This study addresses the increasing damage to national heritage due to climate change by analyzing the current use of terms that describe deterioration damage phenomena in wooden architectural heritage, and proposes a framework for defining and systematizing these terms. The research found that inconsistencies in the use of terms for the same deterioration damage phenomena and unclear definitions in regular heritage survey and monitoring reports cause confusion in data analysis and accumulation. Consequently, this study followed ISO 704 and KS standards to understand the relational system of terms, proposing a hierarchical structure with "deterioration damage" as the top concept and systematically organizing its sub-concepts. Specific terms such as "crack," and the Korean-originated terms "Gallem" and "Apgoe", were analyzed to establish clear definitions and build a system based on their conceptual properties. The study is expected to enhance the effectiveness of heritage conservation and management, ensure consistency in terminology usage among researchers, and support the establishment of data-based scientific conservation policies. Future research will focus on developing practical standardization strategies for deterioration damage terminology through in-depth discussions with field experts and conducting long-term national-level studies.

This study analyzed displacement records of Sungnyemun Gate's primary structural members, such as columns, beams, and hip rafters, over approximately ten years from 2013 to 2023. Through this, we attempted to examine the behavior of wooden architectural heritage in detail and infer the factors influencing structural change through the deformation revealed during the displacement accumulation process. As a result of the analysis, it was quantitatively confirmed that the prominent structural members of the Sungnyemun gate, including the columns, beams, and hip rafters, continued to move and that the accumulated displacements from the movement led to the structure's deformation. It was also confirmed that member displacements accumulate in a specific direction. In the case of the Sungnyemun gate, even after the structure was stabilized, the columns were tilting inward toward the building, and the ends of the hip rafters and the centers of the beams were moving downward continuously. Furthermore, the behavior of wooden architectural heritage, in which damage accumulates as it undergoes repeated transformation and recovery according to seasonal changes, was also revealed in detail. The deformation of the Sungnyemun gate members shows a common pattern of relatively large behavior in the summer. However, seasonal deformation did not appear the same in all members. Even the same member has an uneven drying speed due to differences in the amount of sunlight received depending on the location, leading to uneven distribution of deformation. This study, while acknowledging its limitations, is significant in that it attempts to examine the behavior of our wooden architectural heritage in detail and discuss its characteristics and influencing factors based on quantitative results of long-term measurements.

본 논문은 완도 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상의 복장 기록인 중수 원문(1865년)의 해석과 불 상 양식의 비교분석을 통해 불상의 제작 시기가 1628년임을 밝힌 것이다. 중수 원문의 기록 에 의하면, 완도 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상은 1628년에 조성되었고, 1802년ㆍ1845년ㆍ 1865년에 걸쳐 중수되었으며, 원 봉안처는 해남 대흥사 대광명전이었고, 1845년과 1865 년에 불상의 중수를 주도한 승려는 초의 의순이었음이 확인된다. 초의 의순은 19세기 전라 도와 경상도 지역에서 활동한 화승 원담 내원(1845년)과 용완(원) 기연(1865년)과 함께 신 흥사 목조약사여래좌상을 개금ㆍ중수했다. 특히 초의 의순은 선교(禪敎)와 학예(學藝)에 뛰 어난 자질을 가졌으며 19세기의 대흥사 불사를 이끈 승려이다. 두 화승(내원과 기연)은 초의 의순이 주도한 대흥사 불화 제작에도 참여했다. 완도 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상이 1628년에 조성된 사실은 중수 원문의 기록과 17세기 전반에 조성된 불상들과의 양식 비교를 통해 파악했다. 초의 의순이 쓴 ｢대둔사신건광명전상 량문(大芚寺新建光明殿上樑文)｣, ｢대둔사비로전신건화연소(大芚寺毘盧殿新建化緣疏)｣, ｢불상개금모연문(佛像改金募緣文)｣에 의하면 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상은 1628년에 조성 된 후 대흥사 대광명전 비로자나삼불상 가운데 좌존으로 봉안되었던 것으로 추정된다. 대흥 사 대광명전은 화재로 소실되어 1841년에 새로 건립되었다. 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상의 양식 특징은 조각승 태전이 조성한 대흥사 목조약사ㆍ아미타불상(1612년)을 계승했고, 현진이 1610년에서 1630년 사이에 제작한 불상과 친연성이 강 한 것을 알 수 있다. 이 외에도 응원ㆍ인균파 및 수연파 불상의 특징도 일부 반영되어 있다. 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상은 17세기 전반에 조성되어 19세기 대흥사 현창 운동 과정에서 새로 건립된 대광명전에 봉안되어 개금ㆍ중수된 불상으로, 교학과 학예면에서 뛰어난 자질을 가진 초의 의순이 불상의 개금ㆍ중수 불사를 주도한 사실을 알려준다는 점에서, 조선 후기 불교사 및 불교미술사를 연구하는데 자료의 가치가 매우 크다.

Aircraft noise is something humans don't want. In this study, based on the Rotax 914 engine used in Korea, the propeller blade angle was changed by 1 degree and the engine RPM was changed to review the three-wing “G Company” propeller and the three-wing GSC wooden propeller. Select the best propeller pitch angle by measuring the change in propeller noise and thrust and the change in engine RPM due to the change in noise and thrust. We would like to present a propeller pitch angle suitable for the location of the airfield and the operation of the aircraft. Based on this, we would like to help resolve noise complaints around the airfiled.

The Wolseong Wooden moat is a unique example. Which is a vertical wall made of wood. It shows a changing point how to make the wall by digging a hole and stacking stones vertically. This study tried to to make a assumption about the construction process of the wooden structure found in the Wolseong pit moat. I sorted out wooden elements and then analyzing these features and compared with the results of the excavation. After I made 3D modelling in the order to it was made. This moat is not only a function of digging up the ground to trap water, but also a technique of building structures to maintain walls. It is a valuable material that can show the woodworking engineering techniques of the Silla Dynasty.