The present study hypothesized that ratio between carcass traits components could be applied for the understanding of yield index in Hanwoo steer. A thousand data was generated based on average carcass weight (CW), loin area (LA) and backfat thickness (BT) of Hanwoo steer in December 2018 for analysis 1. Then yield index (YI) was calculated using newly established yield index equation. The correlation between yield index and each carcass traits was visualized. In the interaction between carcass traits components (LA, CW, BT) and YI, only the interactions including BT showed a regular pattern to YI. Then changes of YI according to ratio of carcass traits components were investigated. The observed interactions between LABT and CWBT were similar with Monod equation model. The changes of YI to LABT and CWBT were fitted to Monod equation, and yield constants (K1 for LABT; K2, CWBT) of each equation were calculated as 0.47 and 2.20, respectively. Carcass traits from 5 commercial Hanwoo steer farm were then employed in the second analysis. Yield constants of each farm were estimated. In estimation, R2 value for K1 (LABT) showed greater than the K2 (CWBT). Finally, each farm was plotted based on their K1 and K2 values and it was found that greater yield index of Hanwoo steer was found as increased K1 and K2. As conclusion, the present study suggested the possibility of K1 and K2 values for understanding of yield grade equation and their application in the evaluation of new model for yield grade estimation and feeding strategy.

In the present study, the community distribution, functional feeding groups, and habitat groups of the benthic macroinvertebrates from Gayasan National Park were investigated at eight different sites from 2015 to 2016. The correlation between habitat altitude and each group type was analyzed statistically. Biodiversity indices, including dominance, diversity, richness, and evenness indices, were calculated. The results showed a total of 4,216 individual benthic macroinvertebrates were collected, including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 16 orders, 40 families, and 100 species. Gammarus sobaegensis was dominant with 0.141% dominance, and the subdominant species was Epeorus nipponicus with 0.088% dominance. The EPT group(Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Tricoptera) accounted for 71.00% of the total species and 67.69% of the total individuals. The number of scraper species was highest, and the number of gathering collector individuals was highest among functional feeding groups. The individual number of scrapers(r=-0.358, p ˂ 0.05) and gathering collectors(r=-0.343, p ˂ 0.05) decreased with increasing altitude. The numbers of species and individuals of clingers and sprawlers were highest among the habitat groups. The individual number of clingers(r=-0.547, p ˂ 0.01) and burrowers(r=-0.331, p ˂ 0.05) significantly decreased with increasing altitude. The diversity and richness indices were higher in St. 3 than in the other sites. The dominance index was highest in St. 2, and the evenness index was highest in St. 7. We evaluated the biological water quality with several known methods, and concluded that ESB(Ecological score of benthic macrovertebrates community) and GPI(Group polution index) were more suitable than KSI(Korean saprobic index) and BMI (Benthic macrovertebrate index) to assess the biological water quality of Gayasan mountain stream water.

본 연구는 사행성 게임의 이용이 청소년 도덕성에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 파악하기 위해 실시 되었다. 이를 위해 청소년들의 선호 게임을 조사하여 사행성 게임과 비사행성 게임 집단을 구분한 뒤, 게임 이용 시간이 개인 내적 요인과 함께 6개월 뒤의 도덕성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 1,331명 의 청소년 설문조사를 통해 분석하였다. 그 결과, 게임 이용 시간은 비사행성 게임 집단에서 도덕성 에 영향을 미치지 않은 반면 사행성 게임 집단에서는 부적 영향력을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 뿐만 아니라 자존감은 비사행성 게임 집단에서 정적 영향력을 보였지만 사행성 게임 집단에서는 그 영향 력이 상실되는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이후 분석 결과를 논의한 후 후속 연구에 대한 제언했다.

Seed dormancy is an important adaptive mechanism to protect seeds under the unfavorable environments. Unlike to wild type species, the seed dormancy trait of cultivated crops has been weakened by breeding programs during the domestication period. Weak seed dormancy often causes preharvest sprouting (PHS) problem in many cereal crops that result in significant economic loss. The seed dormancy is a quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlled by multiple genetic and environmental factors. So far, many QTLs for seed dormancy have been identified from rice and wheat as well as in the model plant Arabidopsis. Unveiling of QTL genes and complex mechanisms underlying seed dormancy is accelerated by the rapid progress of crop genomics. In the present study, we reviewed current status of research progress on the seed dormancy QTLs and correlated genes in Arabidopsis and cereal crops.

