This study performed the seismic response analysis of an LNG storage tank supported by a disconnected piled raft foundation (DPRF) with a load transfer platform (LTP). For this purpose, a precise analytical model with simultaneous consideration of Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) and Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) was used. The effect of the LTP characteristics (thickness, stiffness) of the DPRF system on the seismic response of the superstructure (inner and outer tanks) and piles was analyzed. The analytical results were compared with the response of the piled raft foundation (PRF) system. The following conclusions can be drawn from the numerical results: (1) The DPRF system has a smaller bending moment and axial force at the head of the pile than the PRF system, even if the thickness and stiffness of the LTP change; (2) The DPRF system has a slight stiffness of the LTP and the superstructure member force can increase with increasing thickness. This is because as the stiffness of the LTP decreases and the thickness increases, the natural frequency of the LTP becomes closer to the natural frequency of the superstructure, which may affect the response of the superstructure. Therefore, when applying the DPRF system, it is recommended that the sensitivity analysis of the seismic response to the thickness and stiffness of the LTP must be performed.

In this study, the seismic response characteristics of the three analysis model with or without TMD were investigated to find out the effective dome shape. The three analysis models are rib type, lattice type and geodesic type dome structure composed of space frame. The maximum vertical and horizontal displacements were evaluated at 1/4 point of the span by applying the resonance harmonic load and historical earthquake loads (El Centro, Kobe, Northridge earthquakes). The study of the effective TMD installation position for the dome structure shows that seismic response control was effective when eight TMDs were installed in all types of analysis model. The investigation of the efficiency of TMD according to dome shape presents that lattice dome and geodesic dome show excellent control performance, while rib dome shows different control performance depending on the historical seismic loads. Therefore, lattice and geodesic types are desirable for seismic response reduction using TMD compared to rib type.

In assessing the seismic safety of nuclear power plants, it is essential to analyze the structures using the observed ground motion. In particular, spatial variation in which the characteristics of the ground motion record differ may occur if the location is different within the site and even if the same earthquake is experienced. This study analyzed the spatial variation characteristics of the ground motion observed at the structure and site using the earthquake records measured at the Hamaoka nuclear power plant. Even if they were located on the same floor within the same unit, there was a difference in response depending on the location. In addition, amplification was observed in Unit 5 compared to other units, which was due to the rock layer having a slower shear wave velocity than the surrounding bedrock. Significant differences were also found in the records of the structure’s foundation and the free-field surface. Based on these results, the necessity of considering spatial variation in the observed records was suggested.

When the center of stiffness and the center of mass of the structure differ under the seismic load, torsion is caused by eccentricity. In this study, an analysis model was modeled in which the positions of the core and the plane rotation axis of a 60-story torsional atypical structure with a plane rotation angle of 1 degree per floor were different. The structural behavior of the analysis model was analyzed, and the earthquake response behavior of the structure was analyzed based on the time history analysis results. As a result, as the eccentricity of the structure increased, the eccentricity response was amplified in the high-rise part, and the bending and torsional behavior responses were complex in the low-order vibration mode. As a result of the analysis, the maximum displacement and story drift ratio increased due to the torsional behavior. The maximum story shear force and the story absolute maximum acceleration showed similarities for each analysis model according to the shape of the vibration mode of the analysis model.

In this paper, a twisted shape structure with an elevation form favorable to the resistance of vibration caused by wind loads is selected from among the forms of high-rise buildings. The analytical model is a square, triangular, and hexagonal plane with a plane rotation angle of one degree from 0 to 3 degrees per each story. As a result of the analysis, as the twist angle increased, story drift ratio is increased. Responses with different eccentricity rates were shown by analytical models. Therefore planar shapes designed symmetrically to the horizontal axis of X and Y are considered advantageous for eccentricity and torsion deformation. In the case of the bending moment of the column, the response was amplified in the column supporting the base floor, the roof floor, the floor in which the cross-section of the vertical member changes, and the floor having the same number of nodes as the base floor. Finally, the axial force response of the column is determined to be absolutely affected by the gravity load compared to the lateral load.

