The tourism industry specifically experienced distinct failing revenues and was an economic sector among those most rigorously influenced by the pandemic. In the gradual recovery period after the pandemic, the technology implementation in travel has been a great achievement for travel companies. This study is based on a systematic literature review to examine the ability of Virtual Reality (VR) and Geographic information systems (GIS) to serve as a facilitator of sustainable tourism development goals. The potential impact of VR and GIS within tourism will bolster the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and will be conceptualized. The use of these technologies in connection to the SDGs can associate with SDG No. 8, SDG No.9, SDG No.11, and SDG No. 13, which are related to "decent work and economic growth", "industry, innovation, and infrastructure", "sustainable cities and communities", and "climate action."

소비자에게 판매하기 위해 비육을 하여 길러지는 돼지가 아닌 새끼를 낳기 위해 장기간 사육되는 돼지를 모돈이라 한다. 모돈은 규격돈보다 육색이 붉은 것이 특징이며 단단한 조직감으로 인해 잘 소비되지 않는다. 본 연구는 모돈을 가공 원료육으로 활용하기 위해 품질 및 가공특성을 평가하였다. 먼저, 냉동-해동된 모돈과 규격돈의 뒷다리를 이용하여 품질특성을 비교하였으며 가공특성은 유화형소시지를 제조하여 수행하였다. 원료육의 품질특성은 일반성분, pH, 육색, 콜라겐 함량, 조직감, 보수력을 측정하였고 가공특성은 유화형소시지를 제조하여 조직감 및 유화 안정성을 측정하였다. 모돈의 육색은 규격돈보다 붉고(p<0.05), 조직감은 단단하였다(p<0.05). 그러나 pH, 보수력, 콜라겐 함량, 유화 안정성, 소시지의 조직감은 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 모돈의 단단한 조직감은 분쇄를 통해 해결하였으며 대부분의 품질 및 가공특성은 모돈과 규격돈에서 동일하였다. 따라서 모돈을 가공 원료육으로 활용하면 규격돈과 가공특성의 차이가 없음을 확인하였으며, 규격돈에 비해 높은 수율은 제품 원가를 절감할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 논문은 베트남 중국어 학습자의 중국어 학습 코퍼스를 이용하여, 베트남 학습자의 복합추 향보어 인신의의 습득 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 연구를 통해 베트남 학습자들의 모델은 “U형 태의 행위모델”임을 알 수 있었다. 습득과정에서의 오류 유형은 다양한 형태로 분석되었으나, 복합추향보어 “冗余”의 인신의의 경우 모든 학습 단계에서 주요한 오류로 파악되었다. 이는 모어의 전이과정과 몾적어의 규칙의 변화로 인한 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 중국어를 모국어로 사용하는 화자들과 비교해 볼 때 베트남 중국어 학습자의 복합추향보어인신의를 더 적게 사용하 려는 경향이 있었다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 본고에서 보충적 학습 방법을 제안하였다.

From a conversation analytic perspective, this paper undertakes the sequential analysis of students' oral reading initiated by teachers during teacher-student interaction. Extracted from 14 Korean elementary school EFL lessons collected on video, the sequences that contain teachers' initiation and students' reading and the surrounding talk were closely examined. The major finding is that students' oral reading serves a range of instructional purposes: practicing through repetition, marking closure, preparing for what is about to unfold, collaborating in knowledge presentation, rendering key linguistic information, and presenting and checking students' written work. Based on this observation, this paper argues that students' oral reading predominantly occurs as part of or in conjunction with a larger instructional activity, rather than with an exclusive instructional focus.

성페로몬은 곤충 종 특이적으로 교미신호를 전달하는 화학신호물질이다. 곤충의 촉각에는 이러한 성페로몬 화학물질을 받아들이는 특이적 수용체를 지닌다. 성페로몬이 이 수용체에 결합하면서 감각전위를 발생시키고 이는 대뇌로 전달되어 정보 인식을 통해 교미행동을 유발하게 한다. 성페로몬은 또한 해충의 발생을 모니터링하는 데 이용되어 온도발육모델과 더불어 향후 발생상황을 예측하는 데 널리 이용되고 있다. 더불어 성페로몬이 해충의 대량포획, 유살 또는 교미교란을 유발하여 직접적으로 방제에 응용된다. 본 종설은 성페로몬과 관련된 곤충 생리 및 이를 이용한 해충관리기술을 소개한다.