In recent years, the efficiency and accuracy of QTL analysis for identification of useful traits have been increased by high-throughput genotyping. In a previous study, the genome variation of significant DNA polymorphism was observed in early maturing type rice mutant (EMT) by comparing with that of wild type (WT). For detection of major QTL for flowering time, we constructed a linkage map of 36 InDel- and 6 SNP- markers. In the linkage analysis of F2 plants derived from the cross “WT x EMT”, we have detected one potential QTL region on chromosome 6 by M6-3 marker. Also, the Hd1, which contained the target fragment of M6-3 marker, exhibited the relatively high nonsynonymous substitutions in genes located on chromosomal region from M6-2 to M6-4. To evaluate the reliable allele segregation related to expected Mendelian ratio between M6-3 and its flanking markers, M6-3 marker developed in Hd1 gene exhibited the 1:2:1 ratio as clear monogenic segregation in heterozygous F3 plant. Additionally, we further analyzed the different transcript regulations of OsGI and Hd3a gene related to Hd1 involved in photoperiodic flowering pathway. Although the mRNA levels of Hd1 had no difference between WT and EMT, the Hd3a as downstream effector of Hd1 significantly upregulated in EMT, suggesting that Hd1 gene may become nonfunctional.

Radish, Raphanus sativus(2n = 18), belonging to the brassicaceae family, is herbaceous plant with 1-2 years life cycle. It is cultivated worldwide for producing leafy and root vegetables. Although an economically important crop, the genetics of yield and quality traits, disease resistance are not well-studies. The major purpose of this project is development of molecular breeding technology in radish. In this project, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Fusarium wilt resistance of radish were analyzed. To identify QTL, genetic linkage map of radish was constructed using F2 mapping population derived from a cross between two inbred lines, “DB01” (resistant) and “DB05” (susceptible). A total 319 markers have been mapped into nine linkage groups, covering 639.3cM with an average distance of 2cM between loci. QTL mapping detected 2 loci conferring Fusarium wilt resistance. Two QTLs were located on LG3 and LG7, respectively. The QTL of LG3, flanked by EAGGMCT6 and WALK500 marker, exhibited a LOD value ranging from 2.3 to 8.7, and the R2 (Phenotypic variations) ranging from 28 to 48% in four tests. This QTL was named qYR1. The QTL of LG7, flanked by EACCMCAC-202 and DCJ14-390 marker, exhibited a LOD value ranging from 6.2 to 10.6, and the R2 ranging from 42 to 55% in four tests. This QTL was named qYR2. The results of the QTL analysis may be useful in marker-assisted selection (MAS) of Fusarium wilt resistant radish cultivars.

Low temperature is a major abiotic stress that adversely affects rice production in rice cultivation regions of the world. Low temperature during the rice growing season, can inhibit growth and development at any development stage, from germination to grain filling. Among the rice growth stage, reproductive stage was known as the most sensitive to low temperature, causing sterile grain and lead yield loss. However, low temperature during the grain filling stage also, may cause delay and incomplete grain maturation. In this study QTL analysis were performed to identify the QTLs associated with percent of grain filling under low temperature condition during the grain filling stage. A 139 RIL derived from a cross between ‘Milyang23’ (Tong-il, cold susceptible) and ‘Gihobyeo’(Japonica, cold tolerance) were exposed to air and water of 17℃ at the same time for 14 days during the grain filling stage. One significant QTL associated to percent of grain filling was detected on chromosome 7. This QTL could explain 14.7% of the phenotypic variance for percent of grain filling. We have the plan to confirm the detected QTL through further study.

