This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of replacing imported Timothy hay (TH) with domestic Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) as a horse feed considering feed quality, nutrient digestibility and feed price. Two experimental diets (TH and IRGS) were fed to six-headed Thoroughbred (body weight, 475.7±33.3kg) of the Korea Racing Authority of Wondang Stud Farm. The 3 head animals were assigned to Control group (TH) and Treatment group (IRGS), respectively. The nutrient digestibility was determined by the total collection method. IRGS is enough for using as a horse feed because its Relative feed value(RFV) was higher than TH and its fermentation quality is suitable for horses. Although no difference was observed in nutrient digestibility, Total digestible nutrients(TDN), and Digestible energy(DE) between Control and Treatment group (p>0.05), the fact that price of IRGS was much lower (53.7~62.4%) than that of TH indicates IRGS has competitive advantage over TH as a horse forage feed. The present study indicates that IRGS can be fully replaced with TH due to its superior economic value even though the similarity of its nutrient digestibility, TDN, and DE to TH.

본 연구는 티모시 건초와 농후 사료 위주의 사료를 급여한 한우 씨수소 정소상체 정자 체외수정 효율 조사를 통해 정자의 활용 가능성을 조사하였다. 농후 사료는 체중의 1.8%를 급여하고 양질의 티모시 건초를 자유채식 시킨 14개월령 거세우의 정소에서 분리된 정소상체 미부의 정자를 회수하고 동결 흉해 후 체외수정을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 웅성전핵과 자성전핵이 형성(2PN)된 난자는 정상수정으로, 1개의 전핵(1PN), Expanded Sperm Head (ESH), Polyspermy 형태는 비정상적인 수정의 형태로 평가하였다. 정상적으로 수정된 난자의 비율은 정소상체 정자의 경우 전체 침투율은 49.7% 그리고 정상적인 2PN을 가진 난자는 18.5%를 보였으며, 대조구 정자의 전체 침투율은 54.4%로서 정소상체 정자 보다 높은 결과를 보였으나 유의적인 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 정상적으로 2PN을 형성한 비율은 36.7%로서 정소상체 정자를 이용한 정자 보다 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 체외수정 후 발달률 조사에서 정소 상체 정자의 분할률은 81.2%, 대조구 정자는 82.7%로 유사한 결과를 보였으나, 배반포 발달률은 정소상체 정자 24.4%와 대조구 정자 12.2%로 정소상체 정자를 사용한 난자의 발달에서는 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05).

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of injection application of pig slurry on ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from timothy (Phleum pretense L.) sward. The three treatments were applied: 1) only water as a control, 2) pig slurry application by broadcasting, 3) pig slurry application by injection. The pig slurry was applied at a rate of 200 kg N ha-1. Total NH3 and N2O emission, expressed as a cumulative amount throughout the measurement time (40 days), was 2.68 kg NH3-N ha-1 and 6.58 g N2O-N ha-1, respectively, in the control. The injection application of pig slurry decreased total NH3 and N2O emission by 39.8% and 33.3%, respectively, compared to broadcasting application of pig slurry. The present study clearly showed that injection application exhibited positive roles in reducing N losses through NH3 and N2O emission.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and urease inhibitor hydroquinone (HQ) on ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from pig slurry applied to Timothy (Phleum pretense L.) sward. The daily emission of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) was monitored for 9 days in three different treatments; 1) control (only pig slurry application), 2) DCD treatment (pig slurry + DCD), and 3) HQ treatment (pig slurry + HQ). Most NH3 emission occurred after 4~5 days in three treatments. Total NH3 emission, expressed as a cumulative amount throughout the measurement time, was 1.33 kg N ha 1 in the control. The DCD and HQ treatment decreased total NH3 emission by 16.3% and 25.1%, respectively, compared to the control. Total N2O emission in the control was 47.1 g N ha 1. The DCD and HQ treatment resulted in a reduction of 67.9% and 41.8% in total N2O emission, respectively, compared to the control. The present study clearly indicated that nitrification and urease inhibitor exhibited positive roles in reducing N losses through NH3 and N2O emission.