인공지능 기술이 발전함에 따라, 과거의 범죄 관련 데이터를 광범위하게 수집ㆍ분석하여 미래의 범죄발생 시간ㆍ장소나 범죄자, 피해자를 예측 하고 특정인의 재범위험성을 예측하는 인공지능 알고리즘이 개발되어 형사절차에 실제로 활용되는 단계에 이르렀다. 이러한 알고리즘의 활용은 수사기관이나 재판기관의 자의적 판단을 방지하고 판단의 객관성과 합리성을 제고하는 방법이 될 수도 있는 반면, 데이터의 오류로 인해 왜곡된 판단이 도출될 가능성, 기존의 편견을 강화ㆍ재생 산할 위험성, 예측의 부정확성, 알고리즘의 작동 방식 비공개로 인한 검증 불가능성, 법관을 비롯한 의사결정주체들이 알고리즘의 판단결과에 지나친 영향을 받을 위험성 등이 문제점으로 지적 된다. 형사절차에서 인공지능 알고리즘의 활용가능성과 한계는 구체적인 형사절차상의 국면에 따라 달리 판단되어야 한다. 인공지능 알고리즘의 예측 결과는 경찰관이 불심검문 대상자 여부를 판단할 때나 법원이 피의자의 인신구속 여부를 판단할 때 근거자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이나, 개별적ㆍ 구체적인 정황 없이 오로지 알고리즘의 예측결과만을 근거로 불심검문을 시행하거나 인신구속을 할 수는 없다고 보아야 한다. 공판절차에서의 유무죄 판단의 경우에는 엄격한 증명의 법리가 적용되는데, 현재 개발ㆍ활용되고 있는 인공지능 예측기술들은 아직 그 이론적 근거나 정확성이 충분히 검증되어 일반적으로 승인되는 수준에 이르렀다고 할 수 없으므로 증거능력을 인정할 수 없다고 보아야 한다. 엄격한 증명의 법리가 적용되지 않는 양형 판단의 경우에는 인공지능 알고리즘에 의한 재범위험성 평가결과를 판단의 근거자 료로 참작할 수 있을 것이나, 이 경우 헌법상 피고인에게 보장되는 법관에 의한 공정한 재판을 받을 권리에 의한 제한을 받는다. 따라서 알고리즘에 의한 자료를 제출할 때는 반드시 알고리즘의 정확성에 대한 검증결과를 함께 제출하게 하여야 하고, 알고리즘의 작동원리를 공개하고 이를 법관과 당사자들이 이해할 수 있는 방식으로 설명하도록 하여야 하며, 알고리즘의 판단결과에 대해 피고인이 실질적으로 반박할 수 있는 기회를 보장하여야 할 것이다. 입법론으로는 인공지능 알고리즘의 형사절차에서의 활용에 관한 기준과 한계를 법령으로 명확하게 정하는 것이 바람직하다.

본 연구는 특수용도식품에 함유되어 있는 비타민B12와 비오틴에 대하여 식품의 복잡한 매질 특성에 특이성을 확보할 수 있도록 현행 식품공전 시험법을 개선하고자 하였다. 식품공전에서 비타민B12와 비오틴의 시험법에 항체반응을 통해서 분석물질과 특이적으로 결합하여 그 외의 성분들을 효과적으로 제거할 수 있는 면역친화성 컬럼을 도입하여 시험용액을 정제 및 농축함으로써 전처리 과정을 개선하였다. 식품 등 시험법 마련 표준절차에 관한 가이 드라인에 따라 밸리데이션(특이성, 직선성, 검출한계, 정량 한계, 정확도, 정밀도)을 수행하고 개선된 시험법을 이용하여 유통 중인 특수용도식품의 대상 품목에 대해 시험법 적용여부를 확인하였다. 본 연구사업의 수행으로 시험·검사의 정확성을 증대시켜 특수용도식품 품질관리에 대한 신뢰성을 더 높일 것으로 본다.

이 연구에서는 내러티브 탐구방법을 활용하여 ‘저녁돌봄’으로 확보된 여유시간이 직장맘들의 삶의 질에 주는 의미를 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 ‘저녁돌봄’ 서비스를 이용하고 있는 직장맘 5인을 만나서 이들의 이야기를 들어보았다. 그 결과 첫째, ‘저녁돌봄’을 이용하는데 있어서 어머니들은 저녁돌봄 서비스가 존재하는 것만으로도 안심이 된다는 심리적 안정감을, 자녀들은 충분한 놀이를 통해 스트레스가 완화됨을 경험할 수 있었다. 둘째, ‘저녁돌봄’은 어머니들에게 여유시간의 확보와 역량개발의 기회를 제공하였다. 셋째, 연구 참여자들은 교육을 통해 양육 관련 정보를 제공받기를 원했고, 지속적이고 장기적인 부모교육 프로그램을 원하고 있었다. 이 연구는 자녀와 함께 부모도 성장하고 있다는 점에서 특징적이었다. 결국, 자녀를 양육하기 위한 ‘육아공동체’는 ‘부모배움공동체’로 확대 변화될 필요가 있으며, 향후 관련 주제들을 활용하여 지역의 특성과 맥락을 고려한 다양한 ‘저녁돌봄’ 서비스에 대한 연구와 논의가 확대되기를 기대한다.