Seed weight (SW), often expressed as 100-seed weight (HSW), is an important yield component in soybean and has been found to show positive correlation with seed yield. It is shown to behave as a quantitative trait controlled by many loci that are largely unclear. In this study, we represent the identification of chromosomal regions controlling the seed weight in soybean. We used a Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) population, consisting of 188 lines derived from a cross of a wild soybean PI483463 (HSW: 0.85g) and a cultivated soybean cultivar Hutcheson (HSW: 14.05g) to identify the chromosomal regions controlling the SW trait. The population, along with parental samples and check, William82 (HSW: 21.2g) was grown for four years and phenotype data was recorded postharvest. A total of 535 SNP and 16 SSR markers, polymorphic between the parents were employed to genotype the RILs using Golden gate assay to develop the linkage map. Whole genome QTL scanning identified a total of 17 QTLs, spanning 10 chromosomes for the 100-seed weight. All these QTLs explained phenotypic variation (PV) in the range of 3.77 to 12.33%. Of the 17 QTLs, 2 QTLs qSWA1-1 and qSWD2-1, found to be the consistent QTLs, expressing in all the four environments. The QTL qSWD2-1 explained highest contribution to the total PV with 10.04 -12.23 %. The remaining 15 QTLs were identified in at least one environment with PV ranging up to 10.39%. The findings from this study will provide useful information to understand the genetic and molecular basis of SW and facilitate further genomic research leading to the yield improvements in soybean.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops with high oil contents and rich nutrient value. The development of a core collection could facilitate easier access to sesame genetic resources for their use in crop improvement programs and simplify the genebank management. The present study was initiated to the development and evaluation of a core collection of sesame based on 5 qualitative and 10 quantitative trait descriptors on 2,751 sesame accessions. The accessions were different countries of origin. About 10.1 percent of accessions were selected by using the power core program to constitute a core collection consisting of 278 accessions. Mean comparisons using t-test, Nei’s diversity index of 10 morphological descriptors and correlation coefficients among traits indicated that the existing genetic variation for these traits in the entire collection has been preserved in the core collection. The results from this study will provide effective information for future germplasm conservation and improvement programs in sesame.

경기도농업기술원에서 2012년도에 개발한 ‘Dream Prince’ 품종은 분홍색 홑꽃형 스프레이 국화 ‘Grand Pink’ 품종을 모본(♀)으로 하고 분홍색 홑꽃형 스프레이 국화 ‘Classy’ 품종을 부본(♂)으로 2009년에 교배하여 육성되었다. 2009년에 실생을 양성한 후 2010년부터 2012년까지 자연, 촉성, 억제작형별 1～3차 특성검정을 통해 개화특성과 기호도가 우수한 GCS09-39-3(Gyeongkyo B1-19) 계통을 최종 선발하여 ‘Dream Prince’로 명명하였다. 2013년 1월 31일에 국립종자원에 품종보호출원(출원 2013-80)하고 2014년 3월 19일에 품종보호권이 등록되었다(등록번호 제 4876호). ‘Dream Prince’ 품종은 진한 노란색 꽃잎을 가진 홑꽃형 스프레이 형태의 절화용 품종으로 개화 소요일수가 48일인 조기 개화성 품종이다. 착화수는 19.6개로 대비품종보다 2.8개 더 많이 피고, 꽃잎수는 29매로 대비품종에 비해 3.7매 많으며, 줄기 굵기는 7.4 mm로 대비품종에 비해 1.7 mm 굵어 튼튼하고, 절화장은 98.6 cm로 대비품종 84.7 cm에 비해 13.9 cm정도 자람성이 우수한 특징이 있다. 겨울철 전조재배와 여름철 차광재배에서도 특성이 균일하게 발현하여 주년재배가 가능하였다.

Since green revolution in 1970s, representing by the ‘Tongil type’ rice cultivars, rice breeding has greatly contributed to the Korean society in terms of self-sufficiency in staple food-grains and development of agricultural industry. During last three decades, conventional rice breeding has successfully enhanced rice commercial value in Korea through developing elite cultivars related with high quality, resistant or tolerant against biotic or abiotic stresses, special-purpose, direct seedling, super yielding, and functional rice. In the meantime, breeding technologies has been also improved by adopting and putting to practical use of theories and technologies of plant science such as mutation breeding, cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility, anther culture mediated haploid breeding, marker assisted selection, and transformation. Rice breeding, meanwhile, is an endless procedure of creating desirable haplotype expressing improved performances of agronomic traits. Narrow genetic diversity of Korean commercial rice lines have been a major limit factor not only in developing breeding lines having resistance and tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses, but also in expanding genetic availability in terms of widening end-use properties. Although introducing novel allele types might be possible via crosses with wild relatives, it demands additional tedious efforts to restore the unique genetic background of the recurrent parents, which determine commercial value in the market. Moreover, due to most conventional breeding programs are prone to depend on phenotypic selections, addressing the driving force to be a superior haplotype would be very difficult in terms of tagging the chromosomal location of the target loci and estimating their genetic effects. Recently, coupling with the decrease of domestic rice consumption, Korean rice industry has being threatened by rapid changes in environmental, social, and even international circumstances, for example climate change, aging population, and opening of the rice market. To maintain the rice industry as a stable and sustainable growth engine of Korean economy, it is strongly demanded to develop practical strategies encompassing wide variety of available resources including germplasm, bioscience, and manpower. As the role of R&D party, technology convergence followed by communication among stakeholders of rice research would be essential. To the context, based on the hypothesis of the future of Korean rice industry, major schemes related with the issues of 1) High Quality, 2) Cost Reduction, 3) Stable Production, and 4) Consumption Boost would be discussed along with the projections over the achievements and shortcomings of Korean rice cultivars in terms of agronomic traits.

