The present trial verified the effects of spraying microbial agents on odor reduction in commercial pig farms of different operating sizes and barn types. Farms without microbial agent spraying and those sprayed with microbial agents at two different intervals were compared. The treatments included spraying of water alone every day or a mixture of water plus microbial agent at 24 and 72 h intervals. The experimental farms were divided according to size into 1,000-, 3,000-, and 5,000-head farms and according to barn type into gestation, farrowing, nursery, and grower-finisher farms. To compare odor concentration within each housing barn, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas levels were measured. The average concentrations of ammonia (p<0.01) and hydrogen sulfide (p<0.05) gas were the lowest in all types of farms sprayed with the microbial agent at a 24 h interval. In farms sprayed with the microbial agent at a 24 h interval, the decrease in ammonia concentration according to barn type was in the following order: farrowing (p<0.01) (11.0 to 1.8 ppm), nursery (p<0.05) (17.0 to 9.2 ppm), grower-finisher (15.3 to 8.8 ppm), and gestation (9.7 to 6.4 ppm) farms. Moreover, spraying the microbial agent at a 24 h interval significantly (p<0.01) decreased ammonia concentration from 19.9 to 10.4 ppm, from 11.1 to 4.1 ppm, and from 8.8 to 5.1 ppm in 5,000-, 3,000-, and 1,000-head farms, respectively. Overall, spraying microbial agents every day may be the most effective method to reduce odor in commercial pig farms.

The rate of industrial accident reduction is slowing down as the attention of the Ministry of Employment and Labor and related agencies on risk assessment systems decreased. this paper focuses on weakness of legal system for the risk assessment in recent years. A survey was conducted to identify the status and condition of the risk assessment system applying on small and medium-sized manufacturing companies. A set of questionnaires is designed to reflect various perspectives of the companies regarding the problems and solutions of the system. The results refer that differentiated instructions and support systems in response to the actual conditions of the companies are mandatory to reinforce the efficiency of risk assessment system.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are widely used as supports for single-atom catalysts (SACs) owing to their high specific surface area, porosity, and ordered metal–ligand structure. Their activity can be increased by increasing the number of electrochemically accessible active sites via the formation of atomically dispersed metal catalysts (M–Nx) that coordinate with nitrogen atoms on the MOF. Herein, we introduce the relationship between the size of the MOF as a starting material and the catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media. The morphology and features of the MOFs are critically dependent on their size. Remarkably, cage-like MOFs below 33 nm are converted into collapsed structures and are connected between each MOF, even carbon fiber- or tube-like features, after carbonization. SACs derived from medium-sized MOFs exhibit excellent activity and are comparable to commercial Pt/C catalysts owing to their porous structure. Therefore, we believed that controlling the size of MOFs containing active atoms is an effective method of modulating the morphological properties of the support and even the number of active sites that are closely related to the activity.

PURPOSES : Exposed aggregate concrete pavements have been adopted in several countries because of their advantages of pavement texture characteristics, which can produce low tire-pavement noise and higher load-carrying capacities. The magnitude of tire-pavement noise greatly depends on the wavelength of pavement texture. The wavelength of exposed aggregate concrete pavement can be controlled with maximum sizing and by controlling the amount of coarse aggregates in the concrete mixture. In this study, the maximum size and the amount of coarse aggregate in the exposed aggregate concrete pavement are investigated to produce equal levels of wavelength in the asphalt pavement. METHODS: A simple method to measure the average wavelength of pavement texture is introduced. Subsequently, the average wavelength of typical asphalt pavement is investigated. A set of mixture designs of exposed aggregate concrete with three maximum-sized coarse aggregates, and three amounts of coarse aggregate are used. The average wavelengths are measured to find the mixture design needed to produce equal levels of wavelength as typical asphalt pavement. RESULTS : With a cement content of 420 kg/m3 and fine aggregate modulus of 30%, the number of exposed aggregates was 48, and the shortest texture depth provided a wavelength of 4.2 mm. According to the number of exposed aggregates, the exposed aggregate concrete pavement could be rendered low-noise, because its wavelength was similar to that of asphalt pavement ranging from 3.9 to 4.4 mm. CONCLUSIONS : Selection of appropriate maximum sizes and the amount of coarse aggregates for exposed aggregate concrete pavement can produce a wavelength texture closely resembling that of asphalt pavement. Therefore, the noise level of exposed aggregate concrete pavement can be reduced with an appropriate maximum size and the amount of coarse aggregates are employed.

