Within the Pungnap-dong Earthen Fortress in Seoul, various archaeological remains and artifacts that constitute an ancient capital have been excavated, including residential sites from the Proto-Three Kingdoms period to the Hanseong period of Baekje, as well as public buildings, ritual facilities, large-scale waste pits, pit dwellings, roads, waterways, and earthen fortess. The reconstruction focuses on Building Site No. 44 in the Gyeongdang zone and Pit-Dwelling Site No. Ga-30 in the Mirae Village area. Based on the traces of these structures, the study reconstructs various architectural elements, including floor plans, foundation construction methods, flooring treatments, pillar arrangements and frameworks, wall construction techniques and openings, as well as roof materials and forms. Building Site No. 44 in the Gyeongdang zone exhibits features characteristic of a transition to above-ground architecture, such as a rectangular floor plan, the construction of a separate foundation, a deliberately planned pillar layout, and independently built walls. Pit-Dwelling Site No. Ga-30 in the Mirae Village area, on the other hand, was designed as a pit structure with thick load-bearing walls to create a large interior space, differing from earlier forms. In this case, materials such as wood, stone, and earth were combined, reflecting an understanding of the distinct properties of each material. The significance of this study lies in the discovery that, although both buildings share similarities with pit dwellings in terms of floor plan and certain structural aspects, they also reveal attempts to implement new wall construction techniques in order to elevate the structures above ground and to construct large-scale buildings.
This study addresses the increasing damage to national heritage due to climate change by analyzing the current use of terms that describe deterioration damage phenomena in wooden architectural heritage, and proposes a framework for defining and systematizing these terms. The research found that inconsistencies in the use of terms for the same deterioration damage phenomena and unclear definitions in regular heritage survey and monitoring reports cause confusion in data analysis and accumulation. Consequently, this study followed ISO 704 and KS standards to understand the relational system of terms, proposing a hierarchical structure with "deterioration damage" as the top concept and systematically organizing its sub-concepts. Specific terms such as "crack," and the Korean-originated terms "Gallem" and "Apgoe", were analyzed to establish clear definitions and build a system based on their conceptual properties. The study is expected to enhance the effectiveness of heritage conservation and management, ensure consistency in terminology usage among researchers, and support the establishment of data-based scientific conservation policies. Future research will focus on developing practical standardization strategies for deterioration damage terminology through in-depth discussions with field experts and conducting long-term national-level studies.