This experiment was conducted to compare the seed productivity of Spring sown Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam.) depending on the seeding rates(20kg/ha, 30kg/ha, 40kg/ha) in Gangwon region. The experiment was a randomized block design with three replications. The test plots were located in alpine areas of about 600 m above sea level in Gangwon province. The tested Italian ryegrass variety was ‘Greencall’ developed by the National Institute of Animal Science, RDA. Italian Ryegrass was sown on March 26, 2020, and the seed harvesting was on the 60th day(2 July) from heading date. The heading date was May 8 with no difference, There were no significant differences in the agronomic characteristics including plant height. 30kg/ha seed rate was the highest at 146.8 seed/spike and 40kg/ha seed rate was the lowest at 114.7 seed/spike for the number of seeds per spike. The number of spikes per unit area was the highest in 40kg/ha at 886/m2 and the lowest in 20kg/ha at 750/m2. The yield of seed and straw was the highest in 40kg/ha at 1,288kg/ha and 2,970kg/ha respectively, but there was no difference. From the above results, the production of Italian ryegrass seeds through spring sowing in the Gangwon region is not much than autumn seeding, requiring the input of various technologies to increase productivity in the future, and it is desirable to determine the production cost through economic analysis was evaluated.

This experiment was conducted to study on the growth characteristics and seed productivity of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) planted in the Spring in Gangwon Highland according to the seeding distance (20, 30 and 40 cm). The field was located in highland around 600 m above sea level. The experimental design was randomized block design with three replication and the tested IRG variety was ‘Greencall’ developed by National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS). IRG was sown on March 26, 2020, and harvested on July 2. The plant height was the shortest at 80.5 cm in the 40 cm seeding distance plot (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the 20 and 30 cm seeding distance. The number of spike per square meter (m2) was significantly higher in the 20 cm seeding distance plot than that of 40 cm (937 vs. 571). The dry matter (DM) content of seed and straw after harvesting was 49.70 and 33.36 % on average, and there was no significant difference between treatments (P>005). However, there was a significant difference in the fresh and DM yield of seeds and straw (P<0.05). DM yield of seeds was significantly higher in 20 cm distance than that of 40 cm, and the yield of straw was the same trend. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in DM yield between 20 cm and 30 cm and also in the feed value of straw after seed harvesting among seeding distance. The average CP, ADF, NDF, and TDN contents were 6.91, 36.76, 61.75 and 59.86%, respectively, and the RFV value was 91. Considering the above results, the production of Italian ryegrass seeds sown in the spring in the highlands of the Gangwon is lower than that of autumn sowing, but it is judged that it needs to be reviewed in case it is unavoidable. In the future, there should be an economic analysis and the development of technology that can increase production.

Starting materials are very significant to produce activated carbons because every starting material has a different chemical structure; hence they affect the surface functional groups and surface morphologies of obtained activated carbons. In this study, sycamore balls, ripe black locust seed pods, and Nerium oleander fruits have been used as starting materials by ZnCl2 chemical activations for the first time. Firstly, activated carbons were obtained from these starting materials with ZnCl2 chemical activation by changing production conditions (carbonization time, carbonization temperature, and impregnation ratio) also affecting the structural and textural properties of the resultant activated carbons. Then, the starting materials and resultant activated carbons were characterized by utilizing diverse analysis techniques, such as TGA, elemental analysis, proximate analysis, BET surface areas, pore volumes, pore size distributions, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, SEM, FTIR spectra, and H2 adsorption isotherms. The highest surface areas were determined to be 1492.89, 1564.84, and 1375.47 m2/g for the activated carbons obtained from sycamore balls, ripe black locust seed pods, and N. oleander fruits, respectively. The yields of these activated carbons with the highest surface areas were calculated to be around 40%. As the carbonization temperature increased with sufficient ZnCl2 amount, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms began to turn into Type IV isotherms given by mesoporous adsorbents with its hysteresis loops. Also, their hysteresis loops resembled Type H4 loop generally associated with narrow slit-like pores. Moreover, hydrogen uptakes under 750 mmHg at 77 K were determined to be 1.31, 1.48, and 1.24 wt% for the activated carbons with the maximum surface areas produced from sycamore balls, ripe black locust seed pods, and N. oleander fruits, respectively. As a result, the highest surface areas of the activated carbons with different structural properties produced in this study were obtained with different production conditions.

