PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to derive dropout rates according to various international roughness index (IRI) specifications using ProVAL, develop a comparative methodology, and indirectly assess the level of road management in each country. METHODS : Based on a literature review, the IRI specifications for each country were collected, and the ProVAL analysis tool was used to compare and analyze dropout rates according to each specification. Thus, the dropout rate rankings for each country were calculated. Additionally, by analyzing the correlation between dropout rates according to each threshold, a model was created to convert the threshold between the most commonly used baseline distances of 100 m and 161 m. RESULTS : Dropout rates were derived according to the standards of each country and rankings were assigned. Comparing 51 standards, the IRI level of New Mexico appeared to be the highest, whereas the domestic specifications ranked 36th. A model was created to convert the threshold between the standard distances of 100 m and 161 m. CONCLUSIONS : This study objectively assessed the roughness standards in various countries using the dropout rate and IRI ranking specifications. The highest specification was found for the asphalt of New Mexico in the USA, with the domestic specification ranking 36th. A model that converts the thresholds between the most commonly used baseline distances of 100 m and 161 m was developed, with slight differences across sections. For a precise conversion, individual models may be required for each section.

This study proposed an alternative model specification to increase accuracy of conceptualization of the definition of customer engagement and provided theoretical justification for the model in specific social media contexts. The proposed model is a formative construct based on theoretical contexts and observational data. The construct comprises six formative first-order dimensions, namely “influencing behaviors,” “participation in activities,” “customer knowledge sharing,” “feedbacks,” “helping other customers,” and “customer-to-customer interaction.” The study findings offer a basis for identifying indicators of distinct dimensions in the proposed construct. Three models with different conceptualization specifications were estimated and subsequently compared using survey data.

It is very crucial activities that Korean army have to detect and recognize enemy’s locations and types of weapon of their artillery firstly for effective operation of friendly force’s artillery weapons during wartime. For these activities, one of the most critical artillery weapon systems is the anti-artillery radar (hereafter; radars) for immediate counter-fire operations against the target. So, in early wartime these radar’s roles are very important for minimizing friendly force’s damage because arbiters have to recognize a several enemy’s artillery positions quickly and then to take an action right away. Up to date, Republic of Korea Army for tactical artillery operations only depends on individual commander’s intuition and capability. Therefore, we propose these radars allocation model based on integer programming that combines ArcGIS (Geographic Information System) analysis data and each radar’s performances which include allowable specific ranges of altitude, azimuth (FOV; field of view) and distances for target detection, and weapons types i.e., rocket, mortars and cannon ammo etc. And we demonstrate the effectiveness of their allocation’s solution of available various types of radar asset through several experimental scenarios. The proposed model can be ensured the optimal detection coverage, the enhancement of artillery radar’s operations and assisting a quick decision for commander finally.

바이오매스로부터 생산되는 수송용 바이오연료는 온실가스 저감과 지속가능하고 친환경적으 로 석유제품을 대체할 수 있다. 수송용 바이오연료의 의무혼합과 보급 목표는 유럽연합, 미국 등의 많은 나라에서 발표하였고 정부의 정책에 의해 활성화되었다. 본 논문에서는 각국의 수송용 바이오연료 정책 과 품질기준에 대해 논하겠다. 유럽연합의 바이오연료는 온실가스를 저감하는 정책으로 이동하였다. 미 국은 RFS2 하에서 바이오연료의 품질기준을 설정하였고 연방 및 주 정부 수준에서 바이오연료를 촉진 하는 정책을 펴고 있다. 한국은 휘발유에 산소 함량 기준으로 2.3%를 산화물로 허용하고 있으며 바이오 디젤은 2015년 7월 31일부터 B2.5로 의무혼합하고 있다.

The purpose of this study is to retrospect the establishment process of specification of modern factory-made traditional Korean roof-tile. Its another purpose is to analyze the specification of watong(瓦桶, a wooden molding frame for roof tile making) which is recorded in the literature of Joseon dynasty. The results of this study are as follows. : First, the specification of modern factory-made Korean roof-tile that currently used was established in 1978. And it did not succeed old traditional specification. Second, in case of construction or repair of main building of palace, it was a principle to use Daewa(大瓦, the big size roof-tile). And Sangwa(常瓦, the ordinary size roof-tile) was used when needed. Also, Jungwa(中瓦, the middle size roof-tile) was used regardless of the size of group building. And Sowa(小瓦, the small size roof-tile) was used in house and wall of royal tomb. Third, it is needed to establish a specification of traditional handmade roof-tile based on the specification of watong through research of the litterateur. So, a standard draft for this was proposed. Finally, one can find the significance that this study has tried to find a specification of traditional roof-tile that can be applied to construction or repair of cultural heritage.