이 논문에서는 박스형 전력구의 지진응답해석에 사용되는 응답진도법의 보수성을 평가하였다. 이를 위해 25가지 전력구 단면과 각 전력구에 대한 2개의 지반조건을 고려한 총 50개 예제를 선정하였다. 응답진도법의 보수성을 평가하기 위해 동적 지반-구조물 상호 작용을 고려한 정밀해석법에 의한 응답과 비교하였다. 비교결과, 정밀해석 응답에 대한 응답진도법에 의한 응답의 비로 정의한 응답 비의 평균이 1.0에 근접하며, 응답비의 표준편차도 5% 이내로 매우 작아서, 응답진도법에 의한 해석이 정밀해석법과 일관됨을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 응답진도법에 의한 응답에 하중계수 1.1을 적용하면 전력구의 보수적인 내진설계가 가능할 것으로 나타났다.

이 논문에서는 박스형 전력구의 지진응답해석에 사용되는 응답변위법(Response Displacement Method, RDM)의 보수성을 평가하였다. 이를 위하여 25가지 전력구 단면과 각 전력구에 대한 2개의 지반조건을 고려한 총 50개 예제를 선정하였다. 응답변위법에 의한 해석은 다음과 같은 세 가지 방법을 적용하였다: (1) 단일코사인방법, (2) 이중코사인방법, (3) 부지응답해석법. 그리고 이들 응답변위 법의 보수성을 평가하기 위하여 지반-구조물 상호작용을 고려한 동적해석법으로 구한 응답과 비교하였다. 비교결과, 설계지진력을 결정하는 방법 중에서 부지응답해석법이 가장 변동폭이 작았으며, 이중코사인방법이 가장 보수적인 결과를 보였다. 마지막으로 이중 코사인방법을 적용할 때, 응답변위법에 의한 부재력이 동적해석에 의한 값보다 클 확률이 80% 이상이 되기 위한 지반강성 보정계수 C값으로 기능수행수준에서 0.9, 붕괴방지수준에서 0.7을 추천하였다.

Seismic responses due to the dynamic coupling between a primary structure and secondary system connected to a structure are analyzed in this study. The seismic responses are compared based on dynamic coupling criteria and according to the error level in the natural frequency, with the recent criteria being reliant on the error level in the spectral displacement response. The acceleration responses and relative displacement responses of a primary structure and a secondary system for a coupled model and two different decoupled models of two degrees-of-freedom system are calculated by means of the time integration method. Errors in seismic responses of the uncoupled models are reduced with the recent criteria. As the natural frequency of the secondary system increases, error in the natural frequency decreases, but seismic responses of uncoupled models can be underestimated compared to that of coupled model. Results in this paper can help determine dynamic coupling and predict uncoupled models’ response conservatism.

Spatial structure does not have columns and walls installed inside, so they have a large space. There are upper structure and substructure supporting them. The response of seismic loads to the upper structure may be increased or decreased due to the effects of the substructure. Therefore, in this study, the seismic response of the upper structure and the floor response spectrum of the substructure were compared and analyzed according to the height of the substructure in the spatial structure where the LRB was installed. As a result, the possibility of amplification of response was confirmed as seismic waves passed though the substructure, which is likely to increase the response of the upper structures.

Several water tanks installed in the building were damaged during the Gyeongju earthquake (2016) and the Pohang earthquake (2017). Since a water tank for fire protection is very important component, seismic safety should be ensured. In this study, an interaction between a water tank and a building was studied by the dynamic analysis of the RC building with the water tank. In case the water tank was installed on the roof of the RC building, it was confirmed that it did not significantly affect the response of the building. Based on the result, dynamic response characteristics of the water tank in the building were studied using two SDOF models represented dynamic behavior of the water tanks under earthquake. An earthquake time-history analysis was carried out with variables of aspect ratio of the tank, story of the building, and installed location in the building using three kinds of earthquakes.

The objective of this study is to investigate the earthquake response for the design of 100m spanned single-layer lattice dome. The plastic hinge analysis and eigenvalue buckling analysis are performed to estimate the ultimate load of single-layered lattice domes under vertical loads. In order to ensure the stability of lattice domes, it is investigated for the plastic hinge progressive status by the pushover increment analysis considering the elasto-plastic connection. One of the most effective methods to reduce the earthquake response of large span domes is to install the LRB isolation system of a dome. The authors discuss the reducing effect for the earthquake dynamic response of 100m spanned single-layered lattice domes. The LRB seismic isolation system can greatly reduce the dynamic response of lattice domes for the horizontal and vertical earthquake ground motion.

