본 연구는 스마트도시의 지속 가능한 공공 서비스 개발을 위한 주요 토론 주제를 발굴하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 현행 지방정부 스 마트도시 서비스 도출 방식은 시민 리빙랩을 통해 시민 의견을 반영하지만, 기술적 요구와는 동떨어진 민원 수준 의견이 많아 한계가 있다. 또한, 공공기관은 중앙정부 정책에 의존하여 민간 기술에 종속되는 경향이 있어, 장기적인 관리 및 운영이 어렵다. 이러한 문제 를 해결하기 위해 시민들의 기술 이해 수준과 공공기관의 기술 수준을 함께 고려한 전략적 접근이 필요하다. 본 연구는 이러한 요소 들을 바탕으로 향후 연구 및 정책 수립의 기초 자료로 활용될 토론 주제를 제안하였다.

오늘날 디지털 전환(Digital Transformation), 제4차 산업혁명(the Fourth Industrial Revolution) 시대에서 건물에도 디지털기술이 탑재되어 스마트화된 건물이 주를 이룰 것이고, 도시도 스마트시티가 될 것이다. 이 글은 스마트 빌딩, 스마트 시티 로 인한 관련 법적 쟁점과 대비해야 할 점을 모색하여 보았다. 스마트 빌딩에서는 건물의 종류에 따른 인공지능 기술의 활용, 책임 문제, 공 시방법, 스마트빌딩 인증제도 등의 쟁점을 생각해보았고, 스마트 시티에서는 스마트 시티의 개념과 스마트 시티가 제공하는 정보의 확대, 스마트 시티의 사 업범위, 개인정보 침해문제, 규제 샌드박스 등을 주요 쟁점으로 보았다. 물론 관점에 따라서는 다른 쟁점도 충분히 더 생각할 수 있다. 한 가지 흥미로운 점은 스마트 빌딩이나 스마트 시티가 추구하는 목적과 본질 에서 인간을 위한 삶의 질 향상을 추구한다는 점에서 공통점이 있다는 것이다. 비록 에너지, 환경, 건강, 안전, 복지, 네트워크 등 다양한 항목을 포함하고 있지만, 스마트 빌딩과 스마트 시티는 그 대상과 규모가 다를 뿐, 인간을 위한 디지털 기술과 데이터 활용이라는 점에서 추구하는 목표와 방법이 거의 같다. 따라서 스마트시티와 스마트빌딩은 서로 연계되어 발전함으로써 미래가치를 더욱 키워나갈 수 있다고 본다.

PURPOSES : This study defines private and public service providers connected to a public data hub in a smart city and examines the information that should be exchanged between them. The information exchange scheme covers data exchange at a minimum level. METHODS : First, we reviewed the entities participating in the emergency charging service and designed the scope of information linkages between the entities. Second, we diagnosed the main information linkages according to a service flowchart. Third, we reviewed the basic information requirements linked to actors participating in the service. Finally, we derived and presented information linked to the subjects. RESULTS : In addition to the basic requirements, the number of data-exchange information sets specified was four, which was the scope of the aforementioned study. We defined and analyzed an efficient information exchange system between various actors involved in emergency charging services. Data were defined based on interactions between service users, operators, providers, and data hubs. Each set had a different scope and purpose. CONCLUSIONS : Information collected and provided by emergency charging service providers in connection with a data hub that manages urban energy was proposed.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to develop a transportation-energy linkage model and performance evaluation indicators to improve the sustainability operation and technology of smart city transportation-energy services. METHODS : This study derived a new transportation-energy linkage system model for 15 services designated by the national pilot city. Evaluation indicators for energy-oriented transportation services in smart cities were selected, and a methodological framework was proposed for selecting quantitative evaluation indicators based on text mining and importance-performance analysis (IPA). RESULTS : Twenty indicators, confirmed as crucial for successful transportation-energy linkage in smart cities, were selected. These covered data linkage between services, IoT-based information linkage driving rate, and network and energy efficiency indicators. The proposed quantitative methodological framework can complement expert subjective evaluation by identifying meaningful implications in research literature that experts may have missed. The methodology can consistently derive indicators even when new services are added, aiding policymakers’ decisions. CONCLUSIONS : The methodological framework can contribute to minimizing operational risks in smart city transportation-energy expansion. It can also be used to prioritize service investment in smart cities by estimating benefit effects through quantitative indicators.