Many insects are able to feed on crucifers despite the presence of a potent activated defense system known as the mustard oil bomb. In damaged tissue, mustard oil glucosides (glucosinolates) are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase to form toxic mustard oils (isothiocyanates). Here, we analyzed how the the cabbage stem flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala, a key pest of oilseed rape, copes with this chemical defense. First, we found that P. chrysocephala prevents the activation of ingested glucosinolates by two different strategies, a) by sequestering glucosinolates and b) by converting glucosinolates to desulfo-glucosinolates. Our next aim was to identify the sulfatase enzyme(s) responsible for the detoxification of glucosinolates in P. chrysocephala. Nine arylsulfatase-like genes were identified in the transcriptome of P. chrysocephala, and five of them showed glucosinolate sulfatase activity upon heterologous expression in Sf9 cells. By using RNAi, we confirmed that PcGSS1 and PcGSS2 are active towards benzenic and indolic glucosinolates in P. chrysocephala adults in vivo. However, in feeding experiments, the proportion of sequestered and desulfated glucosinolates ranged from 26 to 35% which suggests that these strategies alone are likely not sufficient to overcome the chemical plant defense. Indeed, P. chrysocephala additionally conjugates isothiocyanates to glutathione and metabolizes them via the conserved mercapturic acid pathway. In summary, the cabbage stem flea beetle avoids isothiocyanate formation by specialized strategies (sequestration and desulfation), but also relies on a conserved detoxification pathway to prevent toxicity of isothiocyanates.

The current protocols of methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation on imported nursery plants, which are seriously infested with quarantine mealy bugs and scales, could be reevaluated because there were no limited uses of loading ratio, packing types etc. Another emerging issues is that the workplace health issues on MeBr fumigation are related with poor ventilation etc as well as well-known phytotoxic damages on them. In previous report, we have evaluated the efficacies of ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) on different types of mealybugs. Herein, the phytotoxic damages of EF and PH3 on Alocasia, Sansevieria, Cactaceae and Croton genera were evaluated in terms of chlorophyll contents, color changes etc. This study showed that EF and PH3 fumigation on imported plants could be applicable to replacement of MeBr with further confirmation trials.

Currently, satellite images act as essential and important data in water resources, environment, and ecology as well as information of geographic information system. In this paper, we will investigate basic characteristics of satellite images, especially application examples in water resources. In recent years, researches on spatial and temporal characteristics of large-scale regions utilizing the advantages of satellite imagery have been actively conducted for fundamental hydrological components such as evapotranspiration, soil moisture and natural disasters such as drought, flood, and heavy snow. Furthermore, it is possible to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics such as vegetation characteristics, plant production, net primary production, turbidity of water bodies, chlorophyll concentration, and water quality by using various image information utilizing various sensor information of satellites. Korea is planning to launch a satellite for water resources and environment in the near future, so various researches are expected to be activated on this field.

Scores on the Test of English for International Communication Listening and Reading (TOEIC LR) have been used for rolling-based university admissions in South Korea. Because this test is not designed for that purpose by the testing organization, there may be a need to explore the validity of TOEIC LR score use for admission purposes. Accordingly, this study investigated how admissions officers in South Korea perceived TOEIC LR scores and their uses and why they used the scores for admission purposes. We adopted a sequential mixed-method design (Creswell & Clark, 2011) involving three phases of data collection: (1) analysis of application handbooks to identify the questionnaire survey target, (2) a survey of faculty (n = 20) involved in admissions, and (3) semi-structured interviews with selected participants (n = 5) to delve into their questionnaire responses. The findings were that (a) almost half of the universities in Korea were implementing special admissions and accepted the scores on the recognized English tests; (b) use of the test lacks validity because most of the admissions officers did not view the test scores as an indicator of English proficiency and academic aptitude; (c) approximately half of the admissions officers viewed the scores as a reflection of an applicant’s effort, test-taking skills learned at language institutes, and former residence in English-speaking countries; and (d) the TOEIC LR scores were used due to a lack of other English tests as well as social pressure such as test fees and testing site availability.