본 논문에서는 이중질량을 갖는 랙시스템의 마찰거동을 고려한 지진응답해석 기법에 관하여 연구하였다. 마찰 거동을 모사할 수 있는 비선형 동적 시간이력해석 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 이중질량체 간의 미끄러짐과 일체화거동은 비선형 마찰모델로서 고려하였으며, 이를 적절히 모사하기 위한 수치해석기법을 개발하였다. 개발된 알고리즘을 이용하여 랙시스템의 지진응답에 대한 매개변수연구를 수행하였다. 랙시스템의 피해에 큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되는 주요 인자로 랙구조체 질량에 대한 적재질량체의 질량비와 두 질량체 사이의 마찰 계수를 선정하고, 질량비와 마찰계수를 변화시켜 가면서 최대 변위응답의 경향성을 분석하였다. 수치 모사 결과로 부터, 이중질량으로 모델링된 랙시스템의 변위응답은 구조물의 고유진동수가 커질수록 감소하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구를 통하여 제시하는 방법은 랙시스템의 마찰거동을 미끄러지는 거동을 적절히 모사할 수 있으며, 이로부터 내진 성능평가를 위한 효율적 수치해석 기법으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Seismic isolation systems have typically been used in the form of base seams in mid-rise and low-rise buildings. In the case of high-rise buildings, it is difficult to apply the base isolation. In this study, the seismic response was analyzed by changing the installation position of the seismic isolation device in 3D high - rise model. To do this, we used 30-story and 40-story 3D buildings as example structures. Historic earthquakes such as Mexico (1985), Northridge (1994) and Rome Frieta (1989) were applied as earthquake loads. The installation position of the isolation device was changed from floor to floor to floor. The maximum deformation of the seismic isolation system was analyzed and the maximum interlaminar strain and maximum absolute acceleration were analyzed by comparing the LB model with seismic isolation device and the Fixed model, which is the base model without seismic isolation device. If an isolation device is installed on the lower layer, it is most effective in response reduction, but since the structure may become unstable, it is effective to apply it to an effective high-level part. Therefore, engineers must consider both structural efficiency and safety when designing a mid-level isolation system for high-rise buildings.

It is inevitable to use the distinct element method in the analysis of structural dynamics for stacked stone pagoda system. However, the experimental verification of analytical results produced by the discrete element method is not sufficient yet, and the theory of distinct element method is not universal in Korea. This study introduces how to model the stacked stone pagoda system using the distinct element method, and draws some considerations in the seismic analysis procedures. First, the rocking mode and sliding mode are locally mixed in the seismic responses. Second, the vertical stiffness and the horizontal stiffness on the friction surface have the greatest influence on the seismic behavior. Third, the complete seismic analysis of stacked stone pagoda system requires a set of the horizontal, vertical, and rotational velocity time histories of the ground. However, earthquake data monitored in Korea are limited to acceleration and velocity signals in some areas.

Vertical earthquake motions can occur along with horizontal earthquakes, so that Structure should be designed to resist Seismic loads in all directions. Especially, due to the dynamic characteristics such as the vibration mode, when the vertical seismic load, the dynamic response of the Spatial structure is large. In this study, the seismic response of the lattice dome to horizontal and vertical seismic loads is analyzed, and a reasonable seismic load combination is analyzed by combining horizontal and vertical seismic response results. In the combination of the horizontal seismic load, the largest result is obtained when the direction of the main axis of the structure coincides with the direction of seismic load. In addition, the combination of vertical seismic load and horizontal seismic load was the largest compared with the combination of horizontal seismic load. Therefore, it is considered that the most reasonable and stable design will be achieved if the seismic load in vertical direction is considered.

The objective of this study is to investigate the response reducing effect of a seismic isolation system installed between 300m dome and supports under both horizontal and vertical seismic ground motion. The time history analysis is performed to investigate the dynamic behavior of single layer lattice domes with and without a lead rubber bearing seismic isolation system. In order to ensure the seismic performance of lattice domes against strong earthquakes, it is important to investigate the mechanical characteristics of dynamic response. Horizontal and vertical seismic ground motions cause a large asymmetric vertical response of large span domes. One of the most effective methods to reduce the dynamic response is to install a seismic isolation system for observing seismic ground motion at the base of the dome. This paper discusses the dynamic response characteristics of 300m single layer lattice domes supported on a lead rubber seismic isolation device under horizontal and vertical seismic ground motions.

