In this study, we investigated whether infusion of colorectal cancer cell line and PMSG could increase endometrial cancer. As a result, our study confirmed that the injection of colorectal cancer can cause inflammation and cancer in the uterus and increase the VEGF gene in the uterus. The study also found that endometrial cancer was associated with PMSG.

정신분열은 대표적인 신경정신성 질환으로 정신분열 환자들은 정신적, 감정적 및 행동적인 장애로 인해 고통받고 있다. 이 연구는 흰쥐를 대상으로 정신분열을 유도함으로써 골격근 조직에서 반응하는 혈관생성 관련 단백질의 변화를 살펴보고 규칙적인 운동의 효과를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 연구의 목적을 위해 흰쥐(SD rats) 총 18마리를 통제(n=6), 정신분열(n=6), 정신분열+운동(n=6) 집단으로 구분하였다. 정신분열 및 정신분열+운동 집단은 총 2주 동안 MK-801처치를 통해 정신분열을 유도하였으며, 정신분열+운동 집단은 4주간 규칙적인 유산소성 운동을 수행하였다. 유산소성 운동은 실험동물용 트레드밀을 이용하여 수행되었으며 HIF-1α 및 VEGF 단백질은 western blot을 통해 관찰하였다. 연구결과, HIF-1α 단백질은 집단간 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>.05). VEGF 단백질의 경우, 통제집단보다 정신 분열 집단에서 유의하게 낮게 나타났으며(p<.01), 정신분열+운동 집단의 VEGF가 정신분열 집단보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<.01). 따라서 골격근 내 혈관생성 관련 단백질들은 정신분열 유도에 의해 낮아질 수 있으며 반대로 운동은 이를 개선하는 효과를 가지는 것으로 사료된다.

The majority of early embryonic mortality in pregnancy occurs during the peri-implantation stage, suggesting that this period is important for conceptus viability and the establishment of pregnancy. Successful establishment of preg-nancy in all mammalian species depends on the orchestrated molecular events that transpire at the conceptus- uterine interface during the peri-implantation period. This maternal-conceptus interaction is especially crucial in pigs because in them non-invasive epitheliochorial placentation occurs, in which the pre-implantation phase is prolonged. During the pre-implantation period, conceptus survival and the establishment of pregnancy are known to depend on the developing conceptus receiving an adequate supply of histotroph, which contains a wide range of nutrients and grow-th factors. Evidence links growth factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) to embryogenesis or implantation in various mammalian species; however, in the case of pig, little is known about such functions of these growth factors, especially their regulatory mechanisms at the maternal-conceptus interface. Our research group has presented evidence for promising growth factors affecting cellular activities of primary porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells, and we have identified potential intracellular signaling pathways responsible for the activities induced by these factors. Therefore, this review focuses on promising growth factors at the maternal-conceptus interface regulating the develop-ment of the porcine conceptus and playing pivotal roles in implantation events during early pregnancy in pigs.

This study evaluated the possibility of clinical application using matrigel-based bioceramic/polymer scaffolds treated with bone morphogenetic protein, angiogenic factor, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for new bone formation. In the in vitro study, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) containing matrigel, which is a basement membrane gel, was injected into HA/PCL scaffolds to estimate the release rates of growth factors. In the in vivo study, BMP-2, VEGF, and MSCs with matrigel-based scaffolds were implanted into rat femoral segmental defects, and new bone formation was evaluated at 4 and 8 weeks. In the results, the release rates of BMP-2 and VEGF explosively increased by day 5. For the in vivo study results, radiological evaluation revealed that the matrigel-based HA/PCL scaffolds with BMP-2 and VEGF grafted (M+B+V) and matrigel-based HA/PCL scaffolds with BMP-2, VEGF, and MSC grafted (MSC) groups showed increased bone volume and bone mineral density. Moreover, in the histological evaluation, large new bone formation was observed in the M+B+V group, and high cellularity in the scaffold was observed in the MSC group. In conclusion, grafted matrigel-based HA/PCL scaffolds with BMP-2, angiogenic factor, and MSCs increased new bone formation, and in clinical cases, it may be effective and useful to enhance healing of delayed fractures.

