℃. The optimum methanol extraction conditions were the following: extraction concentration, 65%; time, 120 mins; and temperature, 16℃.

This study was performed to investigate the pesticide residue of commercial medicinal plants used for food materials in the Seoul area. Multi class pesticide multiresidue methods in Korea Food Code was used to analyze 100 pesticides. Analyzed samples were 261 cases(domestic 201, imported 60), detection rate was 19.2%(domestic 20.9%, imports 13.3%). 17 pesticides were detected in fruit(chinese matrimony vine, jujube, rubus coreanus, japanese cornlian cherry, schizandra, tangerine peel), and root(cnidium, licorice, astragalus). Pesticide over Maximum Residue Limits were detected in jujube, cnidium. Frequently detected pesticides were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, bifenthrin. More than 50% of the sample were detected two or more pesticides at the same time. Because of the variety and increase of pesticide detection in medicinal roots and fruits, continued monitoring and safety management is required.

This study was investigated to determine the contents of sulfur dioxide residues in medicinal herbs in Seoul Yang Nyoung Shi in 2010 (1,522 samples of 189 kinds). Samples were measured by modified Monier-Williams method. Of the total samples, 618 samples (84 kinds) were domestic, and 904 samples (158 kinds) were imported. The content of sulfur dioxide in the domestics showed the range of 0.0 to 1,298.0 mg/kg (average 12.7 mg/kg), while those in imported samples were the range of 0.0 to 3,982.2 mg/kg (average 42.4 mg/kg). The average (mg/kg) amount of sulfur dioxide by parts in medicinal herbs was as follows; Tuber 122.3, Radix 69.3, Rhizoma 37.4, Cortex 33.3, Fructus 8.8, Ramulus 4.9, Semen 4.6, Folium 3.4, Flos 2.7, Perithecium 1.4. Of the total samples (1,522), 52 samples (3.4%) were violated the KFDA regulatory guidance of sulfur dioxide. Among these 52 unsuitable samples, 16samples (7 kinds) were domestic, and 36 samples (23 kinds) were imported. Approximately 88.1% of the total samples was less than 10 mg/kg of sulfur dioxide and 6.3% of the total samples showed more than 30 mg/kg of sulfur dioxide.

The increase in the consumption of herb medicines have made their use a public health problem due to the potential fungal contamination and the risk of the presence of mycotoxins. 360 samples of herb medicines were evaluated for the aflatoxin contamination. The natural occurrence of aflatoxins in these samples were determined using immunoaffinity column clean up and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with post-column derivatization. For samples analyzed, mean levels (incidence) of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in positive samples were 1.4 μg/kg (46.4%), 0.4 μg/kg (25.4%), 1.1 μg/kg (37.8%) and 0.9 μg/kg (24.3%), respectively. Recoveries of the full analytical procedure were 71.7~99.7% for AFB1, 88.1~99.2% for AFB2, 82.8~95.5% for AFG1 and 77.9~90.0%for AFG2. The excess cancer risk estimated using the cancer potency of aflatoxin B1 (7 (mg/kg/day)−1 for HBsAg− and 230 (mg/kg/day)−1 for HBsAg+) were 1.30 × 10^(−5) ~ 1.22 × 10^(−7) for hepatits B surface antigen negative (HBsAg−) and 3.31 × 10^(−4)~ 3.12 × 10^(−6) for hepatits B surface antigen positive (HBsAg+) respectively. In conclusion, although the contamination levels of samples used in the study were low, further actions are also required to undertake a program of herbal surveys in order to access mycotoxin contamination overall so that the safety of public will be protected.

From April to December in 2009, microbial investigation is accomplished for 100 frozen foods asked to microbial control team that corresponds with total aerobic viable bacteria, coliform group, Escherichia coli,Enterococcus spp. and antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterococcus spp. isolates are investigated. Average of total aerobic viable bacteria numbers is 4.3 × 10⁴CFU/g. Average of coliform group numbers is 4.3 × 10³ CFU/g. Average of Enterococcus spp. numbers is 1.8 × 10³ CFU/g. Escherichia coli from 100 frozen foods is not detected and detection rate is 0.0%. 22 Enterococcus spp. are isolated from 100 frozen foods. 12 of 22 Enterococcus spp. strains are identified as E. faecium. 7 of 22 Enterococcus spp. strains are identified as E. faecalis. 2 of 22 Enterococcus spp. strains are identified as E. gallinarum. 1 of 22 Enterococcus spp. strains is identified as E. hirae. Enterococcus spp. isolates show a high resistance to erythromycin, rifampin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, chlorampenicol, penicillin and a susceptibility to vancomycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, strepomycin, linezolid. 15 of 22 Enterococcus spp. strains are multi-resistant and the most frequent multi-resistant pattern is erythromycin-rifampin for 6 Enterococcus spp. strains.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the housewives’ consumption pattern and preference of the Korean rice cake asa substitute for meal. The rate of housewives who had eaten rice cake as a substitute for meal were 75.30% and those who had not were 20.83%. Usually 62.03% of them ate rice cake for breakfast, and 34.21% did them within one time per a week. Reasons for eating rice cake for meal were investigated on ‘easy to eat(54.51%)’, ‘good taste (24.44%)’ and ‘healthy food(14.29%)’. The older housewives wanted healthy rice cake for meal and ate with tea and Kimchi(Dongchimi). The younger ones ate rice cake for meal with tea and milk. Thawing methods of frozen rice cake for meal were different between the older and the younger, respectively, steaming and using microwave. Kinds of rice cake as a substitute meal were Injeolmi(50.75%), Backsulgi(49.62%), Chaltteok (47.74%) and Yaksik(46.44).

