This study evaluated the effectiveness of odor reduction when spraying inside the Bio-curtain (hereinafter referred to as curtain) according to the exhaust fan operating rate. Spraying is a main factor affecting the ability to odor reduction of curtains. The curtain (total area: 37.9m3) was constructed with two layers of light-shielding screens stretched over a rectangular parallelepiped structure installed around an exhaust fan (630 mm) on the side wall of a pig barn. Air samples for odor analysis were collected from inside the pig barn and outside the curtain. The main odorous compounds such as volatile fatty acids, phenols, indoles, and ammonia were measured. The odor reduction effectiveness was evaluated by total odor activity values (TOAVs) summed to the odor activity values of each odorous compounds. Depending on the exhaust fan operating rate, the reduced rate of TOAVs gradually decreased to the range between 15.67% and 68.80%. Because the contact time between the spraying liquid and the air velocity of the exhaust fan becomes shorter (or there is a reduction in liquid to gas flow ratio) as the exhaust fan operating rate increases. The results of this study can be used as basic data for research into spraying conditions to improve the odor reduction effectiveness of curtains.

This study was conducted to reset the maximum residue limit (MRL) for didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) in broiler chickens. The disinfectant containing DDAC (10%, w/w) was diluted 160 times and evenly sprayed on the bodies of twenty-four broiler chickens at a rate of 15 mL per day per bird for 7 days. After the disinfectant treatment, tissue samples were collected from six broiler chickens at 0.25, 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively. Residual DDAC concentrations in poultry tissues were determined using LC-MS/MS. Correlation coefficient (0.99 >), the limits quantification (LOQ, 2.0~10.0 μg/kg), recoveries (86.9~118.6%), and coefficient of variations (<19.98%) were satisfied the validation criteria of Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. In all tissues except for liver, DDAC was detected more than LOQ at 5 days after the disinfectant treatment. In liver tissues, DDAC was detected more than LOQ at 3 days after treatment. According to the European Medicines Agency’s guideline on determination of withdrawal periods, withdrawal period of DDAC in poultry tissues was established to 26 days. In conclusion, the developed analytical method is sensitive and reliable for detecting DDAC in poultry tissues. When DDAC disinfectant is sprayed on a poultry house in the presence of broiler chickens, it is necessary to keep the disinfectant from contacting the body of the livestock.

YAG phosphor powders were fabricated by the atmospheric plasma spraying method with the spray-dried spherical YAG precursor. The YAG precursor slurry for the spray drying process was prepared by the PVA solution chemical processing utilizing a domestic easy-sintered aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powder as a seed. The homogenous and viscous slurry resulted in dense granules, not hollow or porous particles. The synthesized phosphor powders demonstrated a stable YAG phase, and excellent fluorescence properties of approximately 115% compared with commercial YAG:Ce3+ powder. The microstructure of the phosphor powder had a perfect spherical shape and an average particle s ize of a pprox imately 30 μm. As a r esult of t he PKG t est of t he YAG p hosphor p owder, t he s ynthesized phosphor powders exhibited an outstanding luminous intensity, and a peak wavelength was observed at 531 nm.

Because Scotinophara lurida has the habit of living under the rice plant, an introduction of a method for efficient control when spraying eco-friendly organic materials is needed. In this study, we investigated the density of S. lurida in drained- and irrigated-paddy field after spraying an organic material containing garlic bulb extracts, which has high insecticidal activity in S. lurida in direct spraying test in glass tube. As a result, an irrigated rice paddy showed a control effect of 66.4% after 3 days of spraying and 86.2% after 7 days, while a drained rice paddy showed a control effect of 33.9% after spraying and 61.9% after 7 days. These results suggest that effective control can be achieved in irrigated rice fields if organic farming materials are evenly sprayed and reach to the body of S. lurida. It is remained to study how irrigated water do contribute to increase the insecticidal effect in the future.