신생혈관 형성은 세포의 성장 및 상처 치유 과정에서 중요한 현상이다. 그러나 성장인자의 불균형은 시각 및 면역질환과 같은 다양한 질환을 야기한다. 이러한 질환을 치료하는 방법 중 신생혈관 형성을 억제하는 것이 중요한 방법 중 하나이다. AuNPs의 기능과 기전이 신생혈관 형성에 있어서 아직 밝혀진 바가 없다. 현재 PEDF가 항신생혈관 형성 물질로 제안되고 있다. 본 연구에서 우리는 AuNPs가 BRECs에서 VEGF로 유도된 세포의 증식 및 이동, 신

Angiogenesis is a process with a coordinated sequence of endothelial cell division, selective degradation of vascular basement membranes, and surrounding extracellular matrix with migration of theses cells that result in a new capillary growth from preexisting vessels. These processes are controlled by numerous different molecules. Among these, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor(VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen with a potent ability to induce microvessel permeability and angiogenesis. In this study, tissue samples of odontogenic keratocyst(10 cases), ameloblastoma(10 cases), adenomatoid odontogenic tumor(10 cases), calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor(10 cases), ameloblastic carcinoma(2 cases) were obtained, and all specimen were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and embedded. Serial 5μm thick sections were cut from paraffin blocks. And the immunohistochemical staining, characteristics of VEGF about the cyst & tumor were observed & obtaned the results from this study. We presume that the growth of cyst is depends on not a differentiation but an epithelium & connective tissue. But, in odontogenic tumor, we presumed that the growth of tumor is influenced on inflammation & surrounding stimulus & vascular growth and supply. Therefore, it should be suggested that study on the growth of tumor and vascularity must be carrying out in this immunohistochemical study.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was a main substance as an endothelial cell specific mitogen. This acts sometimes as an antiapoptotic factor. It plays an important role in the embryo development as well as implantation process. This review introducesthe function and distribution of the VEGF and its receptors related to the development of mammal embryos.

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of suspension unloading (SU) and electrical stimulation upon the development of neonatal muscular system. For this study, the neonatal rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, an experimental group I, and an experimental group II. The SU for experimental group I and II was applied from postnatal day (PD) 5 to PD 30. The electrical stimulation for soleus muscle of experimental group IIwas applied from PD 16 to PD 30 using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), which gave isometric contraction with 10 pps for 30 minutes twice a day. In order to observe the effect of SU and ES, this study observed myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunoreactivity in the soleus muscles at PD 15 and PD 30. In addition, the motor behavior test was performed through footprint analysis at PD 30. The following is the result. At PD 15, the soleus muscles of experimental group Iand II had significantly lower MEF2C, VEGF immunoreactivity than the control group. It proved that microgravity conditions restricted the development of the skeletal muscle cells at PD 15. At PD 30, soleus muscles of the control group and experimental group II had significantly higher MEF2C, VEGF, immunoreactivity than experimental group I. It proved that the NMES facilitated the development of the skeletal muscle cells. At PD 30, it showed that SU caused the decrease in stride length of parameter of gait analysis and an increase in toe-out angle, and that the NMES decreased these variations. These results suggest that weight bearing during neonatal developmental period is essential for muscular development. They also reveal that NMES can encourage the development of muscular systems by fully supplementing the effect of weight bearing, which is an essential factor in the neonatal developmental process.

This research was designed to investigate changes of growth factors and bone matrix proteins during the bone healing processes using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Especially this study was focused on the changes of bone matrix and growth factors around the titanium implant. Threaded implants were introduced into the long bone of tibia. Time dependent changes of several bone associated protein and and its mRNAs were observed. Proteins investigated in this study are collagen, osteonectin(ON), osteopontin(OPN), osteocalcin(OC). Expression of the proteins were measured using immunohistochemistry. VEGF and ON were measured using in situ hybridization, and northen blot technique. Bone regeneration were observed as early as the third day of experiment. Matrix proteins and growth factors observed around implant were identical to the proteins observed in the control group. The expression of the ON, OC and VEGF were observed mainly in the osteoblast-like cell on the surface of new bone around the implant and the cells lining the margin of bone defect apart from the implant. The observation may not result from direct osteoconducting activities of titanium but by passive adsorption of extracellular factors which has bone inducing capacities. These passive adsorption results in the immobilization of the growth factors and consequent prolongation of the activities.