In this study, a smart bench was developed and researched smart benches that can contribute to user convenience and satisfaction by installing them in parks, bus stops, and tourist attractions in line with the rapidly changing construction of smart cities. The smart bench is automatically operated by the control system according to the external temperature and provides additional functions such as charging, lighting, and advertising to improve general bench functions as well as heating in winter and cooling in summer, making it suitable for smart urbanization. The developed smart bench is designed to be strong enough to withstand loads of about 2,500 N. It minimizes the visible parts such as assembled bolts and 220V power supply wires, It can also give aesthetic effects. The development was carried out with the aim of waterproofing and dustproofing of IP44 grade in accordance with the climate of Republic of Korea, which has four seasons, and it is advantageous for long-term use because the paint was selected for the weather ability (discoloration) grade 3 or higher. If smart bench is commercialized, it is believed that various options can be provided to the smart bench market, where buyers had few product options, as the parts were developed in an assembled type so that all functions can be responded in an optional form according to the installation environment and the buyer's budget.

For the smooth implementation and success of smart city projects, it is necessary to recognize that there is a difference in the perception of value judgments or strategic goals among major stakeholders in the planning process. And it is necessary to aim the values and goals of smart cities through reconciliation of these differences. The two major stakeholders in the smart city development project are citizens group and government officials group. Government officials are in charge of establishing and implementing policies for smart city projects, and their value judgments and perceptions influence the policy direction. In these respects, government officials can be an important stakeholder group. Citizens are a group that includes ordinary residents and business owners who live in smart cities and are the ultimate users of infrastructure and facilities. This study investigated the importance perceptions of citizens and government officials, who are the major stakeholders, about the core values and strategic goals that the smart city project aims. Responses were collected using a structured questionnaire to which the AHP methodology was applied. And the priority of perceptions for constituent items was compared for each stakeholder group. Through the comparative analysis results, it was empirically confirmed that there is a difference in the values and goals pursued by the smart city project between stakeholder groups. As an empirical study on the stakeholders of the smart city project, this study is meaningful in contributing to the theoretical development in that it suggests that the conceptual structural model of the smart city strategy system presented in previous studies can be applied in practice.

이 연구의 목적은 공공기관이 스마트시티 사업을 수행함에 있어 어느 정도의 수준과 역량을 보유하고 있는지 판단하기 위한 수준진단 프레임워크를 수립하는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적 달성을 위해 기존의 지자체 GIS수준평가 방법과 국토부의 스마트시 티 인증체계 기준, 미래사회의 변화 모습 등 다양한 요소를 검토하여 최종적으로는 스마트시티 인프라역량, 기술 및 데이터 보유역 량, 연계통합역량, 미래의 스마트시티 정책수용역량 등 4개의 분야의 총 50개 세부 항목을 도출하고, 이를 계량화시킬 수 있는 틀을 마련하였다. 이 프레임워크를 공공기관 A, B, C에 적용한 결과를 상호비교하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 스마트시티 사업수행 수준진단 틀은 각 기관에서 시간이 흐른 후에 역량 변화에 활용될 수도 있고, 각 기관의 특성에 맞게 일부 세부항목을 변경하여 활용될 수 있을 것이며, 각 기관이 스마트시티 분야의 활동계획과 전략을 수립하기 위해, SWOT 분석 대신 활용할 수 있을 것이다

본 연구의 목적은 최근 확대되고 있는 스마트시티 조성과 주민참여를 통한 지역사회 문제를 해결하기 위해 스마트시티 리빙랩의 합리적 운영모델을 탐색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 스마트시티 리빙랩 이론적 고찰 및 선행연구, 리빙랩 방법론 등을 고찰하여 스마트시티 리빙랩 운영모델 구상(안)을 제안하였다. 또한, 스마 트시티 리빙랩 운영모델은 기본방향 설정, 운영환경 구성, 거버넌스 구축, 콘텐츠개발 및 운영프로세스 구성 등 4단계로 구성하고 단계별 세부적인 운영내용을 탐색하였다. 연구결과, 기본방향 설정에서는 운영 방향 설정, 리빙랩 프로세스 정의. 단계별 운영계획 수립이 필요하며, 운영환경 구성단계는 리빙랩 환경 정의, 예산 운영관리, 사용자 정의, 기술 하부구조 설정 등의 구성이 요청된다. 거버넌스 구축단계는 거버넌스 체계구성, 운영위원회 설치가 중요하며, 콘텐츠개발 및 운영프로세스 구성단계는 다양한 리빙랩 기법을 적 용한 스마트시티 리빙랩 콘텐츠 개발과 운영방식 및 리빙랩 기법 등의 개발을 제안하였다.

