In this study, we investigated the microbial community of oyster mushrooms at different growth stages at the species level. Gram-positive bacteria were predominant in the presterilized medium. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria were predominant in the culture-completed medium, post-harvest medium, and fruiting bodies. In addition, Pseudomonas tolaasii, which is known to cause disease in mushrooms, was confirmed in the cultured medium, post-harvest medium, and fruiting bodies, and it was determined that the mycelium culture stage was contaminated, and the reason why no disease occurred was Sphingobacterium psychroaquaticum. It was confirmed that this was because the growth of Pseudomonas tolaasii was suppressed by producing a component called tolacin. As a result of confirming the diversity of microorganisms, it was confirmed that the presterilization medium contains a variety of microorganisms compared to other growth stages, and the diversity decreases in the order of culture completion medium, fruiting body, and post-harvest medium. showed a trend. As a result of microbial similarity analysis, it was confirmed that the cultured medium and the post-harvest medium showed similar microbial communities, and in the case of fruiting bodies, there were some similarities but overall differences.

This study analyzed the effects of different nitrogen sources in substrate composition on the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, as well as the subsequent changes in flavor and antioxidant activity. The T2, composed of poplar sawdust, beet pulp, cotton seed dregs, and cotton seed coat in a ratio of 40:20:20:20, exhibited the highest yield at 156.6 g. The total polyphenol content and ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were 8.25 mg GAE/g, 70%, and 49%, respectively, showing higher radical scavenging activity compared to the Control and T1. Additionally, varying nitrogen content resulted in distinct aroma patterns and is presumed to influence taste profiles such as sourness, umami, and saltiness.

For sustainable livestock industry, black soldier fly as eco-friendly animal protein source is spotlighted for swine and poultry. However, most of black soldier fly is reared in dirty condition like food waste. In this study, we investigated the effects of fiber level on the growth performance and nutrient composition of black soldier fly reared in specific substrate. Treatments were divided in two as Low (fiber level: 7.1%), and High (fiber level: 14.2%) with a total of 50,000 eggs each. The rearing box had a dimension with 1064 × 507 × 320 cm (length × width × height). Black soldier fly survival rate (72.24 vs. 76.48) and substrate consumption (77.43 vs. 80.37) were greater in High than Low. However, bioconversion (10.59 vs. 9.80) and protein conversion (8.97 vs. 8.00) were increased in Low than High. Gross energy was higher in High compared with Low (4,133 vs. 4,208). Some of essential amino acid (Isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan) were significantly higher in High compared with Low, and non-essential amino acid (alanine, aspartate, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine) were higher in High compared with Low. Acids such as C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, and C20:1 were higher in High compared with Low, while C18:4 was higher in Low compared with High. As a result, black soldier fly reared in high fiber substrate might be a preferred option for rearing and producing a reliable animal protein source for monogastric animal.

