본 연구는 로즈마리 다단재배 시 층별 환경조건 및 하위선반 보조 광원이 어린순 품질과 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고 자 수행되었다. 정아를 제거한 커먼 로즈마리의 중간부 삽수 10cm를 128공 트레이에 삽목하여 발근시킨 뒤 750, 1,300, 2,000mL의 화분에 이식하였다. 이후 2연동 온실 내 다단선반 (3단)에 배치하여 저면관수 방식으로 재배하였다. 다단선반 층별 어린순 생산성은 3층(최상층)에서 가장 우수하였으나, 여름철 광 과다에 의한 줄기 목질화로 9월 이후 생산성이 급감 하였다. 반면 하위 2개 층은 재배 후기까지 어린순의 생장속도 가 빨랐으나, 줄기 연화 및 엽 상편생장으로 품질이 감소하였 다. 다단선반 3층 여름철 광 과다 문제 해결을 위해 7, 8월 30% 차광 재배시 무차광 대비 단위 면적당 어린순 수확 줄기수 210%, 생체중 162% 증수하였다. 하위층 광 부족 문제를 개선 하고자 보조 광원 설치 재배 시 LED 30W에서 6－9월 어린순 수확량이 보조광원 미설치 대비 168% 증가하였으나, 9월 이 후 오히려 생산성을 감소시켰다. 따라서 로즈마리 다단재배 시 3층(최상층)은 7－8월 30% 차광으로 줄기 목질화를 막고, 하 위층은 6－9월 LED 30W로 일시적 보광을 통해 어린순 생육 을 증대시킨다면 어린순 집약생산이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 로즈마리 다단재배 시 근권부 용적이 어린순 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 정아를 제거한 커먼 로즈마리의 중간부 삽수 10cm를 128공 트레이에 삽목 하여 발근시킨 뒤 125, 200, 550, 750, 1,300 및 2,000mL의 용 기에 이식하여 1, 2년생 삽목묘 어린순의 생육특성과 수량성 을 비교하였다. 1년생 로즈마리의 경우 초기 생육(이식 후 30 일)은 용기 550mL 이상에서 처리 간 뚜렷한 차이가 없었으나, 2년생 로즈마리의 경우 용기가 클수록 생육이 비례하는 경향 을 보였다. 1, 2년생 로즈마리의 지하부 생체중은 용기 550mL 에서 7월 25일 조사 시 각각 6.9g, 24.4g, 11월 24일 조사 시 각 각 10.3g, 24.9g으로 가장 낮았고, 용기 750－2,000mL에서 는 처리 간 차이가 보이지 않았다. 반면 지상부 생체중은 1년 생 로즈마리의 경우 용기가 클수록 증가하다가 1,300mL 이 상에서는 통계적 차이가 없었으며, 2년생 로즈마리 역시 용기 가 클수록 생체중이 유의하게 높았다. 어린순 품질은 1년생 로 즈마리의 경우 용기 2,000mL에서 가장 우수하였으나, 2년생 로즈마리의 경우 시기별 품질 차이를 보였다. 단위 화분당 어 린순 생산성은 1,300mL에서 가장 높았으나, 단위 면적당으 로 환산할 경우 750mL에서 가장 우수하게 관찰되었다. 따라 서 로즈마리 어린순 다단재배를 통한 집약생산에 가장 적합한 용기 크기는 750mL로 판단된다.

Due to the concerns over their environmental and health impacts, there have been attempts for shift towards biorational pesticides from synthetic pesticides. Among them, plant essential oils have emerged as promising active ingredients. Due to the complex interactions among their constituents, the bioactivities of essential oils can vary depending on the compositions, which often undermine their stability in efficacy. Here, we present a model-based optimization approach to develop reliable rosemary oil-based biorational pesticide, against two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The ecotoxicity against Daphnia magna and foliar phytotoxicity against Phaseolus vulgaris were also evaluated. Our quadratic models accurately predicted miticidal activity, ecotoxicity, and phytotoxicity. We aimed to maximize, minimize, and minimize these parameters, respectively. We employed seven multi-objective evolutionary algorithms in Matlab. Among them, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II with adaptive rotation based simulated binary crossover (NSGA-II-ARSBX) performed best. We experimentally determined the thresholds for miticidal activity and phytotoxicity, based on the current approval process for agricultural pesticide products in Korea. After applying the thresholds, we validated the obtained viable solutions. Our study offers a novel framework to enhance the reliable and responsible use of essential oils as biorational pesticides.