‘스마트시티‘(Smart Cities)라는 개념은 인간을 포함한 생명체(living beings)와 비생명체 (non-living beings)를 넘어서 테크놀로지 자체를 도시 설계의 중심에 놓는다. 다소 과격하게 표현하자면, 1세대 스마트시티는 인간을 인적자원으로 여기고, 비인간을 도시계획에서 배제하며, 인간도 어떤 자격 또는 능력을 가진 특정 집단으로 제한한다. 특히 자연을 포함한 비인간 생명체 그리고 소수자들은 테크놀로지 진보라는 이름하에 희생을 강요받는데, 이는 스마트시티 자체가 이들을 통제하고 돌볼 수 있다는 믿음에 기반하고 있다는 것이다. 본 논문은 모든 생명체와 비생명체가 스마트시티의 동등한 구성원이라고 전제하고, 다음 세대의 스마트시티 개발은 어떠한 모습이어야 하는지를 묻는다. 먼저 인간중심주의의 스마트시티 개념과 휴먼스마트시티(Human smart cities) 개념을 바르셀로나, 두바이, 싱가포르 스마트시티 계획을 비판적으로 검토한다. 이들의 인간이해를 비판하면서, 포스트휴머니즘의 세 가지 영역 – 비이원론(non-dualism), 인간-이상-것들(more-than-humans), 생태적 공동체(ecological community)를 정당성을 확보하고, 인간중심주의 문제점을 제기한다. 이 과정에서는 새로운 세 가지 가치, 포용성(inclusion), 대리성(agency), 그리고 스마트성 (smartness)을 확인하였고, 이것들이 포스트휴머니스트 각 영역에 적용하여, ’포스트휴머니스트 스마트시티 평가표‘를 제시한다. 이 평가표를 기반으로 기존의 스마트시티 평가모델을 평가하고, 이들의 반-인본주의(anti-humanism)과 반-비인본주의(anti-non-humanism) 측면을 논증하였다. 마지막으로, 적어도 생명-비생명체을 배제하지 않고, 인간중심주의에서 자유로운 스마트시티 설계를 위한 ’포스트휴머니스트 스마트시티 평가표‘의 유의미성을 주장한다.

Smart City operates with the purpose of solving urban problems. The important thing in smart city operation is that spatial information must be managed at a high level. In addition, it has the characteristics of being managed by one platform. This study presented the core value dimension of smart city based on analysis of various domestic and overseas smart city operation cases. Smart cities are basically operated based on spatial information, and the higher the level of spatial information, the more smart city services can be connected and managed in an integrated manner. The performance dimension of smart city core values presented in the study includes prosperity, personalization, convenience, accuracy, sustainability, safety, environment, integration, etc., and there is a connectivity dimension, a concept that can be managed in an integrated manner. This study will be useful for empirical research on smart city performance dimension design and surveys based on case studies. It will also help field managers who develop, operate, and manage smart cities when quantifying performance dimensions.

PURPOSES : In this study, the causality between smart parking user services and its satisfaction level was analyzed statistically, and a smart parking priority decision model was established in terms of the user side. METHODS :The results of the Daegu Metropolitan City survey for the parking state, parking fee, transfer, convenience of use, facilities, and safety that could influence smart parking user satisfaction were used. A structural equation model in SPSS 26 and AMOS 26 programs that facilitates hypothesis testing and importance factor analysis between observed and latent variables was used. RESULTS : The results demonstrated that the importance factor loading on smart parking user services was in the following order: convenience of use (0.996), parking facilities (0.814), safety (0.803), parking information (0.706), transfer (0.618), and parking fee (0.426). Among them, the parking fee was not quite influential in decision making. CONCLUSIONS : The most influential user service on smart parking information systems was the convenience of use, in which congestion in parking lots and parking time were the most influential variables. The most influential variables were in the following order: in parking facilities, the route design of vehicle flow and size of the parking garage; in safety, the entrance location and the level of wear; in the parking state, the availability of parking space and parking fees; and finally in transfer, the convenience of transfer to other modes and the number of transfer parking lots.