갈색거저리 유충의 사료인 밀기울은 대부분 수입에 의존하고 있는데 일부 국가의 식량 수출 중단 조치 등에 따른 국제 곡물가격 상승으로 밀기울 가격은 인상되고, 식용곤충 판매가격이 하락하면서 생산비 절감을 위한 사료 개발이 요구되고 있다. 농업부산물 3종을 50% 이상 급이하게 되면 유충 생육이 저하되었기 때문에 본 연구는 적정한 배합비율을 선정하기 위해 첨가사료 20, 30% 함량으로 밀기울과 혼합하여 사료를 급이하였을 때 갈색거 저리 유충의 생육 특성과 영양성분 변화에 대해 밀기울만 제공한 대조구와 비교하였다. 부산물 A와 B, C를 각각 30% 함유한 처리구에서 갈색거저리 유충 무게는 대조구와 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 먹이소화율은 부산물B를 20% 함유한 처리구가 80.5%로 대조구에 비해 높았고, 부산물C 30% 처리구에서 72.6%로 가장 낮았다. 갈색거저 리 유충의 생육일수 100일 기준으로 부산물B 30% 처리구에서 용화율이 76.1%로 대조구보다 1.6배 높았으며, 부산물A 20% 처리구는 29.2%로 용화율이 가장 낮았다. 갈색거저리 유충의 조단백질 함량은 부산물 C 30% 처리 구에서 대조구보다 10.3% 증가하여 아미노산 분석을 진행한 결과 sarcosine과 ornithine이 2.5배 이상 증가하였다. 이를 통해 부산물 B나 C를 30% 함유한 사료를 급이하였을 때 사육 원가를 절감하여 유충을 생산할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) has been used as a representative transparent conductive oxide (TCO) in various optoelectronic applications, including light emitting diodes, solar cells, photo-detectors, and electrochromic devices. The FTO plays an important role in providing electron transfer between active layers and external circuits while maintaining high transmittance in the devices. Herein, we report the effects of substrate rotation speed on the electrical and optical properties of FTO films during ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition (USPD). The substrate rotation speeds were adjusted to 2, 6, 10, and 14 rpm. As the substrate rotation speed increased from 2 to 14 rpm, the FTO films exhibited different film morphologies, including crystallite size, surface roughness, crystal texture, and film thickness. This FTO film engineering can be attributed to the variable nucleation and growth behaviors of FTO crystallites according to substrate rotation speeds during USPD. Among the FTO films with different substrate rotation speeds, the FTO film fabricated at 6 rpm showed the best optimized TCO characteristics when considering both electrical (sheet resistance of 13.73 Ω/□) and optical (average transmittance of 86.76 % at 400~700 nm) properties with a figure of merit (0.018 Ω-1).

본 연구는 토양 용토, 호르몬 종류 및 농도, 잎의 모양 차이 에 따른 넓은산꼬리풀의 삽목 발근을 확인하기 위하여 수행되 었다. 토양 용토는 단일 원예용상토와 녹소토 그리고 원예용 상토:녹소토(1:1) 혼합용토를 사용하였다. 호르몬 종류는 IBA 와 NAA를 사용했으며 각각 무처리, 100, 500, 1000㎎·L-1를 처리했다. 잎의 모양은 잎 두매가 온전하게 달린 삽수, 잎 두 매를 반으로 자른 삽수 그리고 잎 한매를 반으로 자른 삽수를 조제하여 사용했다. 용토에 따른 발근은 녹소토를 단일로 사 용한 처리에서 가장 우수하게 나타났으며 원예용상토를 단일 로 사용한 처리에서 발근이 저조하였다. 호르몬에 따른 발근 은 IBA와 NAA에 따라 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 생물의 biomass를 나타내는 건물중이 NAA 보다 IBA에서 높게 나 타난 것으로 보아 IBA가 더 효과적인 것으로 판단된다. 잎 모 양에 따른 발근은 잎 한장을 반으로 자른 삽수가 가장 높은 생육이 나타났으며 온전한 잎 두장이 붙어있는 처리는 생육이 가장 낮게 나타난 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 넓은산꼬리 풀은 삽목시 반으로 잘린 잎이 한장만 붙어있는 삽수를 저농 도의 IBA에 침지 후 녹소토에 꽂는 것이 삽목에 효과적일 것 으로 보여 진다.

To determine the cause of the population decline in Gobiobotia naktongensis, substrate preference and burying behaviour were investigated in this study. In general, the species was shown to prefer a substrate size of 1 mm or less, depending on the flow. In addition, the burying depth varied according to the size of the fish and increased with a decrease in water temperature. Our findings showed that the main cause of the population reduction was the physical changes in the substrate structure due to the dams or barrages construction. Notably, the accumulation of silt and mud in the substrate upon the formation of an upstream lentic water region for structural construction and bed armouring caused by scouring and reduced downstream inflow of fine sediment were deterministic in the fish habitat changes, causing problems in burying. As sand substrate structure is critical for the survival and inhabitation of psammophilous species, efficient strategies should be developed with proper habitat management to reduce the anthropogenic damage

We used Brewster’sLaw to examine the mechanism of liquid crystal(LC) alignment on anorganic insulation layer when subjected to ion-beam irradiation. Brewster’s Law implies that the maximum rate polarized ray on a slanted insulation layers on the substrate and it illustrates the dependence of polarization and the mechanical structure on the ionbeam irradiation process. The pretilt angle of nematic LCs on the organic insulation surface was about 1.13° for an ionbeam exposure of 45° for 1minute at 1800eV. This shows the dependence of LC alignment on the polarization ratio in a slanted organic insulation layer.

