Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which affects cloven-hoofed animals, is economically important because of its highly contagious nature. FMD virus (FMDV), the causative agent of FMD, involves seven serotypes (O, A, Asia1, C, and SAT 1-3). Serotype Asia1 is unique to the Asian territory and is subdivided into nine genetic groups (G-I-IX) based on nucleotide variations in the VP1 sequence. Asia1 Shamir, the most representative Asia1 vaccine, is not highly protective against the Asia1/MOG/05 (G-V) lineage found in North Korea in 2007. Therefore, we investigated whether a chimeric virus strain (Asia1/MOG/Shamir), in which the VP4, VP2, and VP3 sequences of Asia1/MOG/05 were combined with the VP1 sequence of Asia1 Shamir, can simultaneously protect against both viruses. We determined the optimal viral growth conditions for the commercial utilization of this chimeric virus strain. Of the three types of cell culture media, the Cellvento medium resulted in the highest amount of antigen in the samples. The chimeric strain was proliferated in a small bioreactor to produce a test vaccine, and its immunogenicity was evaluated in pigs. The virus neutralization (VN) titer against the Asia1 Shamir virus was > 1/100 after the second immunization with the chimeric vaccine in pigs. In addition, a single dose of the test vaccine resulted in a VN titer of > 1/100 against the Asia1/MOG/05 strain. Taken together, our chimeric vaccine strain provided sufficient protection against the Asia1/MOG/05 and Asia1 Shamir viruses, suggesting its potential as a novel vaccine for both these strains.

돼지의 체세포 핵이식(Somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT)은 인간에게 약리적 효과가 있는 단백질, 이종 간 장기이식(xenotransplantation)에 사용되는 장기, 질병 연 구 목적의 모델 동물을 제공한다. 특히 형질전환 돼지를 활용한 심장 이식이 세계 최초로 성공한 후 형질전환 돼 지 생산의 안정화는 다음 연구를 위한 중요한 점으로 대 두되고 있으나, 미니돼지의 체세포 핵이식 배아의 생산 효율은 아직 낮은 실정이다. 형질전환의 성공은 양질의 SCNT 배아 생산에서 시작되어야 한다. 이러한 SCNT 배 아의 생산 효율을 향상할 수 있는 요인 중에는 공여 세포 의 형태가 있으며, 성공적인 공여 세포의 생산을 위해서 는 종축에 따른 세포의 특성을 파악하여야 하고, 혈액형 의 차이에서 발생하는 문제점 해결을 위해 OO 타입의 선 별이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 지속적인 계대 배양을 통 하여 공여 세포로 사용되는 미니돼지의 태아섬유아세포의 계대 배양 조건을 확립하고자 한다. 또한 미니돼지의 혈 액형을 PCR 기반으로 분석하여 분류하고 OO 타입의 선 별을 통하여 이종 간 이식에 용이하게 공여 세포의 조건 을 확립하였다. 이후 sgRNA(single guide RNA)를 사용하 여 CRISPR-Cpf1로 GGTA1(α-1,3 galactosyl-transferase) 유전자를 knock-out 한 미니돼지의 생산으로, 급성면역반 응을 유발하는 Gal(1,3)Gal epitope이 제거된 미니돼지의 세포 주를 구축 및 체세포 핵이식을 통해 GGTA1 knock-out 미니돼지를 생산하였으며, 이러한 연구는 이후 체세포 핵이식 및 이종 간 장기이식에 중요한 기초자료로 사용될 것이라고 생각된다.

High-temperature and high-pressure post-processing applied to sintered thermoelectric materials can create nanoscale defects, thereby enhancing their thermoelectric performance. Here, we investigate the effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) as a post-processing treatment on the thermoelectric properties of p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3.0 compounds sintered via spark plasma sintering. The sample post-processed via HIP maintains its electronic transport properties despite the reduced microstructural texturing. Moreover, lattice thermal conductivity is significantly reduced owing to activated phonon scattering, which can be attributed to the nanoscale defects created during HIP, resulting in an ~18% increase in peak zT value, which reaches ~1.43 at 100oC. This study validates that HIP enhances the thermoelectric performance by controlling the thermal transport without having any detrimental effects on the electronic transport properties of thermoelectric materials.

This study investigated the extent to which explicit and implicit instruction improve L1-Arabic speakers’ articulation of English words whose cognates were acquired earlier in their L2 French. Sixty-eight secondary school students, explicit (n=35) and implicit (n=33), participated in a programme incorporating focus-on-pronunciation activities, comprising three 45-minute sessions. Their learning motivation was first rated using an adapted version of Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). Their pronunciation improvement was assessed through an oral-reading task. Ten new words were included in the post-test to see if they would generalize the instructed knowledge analogically. Results indicated that both explicit and implicit instruction had a positive impact on the students’ pronunciation advancement. However, the explicit group outperformed the implicit group with both the targeted and untaught words. There was insignificant interaction effect between instructional method and students’ motivation level, with higher motivation uniformly enhancing the effect of instruction. Nevertheless, motivation played a more crucial role in the learnt knowledge transferability when instruction was of implicit.