Korea's modern waterworks began with construction of DDukdo water treatment plant in 1908 and has been growing rapidly along with the country’s economic development. As a result, water supply rates have reached 98.5% based on 2013. Despite multilateral efforts for high-quality water supply, such as introduction of advanced water treatment process, expansion of waterworks infrastructure and so on, distrust for drinking tap water has been continuing and domestic consumption rate of tap water is in around 5% level and extremely poor comparing to advanced countries such as the United States(56%), Japan(52%), etc. Recently, the water management has been facing the new phase due to water environmental degradation caused by climate change, aging facilities, etc. Therefore, K-water has converted water management paradigm from the "clean and safe water" to the "healthy water“ and been pushing the Smart Water City(SWC) Pilot Project in order to develop and spread new water supply models for consumers to believe and drink tap water through systematic water quality and quantity management combining ICT in the whole water supply process. The SWC pilot projects in Pa-ju city and Go-ryeong county were an opportunity to check the likelihood of the "smart water management" as the answer to future water management. It is needed to examine the necessity of smart water management introduction and nationwide SWC expansion in order to improve water welfare for people and resolve domestic & foreign water problems.

Recently, urbanization has become a serious issue, as there is imbalance between regions and various environmental problems occur intensively in cities. Therefore, cities all over the world are promoting the Green New Deal and trying to realize carbon neutrality. Accordingly, the European Union is leading the creation of carbon-neutral cities by promoting policies aimed at rapidly realizing carbon neutrality. In Korea, projects such as U-City and Smart City have also been promoted continuously for many years, and recently, the projects Smart Green City and Carbon Neutral Green City have been introduced. Therefore, this study aimed to derive directions and implications for future projects based on policies to address climate change by analyzing the guidelines for the Smart Green City project and the project plans of Gimhae-si and Gangjin-gun, which are the leading projects in the Smart Green City business model and are equipped with an extensive budget.

Climate change has recently become a serious global issue, and carbon emissions and energy consumption are increasing, particularly in cities where economic activities and populations are concentrated. Accordingly, various countries worldwide are promoting the Green New Deal and promoting urban-centered climate change response policies with the aim of carbon neutrality. In Korea, following the “smart green city” project that creates a city where humans and the environment coexist, a similar “carbon neutral green city” policy is set to be introduced. Therefore, in this study, implications and directions for the sustainable introduction of the carbon neutral green city policy will be derived by comparing and analyzing the State and Tribal Assistance Grants of the U.S. bipartisan infrastructure law and the smart green city of the Korean new deal.

This research was conducted to propose the basic direction of a smart city plan for the satisfaction of residents of Gangwon-do . Initially, the awareness of smart cities among the residents of Gangwon-do was as follows: The response “I have no idea” was 21.7% higher and “I do not know the details, but have heard of it” was 15.1% lower than the awareness among residents across the nation. Based on these results, it was confirmed that awareness was very low despite the government’s smartification reinforcement policy. In addition, the residents of Gangwon-do expected that their time would be saved and their living convenience would increase but were worried that their privacy would be invaded and that the conflict between generations would intensify. Thus, it is necessary to develop a plan to enhance the awareness of smart cities, as well as a plan to enhance digital awareness. Second, based on the importance of and satisfaction with the urban problem response system examined among the residents of Gangwon-do, it seems necessary to prioritize improvements in public space control and administrative problem responses involving deteriorated parks/plazas, pedestrian environment, and administrative processing inefficiency and fairness. Additionally, the first prioritization priority of the residents of Gangwon-do was “health/welfare/medical service” (27.7%); the second and third highest priorities were “transportation service” (26.3%) and “environmental service” (19.0%), respectively. In particular, as “transportation service” was highly preferred in the Chuncheon and Wonju regions and “health/welfare/medical service” was highly preferred in the Gangneung, Sokcho, and other southern regions, it was confirmed that the level of urbanization is deeply associated with smart services.

Using primary data collected through semi-structured interviews conducted during February 2019, this article examines citizen’s awareness and knowledge of Khon Kaen Smart City (KKSC) among the residents of five contiguous municipalities within Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. A self-weighted sample of 420 respondents was selected through a two-stage, 30-cluster sampling process. In the first stage, a sample of 30 artificial clusters of 100 households each was selected. In the second, 14 households were randomly selected from each of these clusters. The head of household or, if unavailable, a resident aged 18 or over was interviewed. The study applies the “citizens as democratic participants” dimension of Simonofski et al.’s (2019) evaluative framework. Results found that, because of ineffective citizen engagement, the levels of awareness and knowledge about KKSC were low. However, multiple logistic regression found that, despite the low levels of awareness and knowledge, education and income could establish an independent effect on awareness of KKSC. Those who completed post- secondary school were more aware of KKSC than those who finished only secondary or primary education. Similarly, the analysis of data clearly indicated that educational attainment, solely and independently from all other socio-economic and demographic variables, could explain the positive effect of education on knowledge about KKSC.