성숙 콩 종실에는 단백질, 지방, 탄수화물의 3대 영양소와 아이소플라본, 안토시아닌, 레시틴, 사포닌, 루테인, 플라보노이드와 같은 기능성 성분 뿐만 아니라 리폭시지나아제, 쿠니츠트립신인히비터, 렉틴, 7S αʹ-subunit 단백질과 같은 항영양 성분들도 포함하고 있어 콩을 가공하고 섭취하는 데 제약과 어려움이 발생하며 품질과 기능성을 저하시킨다. 본 연구는 성숙 콩 종실에서 항영양 성분인 lipoxygenase, Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (KTI), lectin 및 7S αʹ-subunit의 4가지 단백질을 암호하는 유전자들이 tetra null 유전자형(lox1lox2lox3tilecgy1)으로 이들 항영양성 단백질이 축적되지 않고, 갈색 종피인 계통을 육성하기 위하여 진행되었다. 4개의 모본(Jinpumkong#2, Gaechuck#2, PI506876, PI548392)을 이용한 육종집 단이 창성되었다. SDS 전기영동과 western blot 기술로 4가지 단백질(lipoxygenase, KTI, lectin, 7S αʹ-subunit)의 존재 여부를 결정하는 유전자가 모두 열성인 tetra null 유전자형과 갈색 종피를 가진 F2 개체가 선발되었다. 선발개체는 세대진전을 통하여 초형, 성숙기, 탈립, 백립중 및 종자상태와 같은 농업형질을 평가하였고, F5 세대에서 4가지 단백질과 갈색 종피에 대한 유전적 고정을 확인하였다. 선발 계통의 경장은 68cm 정도였으며, 백립중은 29.2g으로 대립에 속하였고, 종피색은 갈색이고 제색은 하얀색이며 성숙 자엽색은 노란색이었다. 본 연구를 통하여 선발된 계통은 성숙 콩 종실에서 품질과 기능성을 저하시키는 lipoxygenase, KTI, lectin 및 7S αʹ-subunit 단백질이 모두 검출되지 않는 유색콩 품종 육성을 위한 중간모본으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

According to several seismic design standards, a ground motion time history should be selected similar to the design response spectrum, or a ground motion time history should be modified by matching procedure to the design response spectrum through the time-domain method. For the response spectrum matching procedure, appropriate seed ground motions need to be selected to maintain recorded earthquake accelerogram characteristics. However, there are no specific criteria for selecting the seed ground motions for applying this methodology. In this study, the characteristics of ground motion time histories between seed motions and spectral matched motions were compared. Intensity measures used in the design were compared, and their change by spectral matching procedure was quantified. In addition, the seed ground motion sets were determined according to the response spectrum shape, and these sets analyzed the response of nonlinear and equivalent linear single degrees of freedom systems to present the seed motion selection conditions for spectral matching. As a result, several considerations for applying the time domain spectral matching method were presented.

In this study, chemical information on a total of 20 individual compounds was constructed to identify isoflavones from the previous reports related with used parts(seeds, leaves, stems, pods) and products of soybean(Glycine max L.). Through constructed library and UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS analysis, a total of 19 individual isoflavones including aglycones, glucosides, acetylglucosides and malonylglucosides as major compounds was identified and quantified from 14 selected soybean seeds. Among them, genistein 7-O-(2"-O-apiosyl)glucoside and genistein 7-O-(6"-O-apiosyl)glucoside(ambocin) were identified tentatively as novel compounds in soybean seeds. Besides, among malonylglucosides, glycitein 4'-O-(6''-O-malonyl)glucoside was estimated for the first time. Total isoflavone contents were distributed from 240.21 to 445.21(mg/100 g, dry matter) and 7-O-6''-O-malonylglucosides were composed of 77.8% on total isoflavone as well as genistein derivatives were confirmed as major class. It was considered importantly that the development of isoflavone-rich varieties was necessary to strengthen their effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and menopause mitigation. The qualitative and quantitative data presented precisely in this study could be help to select and breed isoflavone-rich varieties. Furthermore, their basic isoflavone profile is expected to be applied to estimate the change of isoflavone conjugates on bioavailability after soy food supplements.

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of discrimination 12 different cultivar of sorghum × sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum genus) seed through near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The amount of samples for develop to the best discriminant equation was 360. Whole samples were applied different three spectra range (visible, NIR and full range) within 680-2500 nm wavelength and the spectrastar 2500 Near near infrared was used to measure spectra. The calibration equation for discriminant analysis was developed partial least square (PLS) regression and discrimination equation (DE) analysis. The PLS discriminant analysis model for three spectra range developed with mathematic pretreatment 1,8,8,1 successfully discriminated 12 different sorghum genus. External validation indicated that all samples were discriminated correctly. The whole discriminant accuracy shown 82 ~ 100 % in NIR full range spectra. The results demonstrated the usefulness of NIRS combined with chemometrics as a rapid method for discrimination of sorghum × sudangrass hybrid cultivar through seed.

