The damage to structures during an earthquake can be varied depending on the frequency characteristics of seismic waves and the geological properties of the ground. Therefore, considering such attributes in the design ground motions is crucial. The Korean seismic design standard (KDS 17 10 00) provides design response spectra for various ground classifications. If required for time-domain analysis, ground motion time series can be either selected and adjusted from motions recorded at rock sites in intraplate regions or artificially synthesized. Ground motion time series at soil sites should be obtained from site response analysis. However, in practice, selecting suitable ground motion records is challenging due to the overall lack of large earthquakes in intraplate regions, and artificially synthesized time series often leads to unrealistic responses of structures. As an alternative approach, this study provides a case study of generating ground motion time series based on the hybrid broadband ground motion simulation of selected scenario earthquakes at sites in the Nakdonggang delta region. This research is significant as it provides a novel method for generating ground motion time series that can be used in seismic design and response analysis. For large-magnitude earthquake scenarios close to the epicenter, the simulated response spectra surpassed the 1000-year design response spectra in some specific frequency ranges. Subsequently, the acceleration time series at each location were used as input motions to perform nonlinear 1D site response analysis through the PySeismoSoil Package to account for the site response characteristics at each location. The results of the study revealed a tendency to amplify ground motion in the mid to long-period range in most places within the study area. Additionally, significant amplification in the short-period range was observed in some locations characterized by a thin soil layer and relatively high shear wave velocity soil near the upper bedrock.

Purpose: This study aims to develop a simulation module equipped with scenario-based core nursing skills and test the effects after applying the simulation education based on a developed scenario. Method: This was a nonequivalent control group pre-/posttest design study, and 114 nursing students participated from April 1 to August 30, 2018. The applied scenario-based core nursing skills simulation module was developed in the order of planning, development, application, and evaluation according to the Dick and Carye Model’s program development process. Knowledge, self-efficacy, stress, and nursing practice were measured before and after intervention in two groups: an experimental group that performed a simulation after applying the scenario-based core nursing skills, and a control group that performed a simulation after applying core nursing skills. Results: Knowledge (F=23.19, p<.001), self-efficacy (F=25.83, p<.001), and nursing practice (t=9.51 p<.001) increased in the group that performed a simulation after applying the scenario-based core nursing skills, whereas stress (F=40.41, p<.001) decreased. Conclusion: Various education methods should be applied to increase the education effect of the simulation, Simulation performance can be used as an alternative to improve nursing practice during simulation education.

The empirical Green’s function method is applied to the foreshock and the mainshock of the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake to simulate strong ground motions of the mainshock and scenario earthquake at seismic stations of seven metropolises in South Korea, respectively. To identify the applicability of the method in advance, the mainshock is simulated, assuming the foreshock as the empirical Green’s function. As a result of the simulation, the overall shape, the amplitude of PGA, and the duration and response spectra of the simulated seismic waveforms are similar with those of the observed seismic waveforms. Based on this result, a scenario earthquake on the causative fault of Gyeongju earthquake with a moment magnitude 6.5 is simulated, assuming that the mainshock serves as the empirical Green’s function. As a result, the amplitude of PGA and the duration of simulated seismic waveforms are significantly increased and extended, and the spectral amplitude of the low frequency band is relatively increased compared with that of the high frequency band. If the empirical Green’s function method is applied to several recent well-recorded moderate earthquakes, the simulated seismic waveforms can be used as not only input data for developing ground motion prediction equations, but also input data for creating the design response spectra of major facilities in South Korea.

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore Virtual Reality (VR) utilization strategies in scenario-based nursing simulation training. Method: This was an integrative review for the identification of scenario-based VR simulation training applied to nursing undergraduates. The existing literature was searched in electronic databases using RISS, PubMed, and Pro-Quest and the key words were “Scenario based,” “Simulation,” “Virtual reality,” “Virtual training,” and “Nursing.” Finally, five studies were analyzed. Results: All the studies were conducted from 2016 to 2019. One RCT, two quasi-experimental studies, and two mixed method studies were identified. The topics of the scenarios were all different; acute myocardial infarction, management of respiratory system disease with hypoxia, postoperative nursing with appendicitis, teamwork and communication in outpatient and emergency situations, and disaster situation training . The outcome variables that were significant statistically were performance, self-confidence, and learning satisfaction. Conclusion: The findings suggest that virtual simulation in nursing education can potentially improve knowledge, performance, and learning confidence and can increase satisfaction with learning experience among nursing undergraduates. Multidisciplinary cooperation and investment are needed to develop diverse content applying VR in nursing simulation education. The review of the side effects also needs to be performed.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop an algorithm-based simulation scenario for emergency measures for a high-risk newborn presenting apnea. Methods: A methodological study design was used to develop the algorithm-based simulation scenario. Expert evaluation was used to establish the developed algorithm’s content validity. Results: The simulation scenario was developed using several steps of algorithm development based on the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). The content validity was established. Based on the expert evaluation results, an eight-frame algorithm was selected for the final simulation scenario. The scenario courseware was composed of six major components: pre-learning activity simulation orientation, simulation operation, SBAR-format recording, watching the video-clip of their performance for self-evaluation and debriefing. After simulation, student’s clinical performance and communication skill were evaluated with the developed instrument. Conclusion: Considering that nursing students have limited access to high-risk newborns during their clinical experience and that newborns presenting apnea are common in the neonatal intensive care unit, the algorithm-based simulation scenario developed in this study can provide students with the opportunity to practice alternative emergency measures for high-risk newborns.

