After the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) came into effect, international cooperation through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) was required, and each RFMO established and adopted the Conservation and Management Measure (CMM) for the regional Observer Programs to collect data on fishing activities and biological information and to monitor compliance with its CMMs. The observer coverage required by RFMO is set differently for each organization, ranging from 5% to 100%. In addition, tuna-RFMOs recommend increasing observer coverage in longline fisheries by at least 20% for reliable quantitative analysis of not only target species but also bycatch species and ecologically related species such as sharks, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals. Therefore, in this study, we discussed ways to improve the national observer programs of Korean distant water fisheries that should be addressed in the future to respond to the RFMO trends.

The IUU Fishing Index is composed of 40 indicators. These indicators were grouped by state responsibilities (flag, coastal, port, and general including market) defined in the FAO IPOA-IUU (2001) and then by type into vulnerability, prevalence, and response. A total of 152 coastal nations was surveyed. Korea's total combined IUU Fishing Index was 2.49 in 2019 and 2.91 in 2021, indicating a drop in the ranking to the third worst out of 152 countries followed by China and Russia in 2021. The indicators that increased the IUU fishing risk in 2021 compared to 2019 included seven indicators of prevalence and two indicators of response while those reducing the risk included one prevalence and one response indicator. The IUU Fishing Index revealed that many fisheries observers and monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) practitioners active in the waters of RFMOs jurisdiction where Korean distant water vessels operate have mentioned concerns about the compliance with RFMO conservation measures or fishing practices. It suggested that strengthening management intervention in the fishing sector is needed. The primary tool for management is the MCS system. Given the logistical difficulty of oversight from land, air and at-sea, there is a need to enhance MCS strategies through logbook data, at-sea observer and electronic monitoring program. It also suggested that MSC fisheries certification and fisheries improvement projects, which are widely used for improving fishing sector performance, could contribute to the eradication of IUU fishing and the promotion of sustainable distant water fisheries.

애긴노린재는 긴노린재과에 속하며 한국을 포함한 동아시아 국가의 다양한 곡물 및 관상용 식물의 주요 해충으로 여겨진다. 본 연구에서는 애긴노린재의 17,367 bp 미토콘드리아 유전체에서 13개의 protein-coding genes, 22개의 transfer RNA genes, 2개의 ribosomal RNA genes 과 non-coding A+T rich region를 확인하였다. G+C content는 23%로 나타났고 다른 긴노린재과와의 염기서열 유사성이 N. cymoides (94.5%), N. fuscovittatus (91.7%)으로 높은 것을 발견하였다. 애긴노린재의 미토콘드리아 유전체 정보는 향후 긴노린재과의 진화 연구와 해충 방제를 위한 정보로 널리 사용될 수 있다.

흑다리긴노린재 약충 및 성충에 의한 벼 이삭 피해를 다양한 조건에서 분석하였다. 흑다리긴노린재 약충 1마리를 1일간 접종하였을 경우 주당 평균 2.7개, 16마리를 16일간 접종하였을 때 주당 평균 132.3개의 반점미가 발생되었다. 접종밀도와 반점미 발생 입수와는 고도의 정의 상 관관계를 나타내었다(Y = 8.8446X, r2 = 0.9622). 출수기에 흑다리긴노린재 성충 1쌍을 접종한 경우 벼 수확 시 발생한 피해로 동할미율은 40.2%, 반점미율은 30.5%였으며, 16쌍을 처리한 경우 동할미율은 81.7%, 반점미율은 74.5% 발생되었다. 벼의 등숙 정도에 따른 피해 양상을 분석한 결과 출수 초기에 가해하였을 경우에는 벼의 등숙율을 감소시키는 경향을 보였으며, 중기 및 후기에 가해하였을 경우 동할미율과 반점미 율이 증가하는 경향을 나타내어 가해시기에 따라 벼 이삭 피해의 차이가 현저하였다.

Tuna fisheries were applied to an integrated ecosystem-based fishery risk assessment method using indexes of target species status, inhabited species in a target ecosystem, habitat quality and socio-economic benefit of affected fisheries. This study suggested more effective and efficient management measures to break away from traditional management methods, such as limitation of catch and fishing effort. The results presented that the objective risk index (ORIS) on sustainability of bigeye and yellowfin tunas by purse seine fishery was estimated high due to the high catch ratio of small fishes. The ORIs of biodiversity (ORIB) and habitat quality (ORIH) of purse seine fishery were also estimated at a high level from using fish-aggregating devices (FAD). However, due to skipjack tuna’s high catches, the ORI of socio-economic benefit (ORIE) was estimated at a very low level. Due to the high bycatch rate, ORIB was high, and ORIS and ORIH were evaluated at a low level in longline fishery. Due to strengthern of fishing restrictions and increase of fishing costs, the ORIE was assessed to be very high. The ecosystem risk index (ERI) for two tuna fisheries was assessed low, but the overall FAD management by purse seine fishery is necessary at the ecosystem level.