Skeletal muscle injury occurs frequently in sports medicine and is the most general form of injury followed by physical impact. There are growth factors which conduct proliferation, differentiation, and synthesis of myogenic prodromal cells and regulate vascular generation for the continued survival of myocytes. The purpose of the present study was to confirm the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and electrical stimulation (ES) on muscle recovery processes according to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into 2 experimental groups and a controlled group. All animals had suffered from crush damage in the extensor digitorum longus for 30 seconds and were killed 1, 3, and 7 days after injury. 30 Hz and 1 mA impulsion for 15 minutes was applied to the EA experimental groups Zusanli (ST36) and Taichong (LR3) using electroacupuncture and the same stimulation was applied to the ES group using an electrical node. Hematoxyline-Eosin staining and VEGF immunohistochemistry were used to ascertain the resulting muscle recovery. There were few morphological differences between the EA and ES groups, and both groups were observed to have tendencies to decrease atrophy as time passed. In the controlled group, gradually diminishing atrophy could be observed, but their forms were mostly disheveled. There were few differences in VEGF expression between the EA and ES groups, and tendencies to have an increased quantity of VEGF with the lapse of time were observed in both groups. In the controlled group, a little VEGF expression could be observed merely 7 days after injury. In conclusion, EA and ES contributed to muscle recovery processes and could be used for the treatment of muscle injury.

Cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 is an enzyme engaged in the synthesis of prostaglandin(PG) and is upregulated by inflammation. It is related with the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in the angiogenesis of granulation tissue. By using immunohistochemical stains, the expressions for COX-2 and VEGF were evaluated according to the degree of inflammation and the type of lesion, and the correlation between the expressions were investigated in the 39 periapical lesions (7 periapical granulomas, 7 periapical granulomas with epithelium, 25 periapical cysts) and 13 dentigerous cysts. The expression rate of COX-2 in histiocytes of periapical lesions(97.4%) was significantly higher than that of dentigerous cysts(69.2%)(p=0.0032). The expression rate of VEGF was highest in plasma cells in the periapical lesions(69.4%) and in dentigerous cysts(69.2%). COX-2 expression rate in endothelium and VEGF expression rate in epithelium were significantly higher in the periapical cysts than in the periapical granuloma and. VEGF expression rate in endothelium of the periapical lesions was increased in cases with resolving inflammation. For the periapical lesions, epithelial expression of COX-2 and VEGF showed a positive relationship(p=0.0301), and endothelial COX-2 expression revealed positive relationship with VEGF expressions in epithelium(p=0.0008), in histiocytes(p=0.0136), and in endothelium(p=0.0439). According to these findings, as the periapical lesion progressed from granuloma to cyst, the expressions of COX-2 and VEGF were increased. COX-2 expression was significantly correlated with VEGF expression, which suggests that COX-2 seems to be involved in the progression of periapical lesion by inducing the expression of VEGF.

The puφose of this study was to evaluate the role of EGF(Epidermal Growth Factor), EGFR(Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor), aFGF(acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor or FGF-1), bFGF(basic Fibroblast Growth Factor or FGF-2), FGFR(Fibroblast Growth Faαor Receptor), and VEGF(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) in the development of the human ameloblastomas For this study 9 subjects, diagnosed as ameloblastomas referred to the Dept. of Oral Path. College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 2 subjeαs of normal oral mucosa with any inflammatory changes were used as experimental, control groups respectively. All the tissues ; experimental and control group were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution and embedded in paraffm, serial tissue section were made 하1m in thickness and processed in the standard way for immunohistochemical method, using primary and secondary antibodies, for EGF(Antirabbit Ig G, rabbit kit at }:1oo dilution), EGFR(Antimouse Ig G, mouse kit at 1:100 dilution), aFGF(Antirabbit Ig G, rabbit kit at 1:100 dilution), bFGF(Antirabbit Ig G, rabbit kit at 1:100 dilution), FGFR(Antimouse Ig G, mouse kit at 1:100 dilution) , and VEGF(Antirabbit Ig G, rabbit kit at 1:100 dilution), all BioGenex U.S. A. made, followed by the Streptavidin - Horse Radish Peroxidase(InnoGenex, Human-avidin kit) appli때on ， counter stained with Mayer’s hematoxylin stain method. And examined under the biologic microscope, graded -(no epithelial stain), +(weak or focal epithelial stain), ++(moderate or focal intensive epithelial stain), +++(intense generalized epithelial staining) for the epithelial, and connective 따sue component in ameloblastomas and in normal mucosal epithelium on each. Attained results as follows ; 1. EGF, EGFR, aFGF, bFGF, FGFR, and VEGF showed more intense stainability on experimental group compare t，。 that on the control group. 2. EGF, EGFR, aFGF, bFGF, FGFR, and VEGF showed more intense stainability in epithelial component and more intensely stained on the peripheral ce11s of the ameloblastomas. 3. EGF, EGFR, aFGF, bFGF, FGFR, and VEGF showed positive stainability on the stromal tissues but its level is lower compare to that on the epithelial components. Those results suggested that those growth factors take a role in development and progression on the amelob비las와tomas