In spite of international efforts to control nuclear weapons and chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) weapons, North Korea obtains and sells CBR weapons illegally. As a result, the worldwide threat of CBR weapons is increasing. Unfortunately, civil defense education and training for CBR weapons have not been adopted for real situations because of the long period of absence of an actual combat. In this study, virtual training scenarios that are applied to the simulation were made in 5 steps to cope with CBR situations. These scenarios are expected to have three effects. First, trainings can be improved with experience and education. Second, the problems and health hazards of CBR weapons and supplies can be solved with CBR virtual training simulation experience. Finally, corresponding effects can be recognized and predicted in real situations through roles and mission procedures of simulation scenario.

Pesticide application pattern for agricultural insect pest was modeled and simulated by temperature change scenarios using DYMEX simulator. For modeling pesticide application pattern, we evaluated bioassay using two-spotted spider mites (TSSM) in vitro. Four separated bioassay was evaluated at four different temperature conditions (20, 25, 30, and 35℃). Selected four commercial pesticides were Acrinathrin-Spiromesifen mixture, Fenpropathrin, Abamectin, and Azocyclotin, respectively. All the pesticide was used its recommended dose, except Abamectin (1/10 of recommended dose). Each mortality of TSSM were counted after 24 and 48 hours. Based on the bioassay results, increasing temperature made decreasing mortality in Acrinathrin-Spiromesifen mixture and Fenpropathrin, whereas increasing mortality in Abamectin and Azocyclotin, respectively. A TSSM model was developed and simulated under four temperature increasing scenarios (present condition, average 1, 2, and 3℃ increased conditions) using DYMEX simulator. The DYMEX results showed that the pesticides application pattern were different among four pesticides under climate change scenario. In conclusion, the pesticide application should be changed for sound management of agricultural insect pest under climate change scenario.

최근 기후변화의 영향으로 우리나라에서 과거 100년간(1906-2005)년동안 평균기온은 0.74℃ 상승하였고, 우리나라의 평균기온은 약 1.5℃ 상승하였다. 또한 강수량의 경우 전 지구적으로 약 2.3% ~ 3.6%가 증가하였다. 기후변화로 인한 기온 상승으로 인한 증발산량의 증가에 따른 유역내 물 부족 현상이 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 SLURP 준 분포형 수문모형을 이용하여 기후변화가 영산강유역의 물 순환 구조에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 영산강유역은 총 유역면적 3,469.58으로 서울시의 약 5.7배 이고, 총 하천길이는 4,991.25, 평균 경사는 20.91%, 평균 표고는 111.15이다. 또한 영산강유역에는 4개의 농업용저수지(광주댐, 나주댐, 담양댐, 장성댐)가 설치되어있다. 본 논문에서는 영산강유역의 농업용 저수지를 고려하여 영산강유역의 나주관측소를 대상으로 4개년(2000년∼2003년) 동안의 일별 유출량 자료를 바탕으로 모형의 보정(2000년∼2003년)과 검증(2004년~2006년)을 하고, 지역기후모형을 이용하여 미래를 3개의 기간(future 1: 2011년∼2040년, future 2 : 2041년∼2070년, future 3 : 2071년∼2100년)으로 나누어 영산강유역에서 기후변화가 물 순환 구조에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 또한 유황분석을 통해 미래의 하천의 유황의 변화를 전망하였다. 그 결과 미래로 갈수록 유출량이 증가하리라 전망되었고, Future 2일 때 유출량이 가장 많이 발생하리라 전망되었다. 유황분석 결과 미래로 갈수록 풍수량과 갈수량이 증가하리라 전망되었고, Future2기간일 때 가장 많이 증가하리라 전망되었고, 풍수량과 갈수량의 경향성 분석을 통해 미래로 갈수록 풍수량과 갈수량이 증가하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다.

The personal exposures of nitrogen dioxide(NO2), microenvironmental levels and daily time activity patterns on Seoul subway station workers were measured from February 10 to March 12, 1999. Personal NO2 exposure for 24 hours were 29.40±9.75 ppb. NO2 level of occupational environment were 27.87±7.15 ppb in office, 33.60±8.64 ppb in platform and 50.13±13.04 ppb in outdoor. Personal exposure time of subway station workers was constituted as survey results with 7.94±3.00 hours in office, 2.82±1.63 hours in platform and 1 hours in outdoor. With above results, personal NO2 exposure distributions on subway station workers in Seoul were estimated with Monte Carlo simulation which uses statistical probabilistic theory on various exposure scenario testing. Some of distributions which did not have any formal patterns were assumed as custom distribution type. Estimated personal occupational NO2 exposure using time weighted average (TWA) model was 31.29±5.57 ppb, which were under Annual Ambient Standard (50 ppb) of Korea. Though arithmetic means of measured personal NO2 exposure was lower than that of occupational NO2 exposure estimated by TWA model, considering probability distribution type simulated, probability distribution of measured personal NO2 exposures for 24 hours was over ambient standard with 3.23%, which was higher than those of occupational exposure (0.02%). Further research is needed for reducing these 24 hour NO2 personal excess exposures besides occupational exposure on subway station workers in Seoul.