이 글은 생태계 위기, 기후 붕괴 시대에 생명선교신학을 수립하고 자 하는 시도로 쓰여진 글이다. 로즈마리 R. 류터, 샐리 맥페이그, 매튜 폭스, 제이 비 맥다니엘의 생태신학을 바탕으로 신학의 전환, 문화의 전환, 경제의 전환을 통해 생명선교신학을 수립하고자 한다. 우선 신론은 군주 모델이나, 이신론 모델로부터 어머니 하나님, 연인 하나님, 친구 하나님으로 전환을 요청한다. 기독론 역시 인간 구원 중심의 기독론으로부터 피조물의 구원을 포함하는 우주 그리스도로의 전환을 요청한다. 창조 이야기가 현대 문화에 준 영향을 검토함으로써 남자와 여자, 부자와 가난한 자, 백인과 유색인, 인간과 자연 등에 존재하는 위계적 가부장적 관계를 대등하고 상호 의존적 관계로의 전환을 요청한다. 신고전주의 경제학과 생태적 경제학에 따른 신학의 차이를 비교하면서 생태적 경제학으로의 전환과 생태사회로의 전환을 요청한다. 생명선교신학의 특징으로 신학의 전환, 우주적 그리스도,생태적 경제학으로의 전환, 생명문화로의 전환, 전환에서 종교의 역할, 생태영성과 창조영성, 신비주의 회복 등이다. 생명선교신학을 수립하 기 위한 과제로는 세 가지 전환을 어떻게 연결하고 통합하느냐를 규명하 는 일이다.

본 연구는 제주산 자생 로즈마리 에센셜 오일의 항염 및 피부상재균에 대한 항균 활성을 확인하기 위한 것이다. 로즈마리 에센셜 오일은 물 증류법으로 추출하였다. 로즈마리 에센셜 오일의 항염 효능을 확인하기 위하여 RAW 264.7 세포에서 LPS에 의해 유도된 NO와 PGE2의 생성을 농도 의존적으로 억제하는 것을 확인하였다. Western blot 실험을 통해 이들을 생합성하는 효소인 iNOS, COX-2 단백질의 발현이 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 전염증성 cytokine인 TNF-⍺와 IL-6의 생성 억제 효능을 확인하였다. 항생제 내성균주 각 2종을 포함한 S. epidermidis 3종, P. acnes 3종에 대한 항균 활성을 실험한 결과, paper disc법에서 저해환이 관찰되었고, MIC, MBC 실험을 통하여 균생육 저해와 사멸를 확인하였다. 위의 실험 결과로부터 로즈마리 에센셜 오일의 항염증, 항균 효능을 확인 하였으며 향후 화장품 및 스킨케어 소재로서 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

Carnosic acid from rosemary extract is one of the natural phenolic compounds which show the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Nevertheless, the use of rosemary extracts in food matrix is highly limited due to the low water solubility and poor chemical stability of active constituents of extract. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the functionality and effect of starch based polymers on rosemary extract in aqueous solution for improving their efficiency of food application. To manufacture the rosemary-starch polymer complex, starch based polymers (cycloamylose; CA, cyclodextrin; CD, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; HP-b-CD, maltodextrin; MD, clustered dextrin; ClusD) were firstly dispersed in 5mM phosphate buffer (pH7) according to each concentrations. Rosemary extract was then dissolved in solution to react with the polymers. Enhanced water solubility of rosemary extract was measured using a spectrophotometer. Antioxidant (ABTS assay) & antimicrobial activity (MIC test) were also tested. In aqueous solution containing CD and HP-b-CD, the solubility of rosemary extract increased almost twice or more (189% and 248% respectively). CA, MD, and ClusD solutions also showed the results of increasing the solubility about 126%~129%. As rosemary extract dissolved better, it was also found to have increased antioxidant and antibacterial activity of rosemary-starch polymer complex. Especially, the degree of antioxidant activity has been increased much larger than the increased solubility level. Consequently, more studies are needed to determine why these results are produced. If further studies and experiments are conducted on this, it could be beneficial for food industry interested in utilizing rosemary extract.

