This study analyzed the changes in sodium content across different types of kimchi over various storage periods, distinguishing between solids and seasoning (liquid), to better estimate actual sodium intake and improve the food composition databases. Six types (baechu-kimchi, oi-sobagi, buchu-kimchi, baek-kimchi, dongchimi, and nabak-kimchi) were analyzed using ICP-AES. The results were compared with salinometer readings, food composition databases, and nutrition labels from commercial products. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test (=0.05). The findings showed that the seasoning had significantly higher sodium content than the solids and, except for baechu-kimchi and nabak-kimchi, accounted for more than 50% of the total sodium content. Sodium content varied across kimchi types and changed over storage time. Additionally, sodium content measured by ICP-AES significantly differed from those in the food composition databases and commercial nutrition labels, which often over or under-estimated values. Moreover, sodium content in commercial kimchi products exhibited up to a 581-fold difference between the minimum and maximum values. These results suggest that current databases and labeling systems, which do not distinguish between solids and seasoning, may misrepresent the actual sodium intake. Further research and regulatory measures are needed to improve sodium estimation and consumer guidance.

This study investigates the factors influencing the seed longevity of Quercus myrsinifolia, a species with recalcitrant seeds highly sensitive to desiccation and freezing. The effects of moisture content, seed collection date, and storage methods on seed viability were analyzed using exponential decay modeling. Interactions between these factors were also explored to refine conservation strategies. Seeds with moisture content above 40% demonstrated a predicted seed longevity of 2.19 years, whereas those with moisture content below 30% had seed longevity of less than 1 year. Late-season seeds collected in November and December exhibited superior germination percentages and longer predicted seed longevity (1.32 years) compared to early-season seeds collected in September and October (<1 year). In seed weight, large seeds (2.0 g) showed longer predicted seed longevity about 1.5 times greater than that of small seeds (<1.2g). Storage methods significantly affected seed longevity, with refrigerator (4°C) with silica gel maintaining viability for 2–3 years, while seeds stored at room temperature (25°C) exhibited a seed longevity of less than 1 year. Silica gel was found to prevent seed deterioration due to over-desiccation, emphasizing the importance of balanced moisture regulation. Q. myrsinifolia seeds exhibited 𝑏 values ranging from 0.30 to 2.04, demonstrating a close relationship between decay constant, moisture content, storage conditions, and seed longevity. These findings provide critical insights into optimizing seed storage and propagation strategies for Q. myrsinifolia, contributing to its conservation and ecological restoration efforts.

Carbon neutrality by 2050 was declared and are focusing on developing innovative energy technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Active investment and research are underway in the full-cycle development of hydrogen energy technologies, including hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and utilization, which is gaining attention as a promising future eco-friendly energy source. The storage density of liquid hydrogen is 70.79kg/m3, which is higher than the 41kg/m3 of compressed hydrogen at 700bar, making it more suitable for large-scale storage. To store hydrogen at 20K, insulation technologies such as vacuum insulation, powder insulation, or multi-layer insulation (MLI) are typically required. Consequently, there is active research being conducted on the design of insulation systems and materials. However, research on the design for improving the structural integrity of the supports between the inner and outer tanks remains insufficient. n this study, topology optimization was performed for the support design of a liquid hydrogen storage tank using commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software. The structural safety was validated through structural analysis of a simplified self-designed model.

대규모 하천의 수량(river storage) 변동으로 인해 발생하는 지각 변형을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) 기반의 지각 변위 자료와 GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) 인공위성 중력 자료, 그리고 WaterGAP 수리 모형 산출 자료를 종합적으로 분석하였다. 우리는 아마존 강 유역에 대해 수로에 집중되어 분포하는 하천 수량 변동을 선 형태의 하중으로 모형화하고, 이로부터 유발되는 지각의 탄성 변형을 계산해 GNSS 관측치와 비교하였다. 이를 통해, 이 지역에서 발생하는 계절적 지각 변위 중 하천 수량 변동에 기인하 는 성분을 선 하중 모형으로 성공적으로 설명할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 원격 탐사 자료를 활용해 대규 모 하천의 수량 변동을 추정할 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 이를 토대로 GRACE가 관측하는 육상 물 저장량(terrestrial water storage, TWS)에서 토양 수분이나 지하수 변동 등의 개별 요소를 분리 및 검증할 수 있는 방법론을 제시한다. 나아가, 본 연구에서 제안된 접근법은 기후 변화로 인한 수문학적 재해 예측과 수자원 관리 등 다양한 분야에서 더욱 정교한 해석과 활용을 가능하게 할 것으로 기대된다.