An optimum route to fabricate a hybrid-structured W powder composed of nano and micro size powders was investigated. The mixture of nano and micro W powders was prepared by a ball milling and hydrogen reduction process for WO3 and W powders. Microstructural observation for the ball-milled powder mixtures revealed that the nano-sized WO3 particles were homogeneously distributed on the surface of large W powders. The reduction behavior of WO3 powder was analyzed by a temperature programmed reduction method with different heating rates in Ar-10% H2 atmosphere. The activation energies for the reduction of WO3, estimated by the slope of the Kissinger plot from the amount of reaction peak shift with heating rates, were measured as 117.4 kJ/mol and 94.6 kJ/mol depending on reduction steps from WO3 to WO2 and from WO2 to W, respectively. SEM and XRD analysis for the hydrogen-reduced powder mixture showed that the nano-sized W particles were well distributed on the surface of the micro-sized W powders.

막여과 수처리 공정에서 막오염은 플럭스 감소나 막간차압 증가를 야기하는 중요한 문제로 남아있다. 막오염을 저감하는 여러 가지 방법 중, 막의 표면에 패턴을 입혀 그 패턴의 형상에 따라 유체의 이동을 변화시킴으로써 막오염을 저감시키는 방법이 연구되어 왔다. 특히 45° 회전된 피라미드 패턴은 피라미드 패턴에 비해 막오염 저감 효과가 크다는 연구결과가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 비용매상분리법과 소프트리소그래피(soft-lithograhy)를 이용하여 막의 표면에 45° 회전된 피라미드 패턴을 입히고, 크기가 다른 입자를 포함한 원수를 여과하면서 막오염 저감 효과를 비교해 보았다.

The author has proposed and verified the accuracy through experiments on a method of measurement through the use of sound waves that not only can quantitatively measure each of the dual directions of the fiber axis with high accuracy of membrane tension created on the surface of the membrane structure, but also can be easily operated in the field of construction. This paper reports the solution for problems of variables caused in the process of downsizing of the measurement equipment in order for practical use, and verifies the correspondence possibility of various stress ratios.

In this study, we fabricated Nd2Fe14B hard magnetic powders with various sizes via spray drying combined with reduction-diffusion process. Spray drying is widely used to produce nearly spherical particles that are relatively homogeneous. Thus, the precursor particles were prepared by spray drying using the aqueous solution containing Nd salts, Fe salts and boric acid with the target stoichiometric composition of Nd2Fe14B. The mean particle sizes of the spray-dried powders are in the range from one to seven micrometer, which are adjusted by controlling the concentra- tions of precursor solutions. After debinding the as-prepared precursor particles, ball milling was also conducted to con- trol the particle sizes of Nd-Fe-B oxide powders. The resulting particles with different sizes were subjected to subsequent treatments including hydrogen reduction, Ca reduction and washing for CaO removal. The size effect of Nd-Fe-B oxide particles on the formation of Nd2Fe14B phase and magnetic properties was investigated.

This thesis is the fundamental study on the adaptation of escape device for reducing small size of fish in set-net. The escape devices for experiments were made the grid-type devices with three different slit sizes (15, 20 and 25mm). The experiments of size selectivity on escape devices were conducted by using two kinds of species as black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) and sea perch (Lateolabrax maculatusi) in the experimental tank. The size selectivity curve was fitted by using a logistic function and the parameters of selectivity curve were estimated by a maximum likelihood method. In the results; 50% selection ranges for the grid-type escape devices with three different slit sizes were; a black rockfish was 13.30, 19.22 and 22.06cm and a sea perch was 17.64, 20.91 and 22.78cm, respectively. The 50% selection range of a black rockfish was wilder than a sea perch about 1.1~1.3 time. Therefore, the small size of fish are able to reduce by using the grid type escape device. However, the optimum slit size of grid should be decided to consider the size of target species and economics of catches.