Licorice and rosemary contain a number of natural phenolic compounds which have a strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ulleungdo stonecrop (US, scientific name: Sedum takesimense Nakai), indigenous island, is also known as a good antibiotic agent and skin whitening agent and is regarded as a promising materials in cosmetics field. Although the antibacterial activity of each material have been reported, little is known about the effect of using them together. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect on antibacterial activity when licorice and rosemary extract and US were used together. Since licorice and rosemary are lipid soluble materials and US is water soluble material, oil in water (O/W) emulsion system was used for this study. To manufacture O/W emulsions containing three kinds materials, first licorice and rosemary extracts and US was dispersed in soy bean oil and phosphate buffer (pH7) respectively. Decaglyceryl laurate was used as an emulsifier. There was slight decrease (-0.09~-0.46 Δlog) in the number of bacteria when O/W emulsion containing 300ppm of each licorice and rosemary extracts was mixed into B.subtilis. However, adding US (2,700ppm) into aqueous phase caused the rapid decrease in the amount of bacteria to -1.71 ~ -2.96 Δlog which were much higher decrement than US only in normal emulsion (-1.64 Δlog). In particular, there was a noticeable synergistic effect when rosemary extract and US was used together. The results obtained from this study could provide useful information for utilizing licorice and rosemary extracts and US as functional materials in the food and cosmetic areas.

Recently, there is a growing interest of consumers in natural products thus a large number of natural preservatives have been studied as food additives. Among those natural preservatives, rosemary extract are commonly used by the food industry to extend the shelf life of several products. Nevertheless, the incorporation of the rosemary extract in food matrix is highly limited due to the low water solubility and poor chemical stability of constituents of rosemary extract. In this context, it is needed to find a way that can improve the water solubility to incorporate rosemary extract into aqueous system like foods. Hence, in this study we added surfactants that have a relatively high hydrophilic-liphophilic balance number into rosemary extract solution to increase the water solubility of rosemary extract and then investigated the microbial activities of rosemary extract with surfactants. Tween 20, decaglycerol monooleate, decaglycerol laurate and decaglycerol myristate were used in a range 0.1~4% and rosemary-surfactant solution was prepared by dissolving rosemary in surfactant added phosphate buffer (pH 7) as much as extract can be dissolved. Water solubility of rosemary-surfactant solution were examined by observance of the UV-vis spectra. The antimicrobial effects rosemary-surfactant solution on B.subtilis were also examined by paper disc diffusion method. Rosemary extract showed poor solubility in normal phosphate buffer but its water solubility was highly increased when surfactant was added. This tendency was lasted at all types of surfactant. This is because of amphipathic property of surfactant. Antimicrobial effect to B.subtilis was observed when a relatively lower concentration of surfactants were used, however, not in high concentrations. This result might be attributed to the formation of surfactant micelles containing rosemary extract when a relatively higher concentration of surfactants were used. The information presented may be useful for the development of a new rosemary-loaded delivery systems.

The penetration-enhancing effect of a binary mixture of rosemary essential oil constituents, and its correlation to increased toxicity were investigated. GC-MS analyses revealed that the major constituents of rosemary essential oil were 1,8-cineole and camphor, and a binary mixture of them showed synergistic insecticidal activity via topical application in third instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. In the mixture, penetration of camphor was significantly enhanced both in vivo and in vitro, whereas that of 1,8-cineole did not change much compared to individual application. Injection into hemocoel of fifth instar larvae indicated that camphor was more toxic than 1,8-cineole, although it was less toxic than 1,8-cineole when applied topically. A possible mechanism for enhanced penetration of camphor by 1,8-cineole is reduced surface tension of the mixture. Contact angles of 50% acetonic solutions on a layer of beeswax showed that the surface tension of 1,8-cineole was lower than that of camphor. Another probable reason is a change of camphor from solid to liquid status, when mixed with 1,8-cineole. This is the first report attempting to explain the synergistic insecticidal interaction of essential oil components, from a physiochemical perspective.