Bakanae disease incidence threat is an increasing trend in the top rice growing countries. Despite it is essential to identify the resistant genes and underlying mechanisms of bakanae disease to develop resistant varieties, there are very limited genetic studies on bakanae disease in rice. The indica rice variety Shingwang was selected as resistant donor to bakanae disease. One hundred sixty nine NILs, YR28297 (BC6F4) generated by five backcrosses of Shingwang with the genetic background of susceptible japonica variety, Ilpum were used for QTL analysis. Rice bakanae disease pathogen, CF283, was mainly used in this study and inoculation and evaluation of bakanae disease was performed with the method of the large-scale screening method developed by Kim et al. (2014). The proportion of healthy plants of Shingwang and Ilpum after inoculation was confirmed using bakanae disease pathogen, CF283. While inoculated Ilpum showed thin and yellowish-green phenotype which is typical symptom of Bakanae disease, Shingwang showed similar healthy phenotype with control plants. A major QTL for resistance against bakanae disease on chromosome 1 was identified using SSR marker, RM9, which explaining 65 % of the total phenotype variation. The major QTL designated as qBK1 and mapped to a 4.4 Mbp region between RM24 (19.30 Mb) and RM11295 (23.72 Mb). The information of qBK1 could be useful for improving rice bakanae disease resistance in marker-assisted breeding.

Using a series of BC8F4 nearly isogenic lines(IL-20) derived from a cross between Hwaseongbyeo, as the recurrent parent, and wild rice Oryza minuta (IRGC Acc. No. 101144) as the donor parent we constructed a high-resolution physical map for the days to heading (dth9)-QTL. dth9 QTL was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 9 across a 34.74-kb region containing 8 predicted genes. Heading date of Japonica rice variety Hwaseongbyeo was one week earlier than a near-isogenic line (NILs) IL-20 under natural field (NF) conditions and 3-4 days under short-day (SD) conditions implying that the dth9-QTL is involved in photoperiod sensitivity in rice. Of the 8 predicted genes three were protein-coding genes in dth9-QTL region. According to RiceXpro published data, micro-array analysis of different leaf developmental stages of Nipponbare showed a higher level of LOC_Os09g36700 mRNA expression during panicle initiation stage. This data further supported our prediction that dth9 locus is responsible for delayed heading in IL-20. Previous studies showed that RNase T2 family proteins are involved in photoperiod sensitivity. Based on these findings we sequenced two candidate genes, which encoded for RNase T2 family proteins. Interestingly, we found the existence of a missense mutation in LOC_Os09g36700 gene suggesting that dth9-QTL might control difference in days to heading between Hwaseongbyeo and IL-20. The QTL for days to heading had not been detected in previous QTL studies between Oryza cultivars, indicating the existence of potentially novel allele from O. mimuta.

High grain yield is one of the most important traits for improvement in rice breeding program. Much attention has been given to the genetic bases of spikelets per panicle (SPP) and grain weight (GW) because of their imporftance in rice yield. In this study, IL28, near isogenic line (NIL) developed by introgressing chromosomal segments from Moroberekan into Ilpumbyeo, showed significant increase in number of spikelets per panicle and 1,000 grain weight compare to the recurrent parent Ilpumbyeo. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in 1150 F2 plants derived from a cross between IL28 and Ilpumbyeo, indicated that both qspp6 and qgw6 were located in the interval RM3430 – RM20580. To map the QTL more precisely, substitution mapping of qspp6 and qgw6 using F4 lines was conducted. As a result of substitution mapping with fifty F4 lines, qspp6 was mapped to an 429kb interval between RM20521 and RM20562 while qgw6 was mapped to a 267kb interval between RM20562 and RM20572 based on the japonica genome sequence. This result seems to indicate that qspp6 and qgw6 are two different genes. It is notable that these QTL, qspp6 and qgw6 are independence from undesirable height and flowering time. Moreover, there was no negative correlation between qspp6 and qgw6 when two genes are pyramided in the genetic background of Ilpumbyeo. SSR markers tightly linked to the qspp6 and qgw6 will facilitate cloning of the gene underlying these QTLs as well as marker assisted selection for variation in SPP and TGW in an applied breeding program.