To investigate new potential application of a clay material for C/C composites, illite added C/C composites were prepared with various illite contents. The improvement of filler effect by illite size reduction was also investigated using wet ballmilling by evaluating illite/phenolic resin infiltration using bulk density and porosity measurements, chemical structural changes of the composites using XRD, and thermal oxidation stability in air of the composites using TGA. The size reduction of illite resulted in narrower particle size distribution and improved illite infiltration into carbon preform. And the resultant C/C composites prepared with illite had even more improved thermal oxidation stability in air, showing more increased IDTs up to 100℃, compared to those of the C/C composites with pristine illite, due to the SiC formation through carbothermal reduction between illite and carbon materials. The illite induced delay in oxidation of the illite-C/C composites was also observed and the delayed oxidation behavior was attributed to the layered structure of illite, which improved illite/phenol resin infiltration. Therefore, the potential use of illite as filler to improve oxidation stability of C/C composite can be promising. And the size reduction of illite can improve its effect on the desired properties of illite-C/C composites even more.

This study was carried out to design and develope conveyer combustion type coal heater in the green house. Different from existing coal heater, the conveyer combustion type coal heater was designed for circulating coal from supplying to exhausting. The size of traveling grate and velocity reduction gear ratio for driving traveling grate were designed to product coal heater had 200,000kcal/hr heating capacity. The result is that the coal heater of 200,000kcal/hr heating capacity was determined by the width of grate in between 600 to 800㎜ when the horizontal length of conveying combustion area was 1,500㎜. And the first and second reduction ratio of 1:100 and 1:70 was more effective at 1,350rpm, respectively, in the coal heater of 200,000kcal/hr heating capacity.

흉부 단층 합성검사(Chest Digital Tomosynthesis, DTS)시 환자 체형에 따른 0.3 mm 구리 필터의 적용 및 AEC의 감도 변화에 의한 유효선량감소 효과와 폐 결절 검출능력을 평가하여 선량 최적화 조건을 평가하고자 한다. 8개의 인공 결절을 인체 팬텀 폐 영역내에 삽입하고 0.3 mm 구리 필터 적용 유무, 감도 변화에 따라 팬텀의 DTS 영상을 각각 획득하였다. 환자 체형에 따른 비교를 위해 팬텀 사이즈를 세 그룹으로 분류하여 small size에서는 결절이 삽입된 인체 팬텀을 단독으로 사용하였고 Average size에서는 한 개의 PMMA를, Large size에서는 두 개의 PMMA를 인체팬텀 후방에 밀착하여 위치시켰다. 유효선량은 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 계산 되었고 영상의 화질평가를 위해서 CNR과 SNR 측정을 통한 정량 평가와 인공결절 검출 수를 통한 검출민감도로 정성평가를 시행하였다. 모든 데이터는 통계학적으로 분석하였다. 유효선량은 Small size일 때 26 µSv, Average size 70µSv, Large size 133µSv 감소하였다. 유효선량은 0.3mm 구리 필터의 적용 여부에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 정량적 화질 평가에서는 0.3mmCu필터 사용 시 CNR과 SNR 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 또한 정성적 화질평가에서도 결절 검출 민감도는 팬텀 사이즈별 전체 그룹에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). DTS에서 0.3 mmCu필터의 사용은 폐 결절 검출에서 진단적 가치를 유지하면서 환자 피폭선량 감소효과를 얻을 수 있다. 또한 실험에서 Large size 그룹의 경우 유효선량 감소 정도가 두드러진 점으로 보아 실제 체형이 큰 환자의 경우 0.3 mm Cu필터 사용은 더 높은 유효선량 감소 효과를 기대 할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다