Globally, there is a concentrated effort to lead in alternative energy technologies. Among various eco-friendly energy sources and carbon-free fuels, hydrogen energy is gaining attention as a clean energy solution for future industries, as its only byproduct is water. There are two primary storage methods: compressing hydrogen gas at high pressure and storing it as a liquid. Research on insulation, including the structural design of multi-layer Insulation (MLI) and vapor-cooled shield (VCS), as well as the materials used for insulation, has been actively conducted. However, studies focused on improving the structural safety of the supports that sustain the structure between the inner and outer tanks have been limited. In this study, a thermal-structural coupled analysis technique for liquid hydrogen storage tanks was developed using commercial finite element analysis software for the design of support structures for liquid hydrogen storage tanks. Six analytical models were created based on varying the number and diameter of the supports with the constant total volume of the supports and a structurally safe support configuration was proposed.

As the pace of technological advances accelerates, the role of electrical energy storage has become increasingly important. Among various storage solutions, supercapacitors are garnering significant attention. Their unique attributes, including high power density, rapid charge/discharge capabilities, and extended lifecycle, position them as a promising alternative to conventional batteries. This study investigates the synthesis of a nickel oxide (NiO) and nickel oxide/graphene oxide (NiO/GO) composite using a single-step hydrothermal method, to evaluate their potential as supercapacitor electrode materials. The synthesized NiO, graphene oxide (GO), and NiO/GO composite were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy to analyze their crystal structures and chemical bonding. The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of an NiO phase with a rhombohedral crystal structure, and no change after GO incorporation. SEM analysis revealed the formation of spherical NiO particles and porous morphology of the NiO/GO composite, which also exhibited a spherical shape. The GO displayed a randomly arranged wrinkled sheet-like structure. Electrochemical analysis of the NiO/GO composite exhibited a remarkable specific capacitance of 893 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1, surpassing that of NiO and GO alone, demonstrating NiO/GO has promising performance for supercapacitor applications. The charge transfer resistance, derived from the Nyquist plot, suggests that the reduction in charge transfer resistance contributed significantly to the improved capacitance. Additional stability studies of over 5,000 cycles at 5 A g-1 revealed an 85 % initial capacitance retention, confirming the advantages of GO inclusion to improve material retention for superior long-term performance. The asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) assembled using an electrode with the configuration NiO/GO//activated carbon (AC) showed a specific capacitance of 77.8 F g-1 obtained at a current density of 0.5 A g-1.

To understand effects of the compositions of marine macrobenthic communities on carbon storage in subtidal rocky habitat, a diving survey was conducted at Aewol and Biyangdo stations in the northwestern regions of Jeju Island in the summer of 2023. Cluster analysis revealed no significant differences in community composition between the two stations. The mean biomass of the dominant species was Cnidaria (2,047.4 gwwt m-2) of macroinvertebrate, followed by Rhodophyta (745.4 gwwt m-2) of seaweed in studied areas. According to similarity percentage analysis, Alveopora japonica and Ecklonia cava were major contributors to the communities in Aewol, whereas diverse marine organisms, including these two species, contributed to the community in Biyangdo. The estimated mean carbon storage by benthic communities derived from their carbon contents in surveyed areas was 202.7 gC m-2, with variations reflecting differences in community compositions. The biomass of Cnidaria, dominated by A. japonica, showed a positive correlation with carbon storage, whereas the biomass of Rhodophyta, primarily composed of coralline algae, showed a negative correlation. These variations in carbon storage among marine communities may result from species-specific carbon assimilation patterns, survival strategies, marine carbon cycling, and intra-community interactions such as competition and feeding.

Cold-pressed rapeseed oil (CPRO) is a rich source of bioactive components, but it is more susceptible to deterioration due to absence of chemical refining. Proper storage conditions are essential to maintain oil quality. This study evaluated the quality properties of seed-stored oil (SSO) and oil-stored oil (OSO) under various storage conditions. Both the seeds and the CPRO obtained from the ‘Jungmo7001’ and ‘Yuryeo’ varieties were stored for 24 months at 4℃, 25℃, and ambient temperature (AT). After 24 months, the acid value (AV) at 4℃ was lower than at 25℃ and AT. Additionally, the AV increased by 3.0-fold in SSO and 1.9-fold in OSO at AT compared to initial storage levels. OSO was found to be relatively more stable against oxidation than SSO. The canolol content in SSO increased with both storage temperature and period, but this was not observed in OSO. However, no changes in fatty acid composition or tocopherol content were noted based on the storage conditions, indicating that these properties remained relatively stable during storage. These results provide foundational data for the stable distribution of CPRO.

This study evaluated the feasibility of integrating the carbon storage of grasslands in Gangwon province into the InVEST carbon storage and sequestration model using large-scale digital land cover maps. Land cover maps from 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010, obtained from the Environmental Geographic Information Service, were analyzed, with 28 maps examined for each year. Grassland carbon storage in Gangwon province was estimated through the InVEST software. The findings indicated that the grassland area showed an increase in 1990, followed by a declining trend, contrasting with the continuous reduction observed in actual managed grassland areas. Discrepancies between mapped and managed grassland areas were attributed to the classification criteria of the land cover maps, which included non-forage land uses such as golf courses, ski resorts, and green spaces, resulting in overestimations of grassland areas. To enhance accuracy, the adoption of land cover maps with refined grassland classification criteria is necessary. Accurate representation of grassland areas in land cover maps is critical for reliable estimation of grassland carbon storage using the InVEST software.