This study was carried out to determine the sprouting period of early and mid-season varieties, which includes ‘Atlantic’, ‘Chubaek’, and ‘Superior’, during the summer storage period in a semi-underground warehouse without cooling system. And also it was investigated the effect of chlorpropham [Propan-2-yl N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate, CIPC] treatment on the sprouting inhibition for the varieties. This study was conducted to figure out a sprout inhibitory effect when CIPC was applied to 1kg of the potato tubers at concentrations of 10 mg and 20 mg which are lower than the treatment concentrations of ca 30 mg prescribed by the positive list system (PLS). The internal temperature of the warehouse used in this experiment was lowered by 5°C or more than the outside temperature. The difference between the lowest and highest temperature during the experiment throughout the day was 5°C. It showed the effect of reducing to 1/2 of the difference in outdoor temperature. As for the sprouting of potatoes, the extremely early variety ‘Chubaek’ sprouts appeared at the 6th week of storage of control and it was the fastest sprouting potato among the control groups of the varieties. Sprouting began to appear in the Superior at the 6th week of storage, while the ‘Atlantic’ sprouted at the 8th week of storage. The appearance of sprouts was suppressed in all treatment groups of ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Superior’ varieties in CIPC treatments. Sprouts were observed in all treatment groups of ‘Chubaek’ after the 7th week, but the elongations of the sprouts in tubers were completely inhibited until the 8th week of storage. ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Superior’ seemed to have a sprouting inhibitory effect even with a low CIPC concentration of 10 mg·kg-1, with the exception of extremely early variety ‘Chubaek’ that breaks out of the dormancy quickly. Although weight loss occurred continuously during storage, it was minor loss of 0.7-1.6%. There was no consistent trend for changes of the loss in the varieties and CIPC treatments. Most common pathological disorder was the dry rot during the experiment, but only few were affected. The use of the tubers treated at 18°C and 90% RH for 10 days and the rack of refrigeration system which lead to lack of convection seemed to have suppressed the spread of pathogens.

본 연구에서는 소나무재선충의 매개충인 솔수염하늘소와 북방수염하늘소에 대하여 무인항공기 (무인헬리콥터)를 이용하여 스피네토람의 약효 및 약해를 조사하였다. 하늘소를 대상으로 등록된 펜토에이트 유제, 비펜트린 액상수화제, 하늘소를 제외한 딱정벌레가 대상인 에토펜프록 스 유제, 디플루벤주론 수화제와 나방류에 방제 약제로 등록된 인독사카브 수화제, 스피네토람 액상수화제 6종을 ULV기로 살포하여 솔수염하 늘소에 대한 섭식독과 접촉독을 확인한 후 선발하였다. ULV 시험 결과, 펜토에이트, 비펜트린, 인독사카브, 스피네토람의 33배, 55배 희석배수 액은 처리후 3일차에 접촉독과 섭식독에서 100% 살충율을 보였으나, 에토펜프록스는 7일차 접촉독 살충율 88.9%(33배), 88.9%(50배), 섭식독 살충율 93.4%(33배, 50배), 디플루벤주론은 7일차 접촉독 살충율 83.3%(33배), 섭식독 80.3%, 53.9%(50배)로 조금 낮은 살충률을 보였다. ULV 시험에서 선발된 가장 적합한 스피네토람의 33배액을 무인항공기로 살포하여 솔수염하늘소와 북방수염하늘소에 대한 감수성을 평가한 결 과, 98.6% - 100%의 살충율을 보였다. 그러나, 해당 약제의 매개충 방제에 적용하기 전에 항공 살포에 의한 꿀벌에 대한 위해성 평가가 필요할 것 으로 판단되었다.