This experiment was conducted to compare the seed productivity of the Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam.) varieties sown in the spring in Gangwon region. The experiment was randomized block design with three replications. The Experimental field was located in alpine areas of about 600 m above sea level in Gangwon province. The tested Italian Ryegrass varieties were ‘Greenfarm’, ‘Greencall’ and ‘Kowinearly’ developed by National Institute of Animal Science, RDA. Italian Ryegrass varieties were sown on March 26, 2020, and the harvest was on the 60th day of mean heading date, July 2. The heading date of Kowinearly was May 8, but Greenfarm and Greencall was May 4. The plant length was the largest in the Kowinearly variety. However, the Kowinearly suffered severe lodging. There was no significant difference in the length of spike among varieties, and the number of seeds per spike was the lowest in Greenfarm at 118.5 seed/spike. As for the seed weight per spike, the Greenfarm variety was significantly lower at 0.56 g/spike, but the 1,000 seed weight was the heaviest in the Greenfarm at 2.5g.. The number of spike per unit area was the highest in Greenfarm at 906/m2. The dry matter content of seeds was the highest in Greenfarm at 54.3%, and for straw, Kowinearly was the highest at 35.3%. Seed productivity was not significant among varieties, and the average was 1,493 kg/ha. The yield of straw after seed production was also not significant among varieties (P>0.05), and the average was 3,172 kg/ha. From the above results, the production of Italian ryegrass seeds through spring sowing in the Gangwon region is not much than autumn seeding, requiring the input of various technologies to increase productivity in the future, and it is desirable to determine the production cost through economic analysis was judged.

일반적으로 아카시아속 식물의 종자는 종피가 원인 되는 휴면으로 인하여 발아가 잘 되지 않는다. 본 연구는 2종의 아카시아속 식물인 Acacia floribunda와 A. retinodes 종자의 발아를 개선시키기 위하여 파종전 전처리로 열탕, 황산 그리고 KOH 등의 효과를 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 열탕처리의 경우 종 자를 80℃와 100℃에서 각각 30분, 60분 동안 침지하였다. 황산 처리에서는 종자를 50%와 98% 농도에서 각각 10, 20, 40분 동안 침지하였으며, KOH 처리의 경우 15%, 20%, 25% 농도에서 각각 10분, 20분, 30분 간 침지하였다. 발아율, 발아세, 발아속도, 평균발아속도 그리고 평균발아일수 등의 종자발아 특성을 조사하였다. A. floribunda의 경우, 열탕처리는 무처리구(16.0%) 에 비해 모두 높은 발아율을 보였으며 100℃의 5분 처리에서 84.0%의 가장 높은 발아율을 보였다. 발아세, 발아속도 그리고 평균발아속도도 우수하였으며 평균발아일수는 대조구에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 황산처리에서 무처리구는 30.0%의 발아율을 보였으나 98%의 40분 황산처리에서 76.0%의 가장 높은 발아율을 보였다. A. retinodes의 경우, 발아율은 80℃의 30분 열탕처리에 서 68.0%로 무처리구(20.0%) 보다 높게 나타났으며 발아세, 발아속도, 평균발아속도 그리고 평균발아일수도 무처리구 보다 우수하였다. 황산처리에서는 98%의 40분 처리에서 49.3%로 가 장 높게 나타났다. KOH 처리에서의 발아율은 A. floribunda에 있어 15% 용액의 10분 처리에서 36%, 그리고 A. retinodes는 15%에서 10분과 25% 10분에서 각각 34.6%로 조사되었으나 대조구와 비교할 때 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 A. floribunda와 A. retinodes의 발아율을 촉진시키기 위한 가장 효율적인 처리로 열탕처리가 적합하다 사료된다.

본 연구는 제비꽃과 남산제비꽃 종자의 종자휴면을 구명하고 종자 저장에 따른 발아 특성을 알아보는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 먼저 장기 저장 종자를 대상으로 다양한 배양 온도, 저온층적처리, GA3처리를 수행하였다. 휴면의 유무를 판단하기 위해 종자를 25/15, 20/10, 15/6°C 온도에서 배양하였고 제비 꽃 종자의 최종 발아율이 각각 86, 66, 66%으로 나타났다. 이는 제비꽃 종자에 휴면이 없는 것으로 여겨진다. 남산제비꽃은 최종 발아율이 50% 이하이며, 4주 이내에 거의 발아를 하지 않아 생리적휴면이 있다고 판단된다. 남산제비꽃 종자에 GA3 1000mg･L-1를 처리했을 때 최종 발아율이 100%로 나타났다. 또한 저온층적처리 실험 결과 남산제비꽃 종자가 저온 층적처리 기간이 증가할수록 최종발아율도 증가하였다. 앞의 실험은 장기 저장이 되었던 종자를 사용한 것이며 채종 직후의 제비꽃, 남산제비꽃의 발아양상도 살펴보았다. 제비꽃은 25/15°C에서 1주 만에 모두 발아를 하여 종자 휴면이 없는 것을 다시 확인하였다. 장기 저장 종자에 비해 평균발아일수가 줄어들고 발아속도가 증가하여 제비꽃 종자는 장기 저장 중에 종자의 활력이 감소됨을 알 수 있었다. 바로 채종한 남산제비 꽃 종자도 4주만에 발아가 거의 이루어지지 않고 저온층적처리를 통해 발아율이 향상 되는 것으로 보아 생리적휴면을 가지고 있다고 재확인되었다. 따라서 제비꽃과 남산제비꽃은 장기 저장에 따라 종자의 휴면 유형은 변하지 않지만 종자 활력 에 따라서 최종발아율, 평균 발아일수, 발아속도, 발아균일도가 달라질 수 있다.