The probabilistic seismic safety assessment is one of the methodology to evaluate the seismic safety of the nuclear power plants. The site characteristics of the nuclear power plant should be reflected when evaluating the seismic safety of the nuclear power plant. The Korea seismic characteristics are strong in high frequency region and may be different from NRC Regulatory Guide 1.60, which is the design spectrum of nuclear power plants. In this study, seismic response of a nuclear power plant structure by Pohang earthquake (2017.11.15. (KST)) is investigated. The Pohang earthquake measured at the Cheongsong seismic observation station (CHS) is scaled to the peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.2 g and the seismic acceleration time history curve corresponding to the design spectrum is created. A nuclear power plant of the containment building and the auxiliary buildings are modeled using OPENSEES to analyze the seismic response of the Pohang earthquake. The seismic behavior of the nuclear power plant due to the Pohang earthquake is investigated. And the seismic performances of the equipment of a nuclear power plant are evaluated by the HCLPF. As a result, the seismic safety evaluation of nuclear power plants should be evaluated based on site-specific characteristics of nuclear power plants.

In order to verify the reliability of numerical site response analysis program, both soil free-field and base rock input motions should be provided. Beside the field earthquake motion records, the most effective testing method for obtaining the above motions is the dynamic geotechnical centrifuge test. However, need is to verify if the motion recorded at the base of the soil model container in the centrifuge facility is the true base rock input motion or not. In this paper, the appropriate input motion measurement method for the verification of seismic response analysis is examined by dynamic geotechnical centrifuge test and using three-dimensional finite difference analysis results. From the results, it appears that the ESB (equivalent shear beam) model container distorts downward the propagating wave with larger magnitude of centrifugal acceleration and base rock input motion. Thus, the distortion makes the measurement of the base rock outcrop motion difficult which is essential for extracting the base rock incident motion. However, the base rock outcrop motion generated by using deconvolution method is free from the distortion effect of centrifugal acceleration.

최대지반가속도(PGA : Peak Ground Acceleration)는 지진파의 최대값을 나타내는 매개변수(Parameter)이며 주로 지진파의 강도를 나타낸다. PGA가 동일하더라도 지진파에 따라 다른 동적특성을 가질 수 있고 구조물에 미치는 영향도 다를 수 있다. 따라서 PGA만으로 구조물에 미치는 지진의 특성을 평가하는 것은 바람직하지 못하다. 본 연구에서는 구조물의 비탄성 지진응답해석을 위하여 단자유도(Single Degree Of Freedom) 구조물의 시간이력해석 수행하였으며, 수치해석모델은 완전 탄소성(Perfect Elasto-Plastic)으로 가정하였다. 검토한 입력 지진파는 El Centro NS(1940)의 값을 증감한 지진파를 포함한 실측지진파, 인공지진파를 사용하였다. 이와 같은 수치해석을 통하여 PGA가 동일한 인공지진파들에 대해 비탄성 지진응답해석을 수행하고, 각 지진파에 대하여 변위연성도와 누적소산에너지를 비교하였다. 그 결과 동일한 PGA를 가지더라도 지진파에 따라 서로 다른 응답을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 지진의 특성뿐 아니라 구조물의 특성을 반영할 수 있는 지표가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 구조물의 비탄성 지진응답을 대표할 수 있는 SI(Spectrum Intensity)는 속도응답스펙트럼의 일정구간에 대한 적분을 통하여 얻을 수 있다. 이러한 SI와 변위연성도 및 누적소산에너지의 상관관계 분석을 통하여 구조물의 지진에 대한 비탄성응답의 대표값으로 SI가 적합하다는 것을 확인할 수 있다.

이 논문은 원전구조물의 내진설계에 적용되는 인공지진파의 강진지속시간과 포락함수에 대한 현행 국내 설계기준의 개선과 보완을 위해서 필요한 기반연구에 관한 내용을 다루고 있다. USNRC와 ASCE 4-98에서 제안한 응답스펙트럼과 강진지속시간에 대한 규정이 현재 통상적으로 사용되고 있으며, 첫 번째로 두 기준에 대한 비교와 검토를 수행하였다. 다음으로 총 209개의 암반사이트에서 실제 계측된 규모 5.0 이상인 강진기록을 ASCE 4-98의 강진지속시간기준에 적용한 결과를 통계 처리하여 지진규모에 대한 함수로 표현되는 강진지속시간의 실험적 예측모델을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 강진지속시간이 원전구조물의 지진응답특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 6초에서 20초까지 약 2초 간격으로 강진지속시간을 달리하는 10가지 Case에 대한 인공지진파를 각 30개씩 작성하고, 이들을 적용하여 대만 Hualien 지진시험구조물과 국내 울진 원자력발전소 원자로 격납구조물에 대한 광범위한 지진응답해석을 수행하고 그 결과를 분석하였다.