Quality stability of the herb pill coated with edible oils containing rosemary was investigated. Herb pills were made of herb powders such as Panax ginseng, Cinnamomum cassia, Lycium chinense, Zyzyphus jujuba and Zingiber officinale. Rapeseed oil and lubriol were used as edible coating oil. After herb pills coated with edible oils with or without rosemary were stored at 40℃ for 180 days, the microbial viable cell counts and peroxide values(POV) of the herb pill were investigated. After 180 day storage, POVs of herb pills with only rapeseed oil or lubriol were 0.51 and 0.49 meq/kg, respectively. However, when rosemary was added in herb pills the POVs were decreased to 0.30 and 0.39 meq/kg, respectively. The addition of rosemary to the rapeseed oil and lubriol tended to decrease the microbial viable cell counts of the herb pill. The microbial viable cell counts of rapeseed oil and lubriol were 940 and 820CFU/g, respectively after 180 days of storage. However, these levels were suppressed to 720 and 640CFU/g by the resemary addition. On the other hand, the ginseng saponin content of herb pills was not affected by the rosemary addition during storage.

Mentha spicata, Ocimum basilium L., and Rosemarinus officinalis L. were selected as subjects for the study, and analysis of rosmarinic acid contents by HPLC analysis and the fragrance components of each herb were compared by GC-MS analysis. It was prepared and cultivated in a herb farm located in Sacheonjin-ri, Gangneung-si in 2022 (Fig. 1) before flowering, collected in the summer, stored at minus 20℃, and dried 50 g each. The analysis was requested to the NICEM analysis room of Seoul National University to obtain the test results. Through the above study, HPLC showed that the content of rosmarinic acid was 555.53 mg/Kg, which was absolute, 27.12% in rosemary for 1,8-cineol in GC-MS, and 32.44% in linalool in sweet basil. For eugenol, 23.11% in sweet basil and 19.92% in rosemary were found in α-pinene. Through this study, it was verified that spearmint, sweet basil, and rosemary contain a large amount of major ingredients that act on concentration or brain activation.

Long-term ultraviolet (UV) exposure accelerates the phenomenon of skin photo-aging by activating collagenase and elastase. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a combination of grapefruit and rosemary extracts (cG&Re) on UVB-irradiated damage in HaCaT cells and dorsal mouse skin. In HaCaT cells, cG&Re recovered UVB-reduced cell viability and inhibited protein expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-Erk), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (p-JNK), and a class of MAPKs (p-P38). Also, cG&Re suppressed UVB-induced collagen and elastin degradation by decreasing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) expression, which is a transcription factor. Similar results were observed in dorsal mouse skin. Taken together, our data indicate that cG&Re prevent UVB-induced skin photo-aging due to collagen/elastin degradation via activation of MAPKs, MMPs, and the NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is associated with the development of extrinsic skin aging. We performed in vivo assays in order to investigate the protective effect of a combination of grapefruit and rosemary extracts (cG&Re) on UVB-induced skin aging. The results indicated that cG&Re displayed elastase inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Topical application of cG&Re mitigated photo-aging related lesions such as skin erythema and thickening in photo-aged BALB/c mice dorsal skin, by preventing UVB-induced collagen degradation. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that cG&Re stimulated SIRT-1 expression, and suppressed MMP-1 and IL-1β expression. It was observed that expression of MMP-1 and -13 mRNA was downregulated in the cG&Re-treated group. Furthermore, cG&Re treatment drastically suppressed protein expression of MMP-1 and regulated the phosphorylation of p-38 kinase. As expected, oral administration of cG&Re resulted in the same SIRT-1, MMP-1, and IL-1β expression patterns observed upon topical application of cG&Re in the UV-induced mice model. Overall, the current results demonstrated that cG&Re attenuated both the downregulation of MMP-1 expression and up-regulation of SIRT-1 expression, as well as decreased phosphorylation of MAPK in UVB-induced skin ageing mice model, suggesting that cG&Re might be used as an internal food ingredient for beauty-purposes as well as a functional food material.