The present trial verified the effects of spraying microbial agents on odor reduction in commercial pig farms of different operating sizes and barn types. Farms without microbial agent spraying and those sprayed with microbial agents at two different intervals were compared. The treatments included spraying of water alone every day or a mixture of water plus microbial agent at 24 and 72 h intervals. The experimental farms were divided according to size into 1,000-, 3,000-, and 5,000-head farms and according to barn type into gestation, farrowing, nursery, and grower-finisher farms. To compare odor concentration within each housing barn, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas levels were measured. The average concentrations of ammonia (p<0.01) and hydrogen sulfide (p<0.05) gas were the lowest in all types of farms sprayed with the microbial agent at a 24 h interval. In farms sprayed with the microbial agent at a 24 h interval, the decrease in ammonia concentration according to barn type was in the following order: farrowing (p<0.01) (11.0 to 1.8 ppm), nursery (p<0.05) (17.0 to 9.2 ppm), grower-finisher (15.3 to 8.8 ppm), and gestation (9.7 to 6.4 ppm) farms. Moreover, spraying the microbial agent at a 24 h interval significantly (p<0.01) decreased ammonia concentration from 19.9 to 10.4 ppm, from 11.1 to 4.1 ppm, and from 8.8 to 5.1 ppm in 5,000-, 3,000-, and 1,000-head farms, respectively. Overall, spraying microbial agents every day may be the most effective method to reduce odor in commercial pig farms.

Novel Ni- and Fe-based alloys are developed to impart improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The designed alloys are manufactured as a powder and deposited on a steel substrate using a high-velocity oxygen-fuel process. The coating layer demonstrates good corrosion resistance, and the thus-formed passive film is beneficial because of the Cr contained in the alloy system. Furthermore, during low-temperature heat treatment, factors that deteriorate the properties and which may arise during high-temperature heat treatment, are avoided. For the heattreated coating layers, the hardness increases by up to 32% and the corrosion resistance improves. The influence of the heat treatment is investigated through various methods and is considered to enhance the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the coating layer.

Pest control treatment was carried out using an unmanned automatic pesticide spraying system that can spray pesticides on crops while moving autonomously to control pests in vegetable greenhouse. As a result of examining the control effect on tomato and strawberry on thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) pests, 85.6% of yellow flower thrips were found in tomatoes and 87.5% in strawberries, and 81.7% (tomato) and 80.6% (strawberry) of greenhouse whitefly. In addition, the control effect according to the pesticide treatment method showed a control effect of 81.7% of the chemical spraying treatment by manpower and 83.9% of the automatic moving pesticide spraying treatment (F=22.1, p < 0.001). When comparing the control effect between the two treatment sections, there was no significance, but the automatic transfer spraying treatment showed a 2.2% higher effect. On the other hand, as a result of comparing the spraying time of the drug, the automatic unmanned control sprayer had a spraying time of 5 min/10a, which took about 25 min less than the conventional manpower spraying time of 25－30 min/10a. Based on these results, it was judged that the automatic transfer spraying method could be usefully used for efficient pest control in the facility greenhouse during the peak period of development.

A new Fe-Cr-Mo-B-C amorphous alloy is designed, which offers high mechanical strength, corrosion resistance as well as high glass-forming ability and its gas-atomized amorphous powder is deposited on an ASTM A213-T91 steel substrate using the high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) process. The hybrid coating layer, consisting of nanocrystalline and amorphous phases, exhibits strong bonding features with the substrate, without revealing significant pore formation. By the coating process, it is possible to obtain a dense structure in which pores are hardly observed not only inside the coating layer but also at the interface between the coating layer and the substrate. The coating layer exhibits good adhesive strength as well as good wear resistance, making it suitable for coating layers for biomass applications.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to develop the evaluation methodologies for spraying amount and sprayed condition of curing compound based on IoT technology when concrete pavements are constructed. METHODS : To measure the spraying amount of curing compound, a turbine type flowmeter was selected and a number of laboratory experiments were performed to verify the applicability of the selected sensor. To evaluate the uniformity of the sprayed curing compound on the concrete pavement surface, image process technologies were examined using pictures taken from the actual construction sites and from the test specimens. RESULTS : By performing experiments using water and curing compound, the selected flowmeter was verified to properly be applied to measure the spraying amount of curing compound with an acceptable accuracy. By conducting image processing using pictures of the sprayed curing compound on the concrete pavement surface, it was found that the 8 color analysis method was the best to evaluate the uniformity of the sprayed curing compound. CONCLUSIONS : From this study, it was concluded that the spraying amount of curing compound could be accurately measured using a turbine type flowmeter and the uniformity of the sprayed curing compound on the concrete pavement surface could be properly evaluated using an image processing technology.