Transparent conductive tungsten (W) doped indium oxide (In2O3; IWO) films were deposited at different substrate bias voltage (-Vb) conditions at room temperature on glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and the influence of the substrate bias voltage on the optical and electrical properties was investigated. As the substrate bias voltage increased to -350 Vb, the IWO films showed a lower resistivity of 2.06 × 10-4 Ωcm. The lowest resistivity observed for the film deposited at -350 Vb could be attributed to its higher mobility, of 31.8 cm2/Vs compared with that (6.2 cm2/Vs) of the films deposited without a substrate bias voltage (0 Vb). The highest visible transmittance of 84.1 % was also observed for the films deposited at the -350 Vb condition. The X-ray diffraction observation indicated the IWO films deposited without substrate bias voltage were amorphous phase without any diffraction peaks, while the films deposited with bias voltage were polycrystalline with a low In2O3 (222) diffraction peak and relatively high intensity (431) and (046) diffraction peaks. From the observed visible transmittance and electrical properties, it is concluded that the opto-electrical performance of the polycrystalline IWO film deposited by RF magnetron sputtering can be enhanced with effective substrate bias voltage conditions.

The objective of this study was to achieve biological control of green mold disease in Pyogo mushrooms using antagonistic microorganisms. Bacillus subtilis BSM320 cells inhibited mycelial growth by 48–60% against three Trichodermaisolates including T. hazianumisolated from the substrates of Lentinula edodes, showing their antifungal activity.The bacteria were cultured to a high density of 4.2 x 109±113.7 cfu/mlin aqueous extract of composted spent mushroom substrates of L. edodes containing 1% glucose and showed a higher growth rate than that observed when using the commercial medium, Luria-Bertani broth. The bacterial culture showed a 75% protective effect without damaging the mushroom fruiting bodies. These results suggest that B. subtilis BSM320culture is suitable for biological control of green mold disease during mushroom cultivation.

We conducted an on-site application study at the livestock cooperative fertilizer plant to compare the composting period, temperature change, moisture content, and chemical properties between livestock manure compost using sawdust as a moisture regulator with those using spent oyster mushroom substrate. The composting period, moisture content, and fertilizer composition of compost containing spent oyster mushroom substrate did not differ from that of conventional compost mixed with sawdust after the first and second fermentation and post-maturation stages, it was suitable as a material for manufacturing livestock manure compost. The spent oyster mushroom substrate also lower the production cost of livestock manure compost by replacing the more expensive sawdust. The developed technology is expected to contribute towards the utilization of by-products of the oyster mushroom harvest while simultaneously producing high quality livestock manure compost.

Graphene exhibits high carrier mobility and concentration as well as other remarkable properties. Among them, the thermal behaviors of phonon modes play important roles in the application of optical and electronic devices. Here, A–A stacked graphene were proved well by Raman investigation on G and 2D modes. Temperature-dependent Raman scattering measurements on graphene with various number of layers on different substrates were conducted in the temperature range of 80–460 K. The first-order temperature coefficient of single layer graphene (SLG) on SiO2/ Si substrate is obviously smaller than that on Cu foil, indicating that the substrate effect attributes a great impact on graphene phonon temperature dependence. The first-order temperature coefficients of multilayer graphene linearly decrease as the number of layers increases, attributed to the reduction of substrate effect in phonon behaviors, rather than to the anharmonic phonon–phonon (ph–ph) coupling or thermal expansion.