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the most important vegetable crop for human being as a rich source of nutritions and spicy condiments. To make reference genome sequence of pepper, we sequenced the whole genome of Capsicum annuum, CM334 using Illumina/Solexa Genome Analyzer GA2. The genome size of CM334 is estimated as 3.5 Gb. A total of 716 Gb (205.96x coverages of the whole genome) of raw sequences were generated. After filtering out the low quality sequences, a total of 233 Gb (66.7x) of the raw sequences were used for assembly. Total assembled contig length and number were 2.93 Gb and 295,502, respectively. N50 and average length were 25.72 kb and 6,5 kb, respectively. By sequencial scaffolding with mate-pair sequences of 2 kb - 20 kb sizes, a total of 3.04 Gb of scaffold which is approximately 90% of the whole genome was assembled. The total number of scaffolds was 33,876 with N50 length of 1,605 kb. For annotation of the pepper genome, a total of 46 Gb of transcriptome sequences were generated from 12 different tissues using Illumina GA2 and Hi-seq 2000. We are under way of analyzing the characteristic traits of pepper using transcriptome data. The progress of pepper genome sequencing project including gene annotation, gene family analysis, comparative genomics studies on evolution of hot taste, genome expansion and fruit development will be presented in the meeting.

Spikelets per panicle (SPP) is one of the most important traits associated with rice yield. In this study, IL28, a near isogenic line (NIL) developed by introgressing chromosomal segments from ‘Moroberekan’ into ‘Ilpumbyeo’ showed significantly higher number of spikelets per panicle than the recurrent parent, ‘Ilpumbyeo’. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in 243 F2 plants derived from a cross between IL28 and Ilpumbyeo indicated that a QTL for spikelets per panicle, qSPP6 was located in the interval RM3430 - RM20580. The Moroberekan allele increased SPP. The fact that QTLs for panicle length and the number of secondary branches were mapped in the same interval as qSPP6 appears to indicate that this locus was associated with panicle structure. To map the QTL more precisely, substitution mapping of qSPP6 using F3 lines was conducted. Substitution mapping with 41 F3 lines further narrowed the interval containing not only qSPP6 for spikelets per panicle but also qNDW6 for node width to about 680-kb between markers RM20521 and RM20572 based on Nipponbare genome sequence. The locus, qSPP6 is of particular interest because of its independence from undesirable height and flowering time. SSR markers tightly linked to the qSPP6 will facilitate cloning of the gene underlying this QTL as well as marker assisted selection for variation in SPP in the breeding program.

The objective of this study were to identify QTLs for agronomic traits using a set of introgression lines carrying wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) segment in cultivated rice (ssp. japonica cv. Hwaseongbyeo). Ninety-six ILs were evaluated for seven agronomic traits, amylose and protein contents. The proportion of the recurrent genome in ILs ranged from 87.8 to 100%, with an average of 96.7%. The mean number of homozygous and heterozygous donor segments were 2 (ranging 0-7) and 1.7 (ranging 0-6), respectively, and the majority of these segments had size less than 10 cM. A total of 22 quantitative trait loci were identified for 9 traits and each QTL explained 7.2% to 56.6% of the phenotypic variance. Some QTLs were clustered in a few chromosomal regions. A first cluster was located near RM527 on chromosome 6 with QTLs for culm length, panicle length, days to heading, 1000-grain weight and protein content. Three ILs with high spikelets per panicle compared to the recurrent parent were selected to detect and fine map the wild segments responsible for this variation. The results will be discussed.

Spikelets per panicle is one of the most important trait associated with rice yield component. In this study, IL28, near isogenic line (NIL) developed by introgressing chromosomal segments from Moroberekan into Ilpumbyeo, showed significantly higher number of spikelets per panicle than the recurrent parent Ilpumbyeo. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in 243 F2 plants derived from a cross between IL28 and Ilpumbyeo, indicated that a QTL for spikelets per panicle, qspp6, located in the interval RM3430 – RM20580. The fact that QTLs for panicle length and secondary branch number were mapped in the same interval as that for qspp6 indicated that this locus was associated with panicle structure. To map the QTL more precisely, substitution mapping of qspp6 using F4 lines was conducted. As a result, substitution mapping with ten F4 lines further narrowed the interval containing qspp6 to about 429kb between marker RM20521 and RM20562 based on the japonica genome sequence. The locus, qspp6 is of particular interest because of its independence from undesirable height and flowering time. SSR markers tightly linked to the qspp6 will facilitate cloning of the gene underlying this QTL as well as marker assisted selection for variation in SPP in an applied breeding program.