With the development of industry, environmental deterioration has become a global problem. Not only national policies on environmental issues should be strengthen but also environmental consciousness of corporate and consumers should be changed. In particular, corporate should strive to develop and improve green products for sustainable development. Green advertising is one of an efficient marketing tools to sell the green product. The important role of green advertising is to awaken necessity of green product and to imprint green brand image consumer`s mind. Green advertising influencing consumer attitude plays a useful role of green purchase behavior. This study explores dynamic relationships among personal uses of green advertising, attitude toward product, and purchase behavior for green products. The purpose of research is how personal uses of green advertising effects on attitude toward green products and green purchase behavior. Consumers are exposed to a large number of advertisings so that it is important to investigate how much they trust green advertising and what aspect of green advertising affects green purchase behavior. This study tries to contribute useful insights to practitioners who need a more effective communication strategy of green advertising.

The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, informed by cultural research on branding and active audience media uses, we develop a general tenet that consumers interpret luxury brand meanings to fulfil specific gratifications. Therefore, the consumer-perceived meanings ascribed to brand luxury can be explored as multiple themes of uses and gratifications (U&G’s). Second, we draw on this tenet to investigate a situated emic account of how consumers use luxury brands to gratify their specific needs. Third, we derive several etic concepts around emic themes that comprise higher-order, more abstract conceptual layers of the consumer-perceived brand luxury. Specifically, our interpretive reading of consumer narratives suggests that luxury brand U&G’s are multiple and divergent; however, they are not completely idiosyncratic – that is, these U&G’s can be understood more holistically in relation to how consumers perceive the dominant value(s) that are being gratified from luxury brands, and whether the U&G’s have a personal or social orientation. In so doing, we illustrate that by dialectically iterating between the emic (informants’ points of view) and etic (theoretical) perspectives, we are able to offer a more complete understanding of luxury brand meanings and their emergence in the broader context of daily life.

Informative messages on product packages—especially on packages of food products—should be credible. Otherwise, the firm might experience a serious fall in brand equity. However, because nutrition intake and health promotion are “credence attributes”, it isdifficult for consumers to evaluate them. Moreover, if nutrition message or health claims were false or puffery, consumers might suffer a serious health damage. Regarding the problems, in 1991, Japanese Government took the initiative in the world by introducing the FoSHU (Foods for Specified Health Uses) system—a license system in which the government tries to control all health claims on packages of food products launched in the country. It should be noted that there are two factors which can be appeared on packages only with the permission of Japanese Government. One is health claims, of course, and the other is the “FoSHU seal”—a symbolic mark designed for FoSHU foods. Interestingly, these two licensed factors may have different effects on perceived product value in health. In this research, we conducted two studies to examine the difference of the effects on product value in health. The results showed that consumer evaluations of food products are affected by the FoSHU seal. The FoSHU seal has a strong signaling effects on evaluations of the particular food products for specified health uses. On the other hand, unlike the FoSHU seal, approved health claims themselves have no main effects on evaluations of the FoSHU products. This implies that health claims have positive external effects on evaluations of non-FoSHU products in the same category. The results showed that the external effects can be inhabited by product differentiation through the FoSHU seal and./or packaging.

This thesis is focusing on various image photographing techniques equipped in smartphones and their educational uses. Since most smartphones have large quantity of memory and various kinds of applications, taking videos has become possible. For example, they enable us to take pictures of people and scenery using shooting functions and it is possible to move the view horizontally and vertically by handling camera works. The videos taken by these functions are completed by the works of combining, correcting, condensing and building them. Unlike the past, there have been many changes in the course of teaching and learning process between instructors and students by the impact of smartphones. Among them, smartphones have become an essential element in performing cooperative learning. This research is constructed on the real cases of learners, highschool students although more students couldn’t participate in the performance due to their heavy curricular procedure. They planned to make up stories, could recognize the reality of film-making and learn interaction at the last stage of in completing the film, by using smartphones. Smartphones our contemporary men and women are using anytime, anywhere, have become an indispensible item from talking to making educational contents.

The purpose of this study is to analyze usages and functions of quotation sentences and quotation verbs in newspaper texts. The newspaper quotes have the functions of factuality, neutrality, expressiveness, expert contribution, and personal involvement. If we analyze usages of quotation verbs, we can explain the functions of quotation sentences in newspaper texts. The corpus for the study consisted of newspaper texts from '21st Century Sejong Project' corpus. It comprises around 250,000 words in newspaper reports and around 250,000 words in newspaper editorial articles. I analyzed the quotation sentences and measured the ratio of frequency of quotation verbs. The results show that the citations of statement are more than the citations of thought in newspaper reports. But the citations of thought are comparatively frequent in newspaper editorial articles. From this we may know that journalists cite other's statements mostly in newspaper reports. But editors cite their thoughts and assertions in newspaper articles more than in newspaper reports. Using the quotation sentences in reports, the journalists express that cited statements are objective and authentic. And using the quotation sentences in editorial articles, the editors show foundation for their assertion. And '-다고 하-' in articles has function of periphrasis for declining to assert.