3Y-TZP (3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals) ceramics have excellent mechanical properties including high fracture toughness, good abrasion resistance as well as chemical and biological stability. As a result, they are widely used in mechanical and medical components such as bearings, grinding balls, and hip implants. In addition, they provide excellent light transmittance, biocompatibility, and can match tooth color when used as a dental implant. Recently, given the materials’ resemblance to human teeth, these ceramics have emerged as an alternative to titanium implants. Since the introduction of CAD/CAM in the manufacture of ceramic implants, they’ve been increasingly used for prosthetic restoration where aesthetics and strength are required. In this study, to improve the surface roughness of zirconia implants, we modified the 3YTZP surface with a biocomposite of hydroxyapatite and forsterite using room temperature spray coating methods, and investigated the mixed effect of the two powders on the evolution of surface microstructure, i.e., coating thickness and roughness, and biological interaction during the in vitro test in SBF solution. We compared improvement in bioactivity by observing dissolution and re-precipitation on the specimen surface. From the results of in vitro testing in SBF solution, we confirmed improvement in the bioactivity of the 3Y-TZP substrate after surface modification with a biocomposite of hydroxyapatite and forsterite. Surface dissolution of the coating layer and the precipitation of new hydroxyapatite particles was observed on the modified surface, indicating the improvement in bioactivity of the zirconia substrate.

This study aims to select eggplant cultivars adaptive to the hot temperature period greenhouse climate by water consumption, and growth performance of plants and fruits of different European eggplant cultivars, including ‘Bartok (BA)’, ‘Bowie (BO)’, ‘Black Pearl (BP)’, ‘Ishbilia (I)’, ‘Mabel (M)’, ‘Vestale (VE)’ and ‘Velia (VL)’, in substrate hydroponic cultivation under hot and humid greenhouse conditions. On the 118 DAT, the leaf number and stem dry weight were highest in ‘VL’, followed by ‘M’, and there was no significant difference in leaf dry weight among cultivars. The marketable fruit number per plant was 16.4 for ‘M’, which was higher than other cultivars, and ‘VE’ and ‘VL’ were 8.5 and 8.8, respectively. The weight per fruit was low for ‘M’ at 136 g, and the highest in ‘VE’ and ‘VL’ at 332 and 281 g, respectively. There was no significant difference in fruit production per plant. In this study, ‘M’, which has high water use efficiency and a large number of fruits, and ‘VL’, which required less quantity to water consumption for producing 200 g of fruit and had a high product weight, will have excellent adaptability in the UAE greenhouse condition.

Because magnets fabricated using Nd-Fe-B exhibit excellent magnetic properties, this novel material is used in various high-tech industries. However, because of the brittleness and low formability of Nd-Fe-B magnets, the design freedom of shapes for improving the performance is limited based on conventional tooling and postprocessing. Laserpowder bed fusion (L-PBF), the most famous additive manufacturing (AM) technique, has recently emerged as a novel process for producing geometrically complex shapes of Nd-Fe-B parts owing to its high precision and good spatial resolution. However, because of the repeated thermal shock applied to the materials during L-PBF, it is difficult to fabricate a dense Nd-Fe-B magnet. In this study, a high-density (>96%) Nd-Fe-B magnet is successfully fabricated by minimizing the thermal residual stress caused by substrate heating during L-PBF.

본 연구는 칼랑코에(Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) ‘Discodip’ 의 출하 후 토양수분이 분화품질 및 수명에 미치는 형태적·생리적 영향을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 분화 토양수분 처리는 고습(80% 이상)과 저습(40% 이하)으로 하였고, 분화수명, 분 화수명 종료 증상과 형태적 요인인 지상부와 지하부 생체중 및 건물중, 개화된 꽃 수, 출하 시 대비 개화율을 조사하였고, 생리적 요인은 잎의 엽록소함량 및 엽록소형광(Fv/Fm), 기공크 기 변화율을 분석하였다. 분화수명은 토양 고습 처리구(28.3 일)가 토양 저습 처리구(27.4일)보다 0.9일 높았으나 유의차 는 없었다. 분화수명 종료시점인 출하 4주 후 지하부 생체중 과 건물중, 개화된 꽃 수, 출하 대비 개화율은 토양 고습 처리 구에서 저습 처리구보다 높았다. 잎의 엽록소함량 및 엽록소 형광, 기공크기 변화율은 출하 4주 후 토양 고습 처리구에서 저습 처리구보다 수치적으로 높았으나 유의차는 없었다. 따라 서 출하 후 토양 수분에 따라 분화 칼랑코에의 품질이 시간이 경과될수록 차이가 났으며, 토양수분이 칼랑코에의 분화 품질 에 미치는 중요한 요인이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.