This paper presents geometrical product specifications of acceptance and verification tests for coordinate measuring machines(CMM). These specifications include vocabulary, measuring size, rotary table with fourth axis, scanning measuring mode, multiple-stylus probing systems, measuring, and, estimation of errors in computing Gaussian associated features.

This paper introduces determination rules for specifications of quality characteristics and dependability requirements. This study also presents guidelines for various inclusions in standards such as environmental aspects, safety aspects, third-party certification systems, medical devices, and the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities.

This paper is to introduce guidelines for application, inclusion, reference and adoption of standards and specifications. International standards such as IEC 60300-3-4, ISO/IEC Guide 50, ISO/IEC Guide 51, IEC 81714-3 and ISO/IEC Guide 21-1, 2 are considered. This paper is to discuss guide to the specification of dependability and environmental requirements and guidelines for safety inclusion in standards, and guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities, etc.

Recently, a couple of process capability indices are used to evaluate that the outputs of the process satisfy the specifications. An assumption of those indices is that the specifications of the characteristics are given single constant value. The display

This paper is to propose various safety design models of tolerance specifications with different consumer requirements. In these models, tolerance specifications can be jointly determined by considering all the stochastic, economic, robust and engineering safety design factors with various characteristics of interest. In this paper, the proposed models are easily formulated for design engineers.

고강도 그라우트재가 적용된 해상 풍력 발전 타워 자켓-파일 연결부의 설계를 위하여, 국외 해상풍력발전 타워 설계기준에서 제공하고 있는 그라우트 연결부 설계기준을 검토하였다. 해상 풍력 발전 타워 자켓-파일 기초의 연결은 sleeve의 내측과 파일의 외측에 링 모양의 전단키를 설치하고, 그 사이를 모르터로 채워 연결하는 방식으로 적용된다. 현재 DNV-OS-J101 및 NORSOK 등의 설계기준에서는 모노파일의 연결부 형식과 자켓-파일 연결을 모르터를 이용한 연결방법으로 설계기준이 정립되어 있으나, 설계기준별로 추천하고 있는 그라우트재의 강도는 상이하다. 본 연구에서는 콘크리트의 압축강도(fck), 전단키의 높이(h), 전단키의 간격(s) 및 그라우트 간격(tg)에 따른 연결부의 강도를 분석하기 위하여, 재료비선형 유한요소해석을 이용하여 구조적 거동분석을 수행하였다. 전단키의 간격에 따른 모르터와 전단키의 파괴양상을 확인하였으며, 이를 설계기준에서 제시하고 있는 강도와 비교하였다. 해석 결과를 이용하여 설계기준에서 제시하고 있는 전단키의 간격별 파괴모드와 유한요소해석결과의 파괴모드를 비교분석하여, 고강도 그라우트재의 적용성을 평가하였다.

교량 계측시스템의 계측항목 중 거더 중앙부 처짐은 교량 상부구조의 대표적인 거동 특성이며, 중요한 상태평가 항목이다. 교량 계측시스템에서 교량 경간 중앙부 처짐에 대한 관리기준치를 설정하는 여러 가지 방법 중 도로교 설계기준의 처짐 제한치를 적용하는 경우도 있다. 그러나 도로교설계기준의 처짐 제한규정은 안전성 측면보다는 사용성 측면에서 검토되어 실제 교량에서 발생할 수 있는 위험상황에 대하여 어느 정도 안전을 보장하는지 판단하기 어렵다. 본 연구는 현재 교량 설계시 경간 중앙부 처짐의 사용성 검토 기준이고, 일부 교량 상시계측시스템의 경간 중앙부 관리기준치로 적용되고 있는 도로교설계기준의 처짐 제한치가 포함하고 있는 파괴(항복)에 대한 실질적인 안전율을 추정해 보고자 실내구조실험을 통하여 일반 철근콘크리트 거더의 안전율을 추정하였다.