살포식 패류양식해역인 진주만의 퇴적물 중 유기물과 금속의 분포 특성 및 오염상태를 파악하기 위하여 2015년 8월에 산휘 발성황화물(AVS), 강열감량(IL), 총유기탄소(TOC), 총질소(TN), 금속원소(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn)를 조사하였다. 퇴적물 중 유기물과 금속원소의 농도는 패류양식장이 밀집해 있는 만의 남쪽 해역에서 높고, 우리나라 남해안의 다른 해역과 비슷하거나 낮았다. C/N비(5.7~8.0)를 기초로, 진주만 퇴적물의 유기물은 해역 자체에서 생성된 해양기원성인 것으로 파악되었다. 퇴적물 오염평가 결과, 유기물(AVS, TOC)과 금속원소(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) 농도는 우리나라의 퇴적물 기준보다도 상당히 낮았다. 또한, 금속원소 전체 농도를 고려한 오염부하량지수(PLI)와 생태계위해도지수(ERI) 결과는 패류 양식장이 밀집해 있는 남쪽 해역에서 높은 오염도를 보이지만, 대부분의 해역에서 저서생물에 약간 부정적인 생태 영향을 줄 수 있는 오염 상태였다. 그러므로, 진주만 퇴적물은 현재 유기물에 대해 서는 오염되지 않았고, 금속원소에 있어서는 약간 오염된 상태인 것으로 파악되었다.

국내에 호박을 가해하는 두 과실파리는 Zeugodacus 속으로 분류된다. 호박꽃과실파리(Z. scutellata) 수컷은 큐루어(Cuelure)에 유인되어 포장에서 이 과실파리의 발생을 모니터링 하는 데 이용된다. 이에 반해, 호박과실파리(Z. depressa) 수컷을 유인하는 물질은 아직 알려지지 않았 다. 단백질 먹이 유인제가 대부분의 과실파리를 유인하게 되는데 여기에 terpinyl acetate (TA)를 추가하여 호박과실파리의 유인력을 높였다. 본 연구는 TA-단백질먹이 유인제를 이용하여 호박 재배지에서 호박과실파리의 연중 발생을 모니터링 하는 데 목적을 두었다. TA-단백질먹이 유인제의 효율성을 증명하기 위해 호박꽃과실파리를 대상으로 큐루어와 TA-단백질먹이 유인제를 이용하여 2019년 한 해 동안 발생을 모니터링하고 이 두 유인제로 얻어진 연중 모니터링 자료를 비교하였다. 두 유인제를 이용한 호박꽃과실파리의 연중 발생 패턴은 10월 하순을 제외하면 유사하였다. TA-단백질먹이 유인제는 10월 하순 시기에도 지속적인 호박꽃과실파리의 포획을 보였는데 이는 9월 하순 이후 호박꽃과실파리의 성충 휴면 유기에 따른 유인 행동 차이로 이해되고 있다. TA-단백질먹이 유인제를 이용한 호박과실파리의 연중 모니터링은 크게 두 개의 발생 최성기를 보여 하나는 7월 중순이고 다른 하나는 8～9월에 나타나며 포획된 개체들의 80% 이상이 암컷이었다. 이러한 TA-단백질먹이 유인제의 두 과실 파리류에 대한 유인 효과를 바탕으로 스피노사드(spinosad) 살충제를 가미한 수화제를 제조하고 호박 재배지에 살포하였다. 처리 7 일경과 후 약 70% 이상의 방제 효과를 기록하였다. 그러나 이 방제 효과는 처리 이후 기간이 경과하면서 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과는 TA-단 백질먹이 유인제를 이용하여 야외 호박 재배지에서 호박과실파리의 연중 모니터링이 가능하다는 것을 보여 주었다. 또한 스피노사드를 가미한 TA-단백질먹이 유살제가 이들 호박과실파리류 방제에 응용될 수 있다는 것을 제시하고 있다.