『The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal』에 기고했던 재중 선교사 티모티 리차드, 존 로스, 및 D. Z. 셰필드의 글들은 19세기에 맺어진 서구열강과 중국 간의 조약들, 그 조약에 포함된 선교적 권리들, 그리고 선교사의 향후 태도에 대하여 서로 다른 견해를 보여준다. 리차드는, ‘조약권리’ 중 기독교 선교와 관련된 항목들이 본국 외교부와 중국 관료들에 의해 이행되지 않으면서 더 많은 중국 신자들의 박해가 일어나고 선교에 큰 장애가 되어왔다고 간주하여, 동 권리의 이행 및 법 개정을 위한 외교부의 노력을 주장하였다. 그는 ‘신자들의 종교자유권’, ‘선교사의 내지거주권’, 그리고 박해자의 처벌을 포함하는 ‘신자 및 선교사 보호권’을 강력히 요구하였다. 그의 주장은 선교현장에서 ‘선교의 자유’를 충분히 얻지 못하고 있던 개신교 선교사공동체의 내적인 딜레마를 잘 보여주고 있지만, 또한 그의 제국주의적 서구의 중국침탈에 대한 인식의 결여를 잘 보여준다. 로스는, 선교사들이 서구열강의 억압으로 쥐어짜낸 ‘조약권리’에서 나오는 선교적 권리를 포기하고, 신자들과 비신자간에 일어난 분쟁을 해결하기 위하여 공사관의 권력에 의지하지 말며, 극단적인 박해사건에 개입하되 관리들과의 ‘직접적인 대화’를 통하여 ‘우호적인 방식’으로 문제를 해결할 것을 제안하였다. 그의 견해는 서구 제국주의의 본질을 통찰하고 중국인들의 입장을 고려하고자 하는 것이다. 그 역시 텐진조약이 가져다 준 북부항구의 개방이라는 외교적 조건 안에서 기독교 선교를 수행하는 한계를 안고 있었지만, 선교적 문제해결에서 ‘가장 덜 제국주의적인 방식’의 해결을 제안하였다. 이와 달리, 셰필드는, 기독교선교와 문명의 전파를 위하여 서구국가가 역할을 해야 한다고 역설하였다. 기독교신앙과 진보정신 그리고 우월한 인종을 보유한 서구기독교국가의 선교는 독자적인 가치를 지니며 서구국가들 및 중국의 보호를 받을 만하다고 보았다. 기독교 선교의 방법으로써 말(word)과 힘(power)을 제안하는 셰필드의 견해는 매우 가부장적이며, 나아가 서구제국주의에 대한 무비판적인 태도를 보여준다. 리차드, 로스, 그리고 셰필드는 청말의 동시대에 중국선교사로 일하였지만, 중국의 조약법 및 기독교선교를 위한 조약법의 이행에 대하여 매우 다른 견해를 가졌음을 보여준다.

티모시의 4가지 품종을 이용하여 성숙종자로 부터 캘러스 유도 및 식물체 재분화 효율을 조사하였다. 4주 동안 배양한 종자로부터 캘러스 유도율은 Colt, Chair, Richmond, Hokuo 순으로 캘러스 유도율을 보였고, 식물체로의 재분화 또한 캘러스 유도율과 같은 Colt > Chair > Richmond > Hokuo 순으로 나타났다. 기본 배지의 종류에 따른 배양 효율의 차이는 품종별 차이는 있으나 MS 배지가, 식물체 재분화는 N6 배지와