우리는 CFHT에 부착된 OASIS 분광기, MR 1 그리즘으로 관측한 방출선 중, Hβ와 [O III] 5007 방출선을 분 석하여, 제 2형 세이퍼트 은하 Mrk 1의 운동학적 특성을 파악하였다. [O III] 금지선의 가우시안 선 윤곽 분석을 통해 초과하는 청색 이동 성분의 방출 영역이 비대칭적으로 보이는데, (1) 은하 중심부 약 960 pc거리에서 플럭스는 최대를 보이고, (2) 은하 중심부에서 NS 방향으로 ~900 km s−1인 큰 선폭 지역이 있음을 확인하였다. 두 원소의 분광 영상에서 보이는 시선 속도의 특징은 NE 방향에서 접근하는 가스의 흐름이, SW 방향으로 적색 이동, 즉 멀어지는 가스의 흐름 이 나타나 반시계 방향 은하의 회전 경향성을 보여준다. 시선 속도 자료로부터 은하 중심은 우리를 향해 접근하는 먼 지 가스가 가리고 있음을 파악하였다.

Using I-band images of 35 nearby (z < 0.1) type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) obtained with Hubble Space Telescope, selected from the 70-month Swift-BAT X-ray source catalog, we investigate the photometric properties of the host galaxies. With a careful treatment of the point-spread function (PSF) model and imaging decomposition, we robustly measure the I-band brightness and the effective radius of bulges in our sample. Along with black hole (BH) mass estimates from single-epoch spectroscopic data, we present the relation between BH mass and I-band bulge luminosity (MBH–MI,bul relation) of our sample AGNs. We find that our sample lies offset from the MBH–MI,bul relation of inactive galaxies by 0.4 dex, i.e., at a given bulge luminosity, the BH mass of our sample is systematically smaller than that of inactive galaxies. We also demonstrate that the zero point offset in the MBH–MI,bul relation with respect to inactive galaxies is correlated with the Eddington ratio. Based on the Kormendy relation, we find that the mean surface brightness of ellipticals and classical bulges in our sample is comparable to that of normal galaxies, revealing that bulge brightness is not enhanced in our sample. As a result, we conclude that the deviation in the MBH–MI,bul relation from inactive galaxies is possibly because the scaling factor in the virial BH mass estimator depends on the Eddington ratio.

Variability is one of the major characteristics of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), and it is used for understanding the energy generation mechanism in the center of AGN and/or related physical phenomena. It it known that there exists a time lag between AGN light curves simultaneously observed at different wavelengths, which can be used as a tool to estimate the size of the area that produce the radiation. In this paper, We present long term near-infrared variability of optically bright type 1 AGN using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer data. From the Milliquas catalogue v6.4, 73 type 1 QSOs/AGN and 140 quasar candidates are selected that are brighter than 18 mag in optical and located within 5 degree around the ecliptic poles. Light curves in the W1 band (3.4 ㎛) and W2 band (4.6 ㎛) during the period of 2010-2019 were constructed for these objects by extracting multi-epoch photometry data from WISE and NEOWISE all sky survey database. Variability was analyzed based on the excess variance and the probability Pvar . Applying both criteria, the numbers of variable objects are 19 (i.e., 26%) for confirmed AGN and 12 (i.e., 9%) for AGN candidates. The characteristic time scale of the variability (τ) and the variability amplitude (σ) were derived by fitting the DRW model to W1 and W2 light curves. No significant correlation is found between the W1/W2 magnitude and the derived variability parameters. Based on the subsample that are identified in the X-ray source catalog, there exists little correlation between the X-ray luminosity and the variability parameters. We also found four AGN with changing W1-W2 color.

We analyze the spatially resolved kinematics of gas and stars for a sample of ten hidden type 1 AGNs in order to investigate the nature of their central sources and the scaling relation with host galaxy stellar velocity dispersion. We select our sample from a large number of hidden type 1 AGNs, which are identified based on the presence of a broad (full width at half maximum ≳1000 kms-1) component in the Hα line profile and which are frequently mis-classified as type 2 AGNs because AGN continuum and broad emission lines are weak or obscured in the optical spectral range. We used the Blue Channel Spectrograph at the 6.5-m Multiple Mirror Telescope to obtain long-slit data with a spatial scale of 0.3 arcsec pixel-1. We detected broad Hβ lines for only two targets; however, the presence of strong broad Hα lines indicates that the AGNs we selected are all low-luminosity type 1 AGNs. We measured the velocity, velocity dispersion, and ux of stellar continuum and gas emission lines (i.e., Hβ and [OIII]) as a function of distance from the center. The spatially resolved gas kinematics traced by Hβ or [OIII] are generally similar to the stellar kinematics except for the inner center, where signatures of gas out ows are detected. We compare the luminosity-weighted effective stellar velocity dispersions with the black hole masses and find that our hidden type 1 AGNs, which have relatively low back hole masses, follow the same scaling relation as reverberation-mapped type 1 AGN and more massive inactive galaxies.