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of Flammulina velutipesduring storage using modified atmosphere films of different thicknesses (20, 40, and 60 μm). The films included high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). F. velutipeswere stored at 1°C for six weeks, and quality was assessed based on weight loss, respiration rate, firmness, color parameters, β-glucan content, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] radical scavenging activities). All HDPE and LDPE films were more effective than the conventional film (polypropylene) at maintaining mushroom quality, particularly in the later stages of storage. In particular, LDPE films with thicknesses of 20 and 40 μm showed superior performance at reducing respiration rates and weight loss, while mushrooms packaged with these films retained higher TPC and antioxidant activities. The β-glucan content also remained more stable in mushrooms stored using HDPE and LDPE films. Although we did not evaluate changes in sensory properties or nutritional components, such as vitamins, our results suggest that the type and thickness of packaging films significantly influence the preservation of the quality of F. velutipesduring storage. Additionally, LDPE films with thicknesses of 20 and 40 μm were found to be the most suitable packaging materials for the distribution and storage of F. velutipes. Furthermore, these findings are expected to provide valuable insights into the selection of optimal packaging materials to extend the shelf life and maintain freshness during the postharvest handlingof F. velutipes.

Flammulina velutipesis highly valued and widely consumed because of its nutritional and functional benefits, and its global demand is steadily increasing. However, rapid quality deterioration and short shelf life create an urgent need for effective preservation and advanced quality assessment of Flammulina velutipes. The aim of this review was to identify methods that reduce postharvest quality loss, extend shelf life, and optimize storage and distribution practices for Flammulina velutipes. Chemical treatments (including antioxidants, 1-methylcyclopropene, and edible coatings), low-temperature plasma, and innovative nanocomposite-based packaging have been effective in maintaining Flammulina velutipesquality after harvest. Nevertheless, further discussions on the economic feasibility, safety, and sustainability of these technologies are essential for their practical and industrial applications in Flammulina velutipespreservation.

This study aims to analyze the forest fire risk in the Gangwon region using FlamMap, a fire behavior prediction software. The research focuses on the large-scale wildfire that occurred in Gangneung on April 11, 2023. By comparing the actual fire spread data with the simulation results, the accuracy of the FlamMap model was evaluated. The actual fire exhibited a flame length of 5 to 10 meters, with a maximum of 15 meters, while the simulation predicted a range of 3.35 to 6.10 meters. The rate of spread in the actual fire reached up to 40 meters per minute, whereas the simulation forecasted a maximum of 27 meters per minute. Fireline intensity during the first 180 minutes reached 50,000 kW/m in the actual fire, while the simulation results varied between 3,500 and 25,000 kW/m, with some sections reaching up to 50,000 kW/m. Additionally, the actual fire reached nearby residential areas within 3 hours, while the simulation estimated a time range of 503 to 720 minutes. These discrepancies highlight the need for incorporating dynamic weather data and region-specific fuel conditions in future simulations for more accurate fire predictions. The findings suggest that improvements in the simulation process could enhance fire prevention and response strategies in forest fire-prone regions like Gangwon.

The recent surge in energy consumption has sharply increased the use of fossil fuels, leading to a steep rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Interest in hydrogen is growing to mitigate the issue of global warming. Currently, hydrogen energy is transported in the form of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, which has the disadvantages of low safety and energy efficiency. To develop commercial hydrogen vehicles, liquid hydrogen should be utilized. Liquid hydrogen storage tanks have supports between the inner and outer cylinders to bear the weight of the cylinders and the liquid hydrogen. However, research on the design to improve the structural safety of these supports is still insufficient. In this study, through a thermal-structural coupled analysis of liquid hydrogen storage tanks, the model with three supports, which had the lowest maximum effective stress in the outer tank, inner tank, and supports as proposed in the author's previous research, was used to create analysis models based on the diameter of the supports. A structurally safe design for the supports was proposed.

In this paper, we developed a thermoelectric storage container that maintains whole blood temperature and studied its characteristics. Using a temperature sensor, we compared the internal temperature with the set temperature in real time and maintained the temperature between 1 and 6°C. In addition, we installed insulation inside the container and used a lithium-ion battery to power the system to ensure a stable whole blood temperature even during long-distance transportation. Instead of a blood pack, a 350-g water bottle was used and the experiment was conducted at an ambient temperature of 25°C. After cooling for 10 minutes, the internal temperature of the container reached 6°C and the battery operated for 60 minutes. In the future, if we improve the thickness and thermal conductivity of the insulation installed in the thermoelectric storage container and utilize phase change materials as a supplement, we will be able to transport more diverse blood products and special reagents stably.