Beef marbling is known as one of the most important beef-quality traits in Korea. It is likely that marbling derived from fatty acids, mainly propionate, is mediated by rumen. Recently micro-agents were studied to enhance marbling, although many parts of that were digested in rumen. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen candidate materials to effect on beef quality with in vitro ruminal incubation. The materials such as saponin, chitosan, Zn compounds (4), vitamin C sources (2), Korean herb cocktail and garlic sources (2) were added to rumen fluid to 1.25% of substrate volume at 0 and 24 h incubation time. Total gas production in intact vitamin C source increased but that in all Zn compounds decreased (P＜0.05). Total gas production in Zn sulfate compound less decreased than in other Zn sources. Propionate in Zn sulfate increased than the other candidate compounds at all incubation time (P＜0.05). Experiment two was conducted to clarified effect of additives such as vitamin C sources (2), garlic lyophilized, Korea herb cocktail and Zn sulfate were supplemented with 2.5% volume at the 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h incubation time. Total gas in Zn sulfate was lower than any other treatments. Propionate in garlic, herb and Zn sulfate appeared to be lower than control and vitamin C sources at all incubation time, although significant difference was not observed in total VFA among control and all treatment. This study suggested that micro-agent might be used to improve beef quality with minute level.

The objective of this study was evaluated the influences of the nitrogen fertilization level on timothy silage fermentation quality, nutritive value, and nutrient intake. In both the first and second crops, high level nitrogen fertilization (H) led to a lower WSC content and higher CP content than standard nitrogen fertilization (S). The silage fermentation quality was good in the presence of a Lactobacillus inoculant (SI and HI) than uninoculant (SC and HC). In the first crop silage, the TDN content and intake were significantly higher (P＜0.01) for HI than for SI. In the second silage, the DM, DE, and TDN intakes did not significantly differ among the 4 treatments.

티모시의 colt 품종을 이용하여 최적 조직배양조건을 확립하기 위하여 성숙종자를 배양함에 있어 첨가되어지는 식물 생장조절 물질의종류와 농도가 배발생 캘러스 유도 및 식물체재분화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 배발생 캘러스 유도시 첨가되는 2,4-D는 3 mg/L 첨가 구에서 78%로 캘러스 유도율이 가장 높았으며, 3 mg/L 2,4-D와 0.1 mg/L의 BA를 첨가하여 배양했을 때 형성된 캘러스는 조직적으로 치밀하며 유백색의 배발생 캘러스가 가장 많이

이종경(축산기술연구소) 정종원(축산기술연구소) 김맹중(축산기술연구소) 임영철(축산기술연구소) 나기준(축산기술연구소) 김영근(축산기술연구소) 정재록(공주대학교) 이성철(우석대학교)

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of legume reseeding on legume establishment, dry matter yield, quality and botanical composition of grasses in timothy(Ph1eum prarense L.) dominated pasture at alpine area. Establishment number and percenta

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 고랭지(高冷地) Timothy 우점초지에서 목초(牧草)의 적정(適正) 예취회수(刈取回數)와 최종(最終) 예취시기(刈取時期)를 구명(究明)하고자 DM 생산량(生産量), 월동후(越冬後) 초기생육특성(初期生育特性), 다음해 1차수량(次收量) 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 및 조섬유(粗纖維) 생산량(生産量)을 조사(調査)하고 그들간(間)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 초기생육(初期生育)이 개

Timothy-Orchardgrass우점(優点) 초지(草地)에서 한우(韓牛) 및 교잡우(交雜牛)를 방목축(放牧畜)으로 공시(供試)하여 1980년(年) 6월(月)부터 1982년(年) 10월(月)까지 3년간(年間) 방목(放牧) 방법간(方法間)에 증체량 건물생산량(乾物生産量), 방목습성등(放牧習性等)의 차이(差異)를 검토(檢討)코자 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)는 아래와 같다. 1. ha당(當) 목초건물수량(牧草乾物收量)은 'Wye 대학(