Molecular diagnostic markers are necessary for establishing highthroughput screening systems to support insecticide-resistant population management. Here, we identified single amino acid substitution mutations related to carbamate resistance in Laodelphax striatellus Fallén type-1 acetylcholinesterase (Lsace1) using carbofuran-selected strains. The phenotypic resistance profiles of the final selection strain (SEL9) compared to the susceptible strain revealed a 14-fold higher resistance ratio based on topical application, 1.2-fold higher general esterase activity, and 4.3- fold higher acetylcholinesterase insensitivity based on the 50% inhibitory concentration (I50), suggesting that insensitivity of the target site could occur as a resistance factor. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of Lsace1 of five strains (SUS, SEL0, SEL3, SEL6, and SEL9) revealed two amino acid substitutions (F330Y and F331H). To understand the roles of these mutations, we determined the allele frequency of both point mutations in the selected strains using quantitative sequencing methods. In addition, several quantitative genotypic traits (e.g., gene copy numbers and transcript levels of Lsace1, Lsace2, and LS.CarE1) were assessed. A correlation analysis of genotypic and phenotypic traits revealed strong correlations between resistance level and I50 with F331H allele frequency. Interestingly, the F331H mutation was negatively correlated with transcript levels of Lsace1, suggesting that selection pressure might result in a reduction of the target gene. Overall, the F331H mutation and reduced mRNA are important factors in the development of carbamate resistance. Furthermore, the point mutation can be used to monitor rapid carbofuran resistance in conjunction with molecular diagnostic methods such as quantitative sequencing.

화석연료의 무분별한 사용에 따라 이산화탄소 배출 등 환경오염의 문제가 대두되면서, 전 세계적으로 신⋅재생에 너지 및 친환경 에너지에 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 연료전지는 전기에너지를 발생시키며 부산물로써 물만을 생성하는 친환경 에너지 발전 장치이다. 특히, 음이온 교환막을 이용한 알칼리 연료전지(Anion Exchange Membrane Alkaline Fuel Cell, AEMAFC)는 수소이온 교환막을 이용한 연료전지(Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC)에 비해 보다 높은 촉 매의 활성으로 인해 저가의 금속 촉매의 사용이 가능하다는 장점이 있다. 이러한 AEMAFC에서 요구되는 AEM의 특성으로 는 연료전지가 작동하는 높은 pH 조건에서 높은 이온전도도 뿐만 아니라 화학적 안정성이다. 본 연구에서는 화학적 안정성 을 극대화 시키기 위하여 poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) 고분자에 spacer-type의 전도기를 도입함과 동시에 가교법을 이용하여 높은 이온전도도(80°C, 67.9 mS cm-1)와 기계적 성질(영률 : 0.53 GPa) 뿐만 아니라 높은 pH 조건에서 화학적 안정 성(80°C, 1000 h, 6.8% loss of IEC)을 갖는 AEMAFC용 고분자 전해질 막으로써의 가능성을 제시하였다.

A thin film thermoelectric generator that consisted of 5 p/n pairs was fabricated with 1 μm-thick n-type In3Sb1Te2 and p-type Ge2Sb2Te5 deposited via radio frequency magnetron sputtering. First, 1 μm-thick GST and IST thin films were deposited at 250 oC and room temperature, respectively, via radio-frequency sputtering; these films were annealed from 250 to 450 oC via rapid thermal annealing. The optimal power factor was found at an annealing temperature of 400 oC for 10 min. To demonstrate thermoelectric generation, we measured the output voltage and estimated the maximum power of the n-IST/ p-GST generator by imposing a temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions. The maximum output voltage and the estimated maximum power of the 1 μm-thick n-IST/p-GST TE generators are approximately 17.1 mV and 5.1 nW at ΔT = 12K, respectively.

MEN1 환자에서 췌장 NET는 30-80% 동반된다. 증상 및 악성 가능성이 있는 경우 수술적 절제가 예후에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 수술이 불가능한 췌장 NET에 대해 EUS-EI를 고 려할 때는 합병증과 불완전 치료 및 재발 가능성에 대한 주 의 깊은 고려가 필요하다.