The objective of this study was to compare antioxidant activities of green tea, rosemary, lemon and bamboo leaves extracts using three different extraction methods (80% ethanol sonication extraction, distilled water autoclave extraction, distilled water extraction at room temperature). As a result, green tea and rosemary extracts showed relatively high antioxidant activities compared with those of lemon and bamboo leaves. These green tea and rosemary extracts were subsequently added to soymilk and their mixtures were examined for antioxidant activities. Soymilk added with 10% green tea distilled water autoclave extracts and distilled water at room temperature extracts showed relatively high DPPH, 85.09±2.26%, 84.38±1.97%, and ABTS radical scavenging activities, 73.43±2.78%, 81.34±4.78%, respectively. On the other hand, soymilk added with 10% rosemary distilled water autoclave extracts showed remarkably higher DPPH radical scavenging activity while their ABTS radical scavenging ability was similar to that of non-added soymilk. In conclusion, our results suggest that the addition of green tea distilled water autoclave extracts, distilled water at room temperature extracts and rosemary distilled water autoclave extracts to soymilk could contribute to the development of added value soymilk products with increased antioxidant activities.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oil on wound healing rate, an epithelial attachment and collagen density in wound induced rat. This study was a 2×3 factorial design. Factors were treatment period (4 day and 8 day) and treatment type [saline (0.9% NaCl), tyrothricin, mixture of tea-tree, rosemary and melissa oil]. The samples were 24 rats with wound and randomly assigned to six groups of four rats per group. The dependent variables such as a wound healing rate, an epithelial attachment and a collagen density were measured. Dependent variables were statistically significant difference by the two treatment periods and the three treatment types (p<.001). There were not statistically significant interactions between treatment periods and treatment type in all dependent variables (p>.05). These findings will be provide bases to develope effective interventions for patients who have wound to manage their wound.

본 연구는 육계 생산과정에서의 건조 Rosemary 잎 분말의 급여가 육계의 생산성, 맹장내 균총 및 깔짚 중 유해가스 발생량에 미치는 영향에 대해서 조사하였다. 총 216수의 7일령 육계에 대조구, Rosemary 분말 0.5% (5 g/kg diet, T1) 및 1.0% (10 g/kg diet, T2)로 구분하여 35일령까지 총 4주간의 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 사육기간중 증체중 및 사료효율은 Rosemary 급여에 의해서 유의하게 증가하였지만(P<0.05), 처리구간(T1 Vs. T2)에는 유의한 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 사료섭취량 및 도태율은 대조구와 처리구간에 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 21일령과 35일령 모두 맹장내 Lactobacillus의 수는 Rosemary 급여에 의해서 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05), E. Coli 및 Salmonella의 수는 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 혐기성 총 미생물 수는 Rosemary의 첨가에 의한 영향은 인정되지 않았다. 깔짚 내 Ammonia의 발생량은 Rosemary 첨가에 의해서 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 그러나 처리구간(T1 Vs. T2)에는 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, 육계사양에서 건조 Rosemary 잎의 급여는 사료중 영양소 이용율 증가, 소화관내 유익균의 증가 및 유해균의 감소, 및 배설물 중 NH3의 발생량 감소로 인한 증체량 및 사료효율을 개선시킬 가능성이 생각된다.

로즈마리 분말의 최적 첨가량을 찾기 위하여 항산화 효과와 항균력이 있는 건강기능성의 생리활성 소재인 로즈마리 분말을 첨가하여 제조한 스폰지 케이크의 색도와 관능적 특성을 보았다. 스폰지 케이크에 로즈마리 분말의 첨가량은 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 및 0.7%(w/w)로 하였고, 에서 3일간 저장하면서 색도, 기호도와 강도 특성의 변화를 측정하였다. 로즈마리 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 명도(L값)와 황색도(b값)는 낮아졌으나 적색도(a값)는 증

기능성 스폰지 케이크의 제품 개발을 위하여 항산화효과와 항균력이 있는 건강기능성의 생리활성 소재인 로즈마리 분말을 첨가하여 이화학적특성을 보았다. 스폰지 케이크에 로즈마리 분말의 첨가량은 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7%(w/w)로 하였고, 에서 3일간 저장하면서 비중, pH, 수분함량, 산가 및 과산화물가를 측정하였다. 로즈마리 분말의 첨가량을 달리한 반죽의 2차 비중은 대조구(0%)가 0.49였으나, 로즈마리 분말 0.7% 첨가구는 0