재래식 메주에서 분리된 killer 효모 H. capsulata S-13에 EMS 등의 변이제를 처리하여 친주보다 2배 killer 활성이 증대된 변이 균주 H. capsulata S13-E1을 얻고 이를 이용하여 각종 효모에 대한 길항성을 조사한 결과 장류 발효에 유해한 효모인 Zygosacch. mellis와 Zygosacch. salsus 등과 장류가 가스 발생 원인 효소인 Saccharomyces sp. K-8과 K-34, Zygosaccharomyces sp. K-181과 D-211 등에 대하여 강한 항균 특성을 보였다. 또한 H. capsulata S13-E1을 potato extract 1.0%, peptone과 glucose를 각각 0.5%, MgSO_4 0.025%(초기 pH 4.5)를 함유한 PEPD 배지에 접종하여 30℃에서 36시간 발효조로 회분배양 하였을 때 killier toxin이 제일 많이 생산되었다.

The objectives of the study were to establish sperm separation method and duration of insemination for bovine IVF. Oocytes from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured and fertilized using general protocol. After 18 or 42 h of insemination, six to ten embryos were placed into a 30 drop of each medium, and the embryos were examined 7~10d post in semination without medium renewal. First, we compared Percoll gradient will swim-up technique for sperm separation. There was no difference in cleavage rates between them, but the development rates over morula stage of oocytes fertilized with sperm separated by Percoll gradient was significantly higher than that sperm selected by swim-up technique (p<0.05). Second, we evaluated development of bovine embryos derived from the IVF procedure with different durations(18 vs 42 h) of fertilization. There was also no difference in cleavage rates, but the development to blastocyst stage of oocytes exposed in cleavage rates, but the development to blastocyst stage of oocytes exposed to sperm for 42 h was significantly higher than that exposed for 18 h (p<0.05). In conclusion, Percoll gradient can be used for sperm selecton, improving of embryonic development. Also, 42h of IVF may improve the development of bovine embryos.

본 연구는 성장인자 EGF, IGF-1, EGF+IGF-1 이 소 난포란의 체외성숙에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 소 난포란의 체외성숙 시 EGF를 농도별 (10, 50 및 100ng/m1)로 첨가하여 실험한 결과 통계학적 유의성은 인정되지 않았으나 24시간 배양 후 성숙율은 대조군에 비하여 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 소난포란의 체외성숙 시 EGF와 IGF-1을 병용 처리하여 실험한 결과, EGF 또는 IGF-1 단독처리 군에 비하여 병용처

적정 배양액의 선정, ITS의 첨가와 BSA의 농도조절 및 NaCl 농도의 조절을 통해 소 수정란의 무혈청, 체세포배제 배양체계를 확립하기 위하여 수행한 실험에서 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 배양액으로 CRlaa, TALP 및 SOF를 사용하여 발육률을 검토한 결과, 발육률의 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 2. 배양액내의 고분자물질원으로 BSA, FBS 및 PVA를 첨가하여 사용한 결과 BSA 및 FBS 첨가군이 PVA 첨가군보다 유의적으로 높

Immature nocytes and in VitrO matured Oocytes collected from the slaughtered Korean cattle were frozen slowly with 10% ethylene glycol+5% polyvinyl pyrolidine+0.05M trehalose (l0EPT), 10% ethylene glycol+5% ficoll+0.05M sucrose (1OEFS), or 10% ethylene glycol+5% ficoll+0.05M trehalose (l0EFT) by cell freezer (experiment 1). And also,They were ultra-rapidly frozen with 30% ethylene glycol+10% polyvinyl pyrolidine+0.5M trehalose (3OEPT) or 30% ethylene glycol+18% ficoll+0.5M sucrose (3OEFS) using electron microscope grid (experiment 2). In experiment 1, the cleavage rate was 23.0% when immature oocytes were frozen slowly using various cryoprotectants descrihed above, and 5.1% of cleaved oocytes developed to over morula stage after in Vitro fertilization (IVF). There were no significant differences among these groups. When matured oocytes were frozen slowly, the total cleavage rate was 19.7%, and over morula stage was 3.2%. lOEPT (4.8%) and EFS (4.4%) were slightly more effective than l0EFT (0.0%) for development in vitro. Only in l0EFT treated group, immature oocytes have higher developmental capacity than matured ones, when they were frozen slowly and IVF after thawing. In experiment 2, oocytes were ultra-rapidly frozen using the electron microscope grid with two kind of cryoprotectants described above. In immature oocyte group, the cleavage rate was 13.9% and 5.8% of cleaved oocytes developed to over morula stage after IVF, and in matured group, 25.7 and 7.6%, respectively. There were no significant differences between two kind of cryoprotectants, but in ultra-rapid freezing using electron microscope grid, the efficiency is slightly higher in matured oocyte group.

본 연구는 수정능획득유기물질로 알려진 카페인 헤파린을 병행처리하여 한우 정자의 첨체 반응율과 생존율을 알아보고 수정능획득과정 중에 단백질의 변화상을 전기영동방법으로 조사하였다. 동결융해후 정자의 생존율은 90%이상이었으나 전배양처리후 0.5시간에 70%로 감소하고 2시간 이후에는 35%로 감소하였다. 정자의 첨체반응율은 동결융해후 정상정자가 85.7%였으나 전배양시간에 따라 53.4%에서 14.3%로 감소하였다. 동결융해후 첨체가 소실된 생존정자는 9.