까le purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of EGF(Epidermal Growth Factor) , EGFR(Epidemlal Growth Factor Receptor), aFGF(acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor, FGF-1), bFGF(basic Fibroblast Growth Factor, FGF-2), FGFR(Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor), and VEGF(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) 띠 the development of the oral squamous cell carcinoma. For this study 6 subjects, diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma refelTed to the Dept. of Oral Path. College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 2 subjects of normal 이띠 mucosa with any inflammatolY changes were used as expelimental, control groups respectively. AlI the 디ssu es ; expe디me nta l and control group were fixed in 100;ú neutral fOlmalin solution and embeclded in paraffìn , seIial tissue section were made 511m in thickness ancl processecl in the standard way for immunohistochemical methocl, using primary ancl seconclalY antibodies, for EGF(Antirabbit Ig G, rabbit kit at 1:100 dilution), EGFR(Antimouse Ig G, mouse kit at 1:100 dilution), aFGF(Antirabbit Ig G, rabbit kit at 1:100 dilution), bFGF(Antirabbit Ig G, rabbit 써t at 1:100 dilution), FGFR(Antimouse Ig G, mouse kit at 1:100 dilution), ancl VEGF(Antirabbit Ig G, rabbit kit at 1:100 clilution), all BioGenex U.S.A. macle, followed by the Stre ptavidin - Horse Radish Peroxidase(InnoGenex, Human-avidin kit) application, counter stained with Mayer’s hematoxylin stain method. And examined under the biologic microscope, -(no epithelial stain), +(weak or focal epithelial stain), ++(mode rate or focal intensive epithelial stain), +++(intense generalized epithelial staining) for the epithelial, and connective tissue component in squamous cell carcinoma and in nomlal mucosal epithelium on each. Attained results as follows ; 1. It is noted that more intensed reactio n EGF, EGFR, aFGF, bFGF, FGFR, and VEGF on experimental group compare to that on the control group. 2. Increased reaction is noted on the tumor components compare to that in the stromal tissues. 3. Intensed reaction is noted on the basement membrane adjacent to cancer nest to EGF, EGFR, aFGF, bFGF, FGFR, and VEGF 4. It is noted that intensed positive reaction on cancer pearls, cancer components with hyperactivities, in cancer nest. And at the peIiphelY of cancer nest, diffuse moclerate reaction to EGF, EGFR, aFGF, bFGF, FGFR, and VEGF is notecl This results suggest that EGF, EGFR, aFGF, bFGF, FGFR, and VEGF mJy be effectecl to the growth ancl clevelopment of the squamous cell carcinoma.

MMPs are catalytic enzymes involved in the degradation of extracellular marix, and associated with invasive growth and metastasis of malignant tumors along with angiogenesis. This study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of VEGF expression and microvessel density(MVD) and the relationship between VEGF expression, MVD and MMPs expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas(OSCC). The materials were from 52 cases of OSCC during a period from 1991 to 2001. Clinicopathologic parameters such as clinical stage, recurrence, histologic grade and invasion pattern were evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining for MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and CD34 were performed and statistical analyses between clinicopathologic parameters and VEGF expression and MVD were done. MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF expressions were noted in 30(57.7%), 21(40.1%) and 38(73.1%) of 52 cases, respectively. MVD was measurable in 35 cases, and cases with increased MVD more than average were 16(45.7%) of 35 cases. There was no significant relationship between clinicopathologic parameters and VEGF expression or MVD in OSCC, which suggests that VEGF expression and MVD can not be regarded as reliable prognostic factors. Cases with less infiltrative growth pattern showed a tendency of increased MVD, which can explain the possibility that neovascularization might be an early event of tumor invasion. Lack of significant relationship between MMPs, VEGF expressions and MVD might be due to limited number of cases, and positive correlation between MMP-2 and VEGF expression suggests that both factors might be involved in the process of angiogenesis in OSCC.