Timothy Richard(1845-1919), a Welsh missionary, acted as the spearhead of the missionaries in China who were interested in the reform of the late Qing society. Being sent by the Baptist Missionary Society, he worked in the areas including North China and Shanghai from 1870 to 1916 and his works included relief, literature, education, and social reform as well as evangelism. Sublating the hagiographical writings on him published in the first decades following his death and the socialist historiography utterly criticizing him as the agent of imperialism from the other side, this study tries to take a look both at his missionary motivation for the reform of Chinese society and politics and at his problematic toleration of the imperialistic Western Powers that was implied in his suggestions. Richard was convinced that Western civilization was benefited from the discovery of “the workings of God in Nature.” Communicating with the highest Chinese officials like Zhang Zidong and Li Hongzhang of the Self-Strengthening Movement, which was started in the 1860s, he made an effort to provide the society with scientific education and reform ideas in many areas including agriculture, industry, commerce, transportation, education, and religious education. Serving as the general secretary of the Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge among the Chinese (SDK/SDCGK) since 1891, he had a great opportunity to help the Chinese society with writing essays, translating books, publishing books and periodicals. Especially, his translation of History of Nineteenth Century and the periodical titled The Review of the Times edited by Young J. Allen were very popular among the Chinese intellectuals seeking the ways to reform Chinese society. It is important to note that, in terms of the ideology of reform, he did not agree on the overriding Chinese motto of reform, ‘zhong-ti-si-yong,’ which meant ‘the Chinese in mindset and the Western in technology.’ Rather, his idea started from the Western Civilization, not Chinese traditional value system. His suggestion was based on his conviction that Western civilization, comprising of the materialistic development based on natural sciences and ‘the true Christian civilization,’ was superior to Chinese civilization. Thus, his suggestion tends to be a universal reform including modernization, opening of the nation to foreign nations, improvement in commerce and international trades, Western education in sciences, and toleration of Christian education. Even though he did not deny the classical education coming from Chinese tradition and only did ask adding Western subjects to the current education, his respect for Chinese tradition rather came from missiological considerations and his reform ideas came from Western and Christian influences. Furthermore, at the base of Richard’s political activism was his evangelical conviction that made him a missionary to China. In addition to his evangelical faith, through his experiences in China, he developed a type of social gospel emphasizing the Kingdom of God seeking for the salvation of both ‘body’ and ‘soul’ and both ‘individuals’ and ‘nation.’ His effort of reform was at its peak at the 1898 Reform Movement, in which the young rising reformers like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao co-operated with the Emperor Guangxu to drive forward more progressive reforms following after the Chinese’s defeat at the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). He was very influential to the top leaders of the movement in many directions. However, a series of foudroyant ideas that he suggested were not accepted or administered by the leaders and the Court. For example, he suggested 1) a protectorate by the Powers, 2) an annexation or union of China with Japan, the United States, and the British Empire at least in some areas including defence and diplomacy, and 3) a united cabinet with the same number of Chinese and foreign representatives. His ideas were shared by Chinese officials and, in fact, even some similar ideas were coined by Chinese themselves in the great crisis of the fall of the Empire in the encroachments by imperialist Western Powers. His ideas listed above, in spite of the consideration of the context, had implications of Western colonialism trespassing Chinese sovereignty. They especially show the lack of his understanding in the commercial expansion of the Western colonialists. However, despite this point, it does not seem that he was directly connected to the officials or colonialists of the Britain or other Western countries. His idea of protectorate, annexation, or united cabinet was foreign to the current British position in diplomacy. In conclusion, Richard’s reform idea, first, came from his revised evangelical faith including the idea of the Kingdom of God and missiological consideration seeking for cultural adaptation. second, he contributed to the late Qing reform movement in promoting the discourse of reform and educating the younger reformers. Third, his reform had limitations due to his own political and cultural identities as a British subject. He, in his imperialists-friendly suggestions, came to be in the line of supporting the Western colonialists and he never approached republican ideas, which some progressive Chinese already had in their mind by the end of the century.