한국 땅나리와 섬말나리의 수요는 최근까지도 늘어났지만 종자 상태에서 개화에 이르기까지 확률은 낮은 편으로 자생지에서의 개체수는 해마다 감소하였다. 본 연구는 땅나리(Lilium callosum Siebold & Zucc.)와 섬말나리(L. hansonii Leichtlin ex D.D.T. Moore)의 대량증식을 도모하기 위하여 종자 발아에 유리한 주·야간 온도 조건과 적합한 GA3 농도를 알아보는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 땅나리 종자는 2017년 10월 24일 강원도 춘천히 둔산면 원창리(37°47’10.00”N, 127°44’31.00”E), 섬말나리 종자는 2017년 10월 2일 울릉도 울릉군 북면 나리 (37°31’27.06”N, 130°52’25.08”E)에서 채종하였다. 땅나리와 섬 말나리 종자들을 주·야간 15/5, 20/10, 25/15, 20/20°C의 환경 조절상에서 처리구 당 30립씩 3반복으로 치상하여 온도 처리 실험을 진행한 후, 발아율 결과가 가장 우세했던 온도 조건의 환경조절상에서 섬말나리 GA3 처리 실험을 추가로 진행하였다. 온도 처리 실험결과 땅나리는 20/20°C의 온도 조건에서 발아율이 95.0%로 가장 높았으며 평균발아소요일수 또한 10.1일로 가장 낮았다. 섬말나리는 20/20°C의 온도 조건에서 발아율이 78.8%로 가장 높았으며 평균발아소요일수 또한 40.1일로 가장 낮았다. 이를 토대로 20/20°C에서 실시한 섬말나리 GA3 처리 실험은 증류수를 대조구로하여 200, 400, 800mg･L-1의 농도로 상온에서 24시간 침지한 후 처리구 당 20립씩 3반복으로 치상하였다. 그 결과 대조구에서 81.6%로 가장 높은 발아율을 나타냈으며 평균발아소요일수는 200mg･L-1처리구에서 37.1일로 가장 낮았다. 이러한 실험 결과를 바탕으로 땅나리와 섬말나리의 주·야간 발아 최적 온도는 20/20°C이며 GA3 24 시간 처리는 섬말나리 종자 발아에 효과가 없는 것으로 판단 되었다.

본 연구는 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 채소과에서 육성 중인 고추 34계통과 세계채소센터 육성 계통과 자원 12점 등 총 46점의 고추를 공시하여, 종자의 발아율, 수량 및 상품과율, 그리고 화분발아율을 조사하여 내서성이 강한 고추 자원을 선발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 1. 종자발아율 비교에서 여름종자는 가을종자 대비 상대적인 피해율은 4.3~100% 범위였고, H42(1.6%), H16(5.0%), H14(6.3%), H02(12.4%), H44(13.7%), H12(15.9%), H03 (17.6%), H17(23.4%) 순으로 대조 계통인 H37(26.2%)에 비해 피해율이 낮았다. 2. 고추 과실의 수량은 34.4~446.5g, 총 과실수는 2.0~134.3 개를 나타냈다. 상품과 비율에 있어서 75% 이상은 H22(95.0%), H16(89.1%), H37(88.4%), H40(86.4%), H6 (86.0), H27(83.7%), H04(83.6%), H03(82.6%), H08(81.1%), H44(81.4%), H02(80.0%), H45(79.1%), H17(78.7%), H19 (77.7%), H34(77.0%), H15(76.9%), H42(76.3%) 순으로 나타 났다. 3. 고온 처리에 의한 화분발아율의 피해율은 H06(59.5%), H14(74.4%), H44(85.3%), H03(90.2%)가 대조구인 H37 (94.7%)과 나머지 다른 고추에 비해 상대적으로 낮았다. 이상의 결과, 가을종자 대비 여름종자 종자발아율의 피해율, 수량 및 상품과율, 그리고 고온 처리에 의한 화분발아율 등을 고려하여, H03, H04, H06, H14, H17, H22, H44, H45 계 통을 내서성이 높은 자원으로 선발하였다.