The purpose of this study is to identify economic situation on scale of tuna distant longline fishery by analyzing its economies of scale using the cost function. To analyze its economics of scale, the deep-sea fishing statistics were used from 2012 to 2016. In detail, the number of panels for estimating the cost function was 68 tuna distant longline vessels from 2012 to 2016, and the total number of observations over the five years were 340. As a final model, the two-way fixed effect model based on the translog cost function was adopted through the F test, the Breusch-Pagan test and the Hausman test. As a result of the analysis, it was found that tuna distant longline fishery between 2012 and 2014 was diseconomies of scale, the fishery between 2015 and 2016 was economies of scale. However, the economic indicators of the scale from 2012 to 2016 were almost close to zero, indicating that the constant returns to scale, the optimal scale, were reached. Therefore, in the situation where the amount of fishery resources in the world continues to decrease, it is necessary to prepare a method to obtain economic benefits through scale maintenance and reduction rather than indiscriminate scale expansion.

벼에 반점미를 유발하는 흑다리긴노린재 [Paromius exiguus (Distant)]의 온도에 따른 산란 특성을 17.5~35°C 8개 항온조건 광주기 14L:10D에서 조사하고 산란모델 구축을 위한 단위 함수 개발 및 생명표 분석을 수행하였다. 성충 수명은 17.5°C에서 123.8일로 가장 길었고, 32.5°C에서 23.6일로 가장 짧았으며 온도가 올라감에 따라 수명도 짧아졌다. 암컷 한 마리당 총산란수는 30°C에서 585.2개로 가장 많았으며, 17.5°C에서 21.5개로 가장 적었다. 온도에 기반한 산란 모델 개발을 위해 성충노화율, 총산란수, 성충생존율 및 누적산란율 단위모델을 추정하였 다. 총 산란수(r2 = 0.83~0.85)를 제외한 3개의 단위모델 모두에서 높은 수준의 모델 적합성을 보였다(r2 = 0.92~0.98). 온도에 따른 흑다리긴노 린재 생명표 매개변수들을 추정하였다. 순증가율(R0)은 30°C에서 118.21로 가장 높았다. 평균 세대기간(T)은 32.5°C에서 32.99일로 가장 짧았 으며, 개체군 배수기간(Dt)은 30°C에서 5.69일로 가장 짧았다. 내적자연증가율(rm)과 기간증가율(λ)은 30°C에서 가장 커 각각 0.122, 1.129였다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency of distant-water longline fishing vessels in the Pacific Ocean and the gap in efficiencies among individual vessels. In order to estimate the efficiency, the dependent variable is set as an amount of catch and independent variables include number of crew, number of hooks, number of vessel size, and vessels engine power associated with fishing activities of distant water longline fisheries. Analytical result was shown as follows: first, the average efficiency of distant-water longline fishing vessels in the Pacific Ocean was found to be 94%. Second, the number of hooks were found to be statistically significant in each input variable and the appropriate control of the number of hooks would be expected to have a positive effect on the efficiency. Third, the relationship between the age of a vessel and the efficiency was not found statistically.

We present the results of our mid-infrared (MIR) observations of distant clusters of galaxies with AKARI. The wide-eld of view of IRC/AKARI (10'X10') is ideally suited for studying dust-obscured star-formation (SF) activity of galaxies along the cosmic web in the distant universe. We performed a deep and wide-field 15 μm (rest-frame  8 μm) imaging observation of the RXJ1716+6708 cluster (z = 0:81) with IRC. We find that 15 m-detected cluster member galaxies (with total infrared luminosities of LIR & 1011L⊙) are most preferentially located in the cluster outskirt regions, whilst such IR-luminous galaxies avoid the cluster centre. Our Hα follow-up study of this field conrmed that a significant fraction of 15 μm-detected cluster galaxies are heavily obscured by dust (with AHα>3 mag in extreme cases). The environment of such dusty star-burst galaxies coincides with the place where we see a sharp "break" of the colour-density relation, suggesting an important link between dust-obscured SF activity and environmental quenching. We also report the discovery of a new cluster candidate around a radio galaxy at z = 1:52 (4C 65.22), where we obtained one of the deepest IRC imaging datasets with all the nine filters at 2-24 μm. This field will provide us with the final, excellent laboratory for studying the dust-enshrouded SF activity in galaxies along the cosmic web at the critical epoch of cluster galaxy evolution with AKARI.

벼 반점미를 유발하는 흑다리긴노린재 [Paromius exiguus (Distant)] 성충의 산란 및 수명을 다양한 항온조건 (17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, 37.5±1℃, RH = 20-30%, L:D = 14:10)에서 조사, 분석하고 산란 관련 모델들의 매개변수들을 추정하였다. 흑다리긴노린재 성충의 평균 수명은 17.5℃에서 82.0일로 가장 길었고, 온도가 올라감에 따라 짧아져 35℃에서는 평균 24.4일 생존하였다. 조사된 모든 온도 조건에서 산란 가능하였으며 평균 산란수는 25℃에서 455.1개로 가장 많았고 17.5℃에서 150.6개로 가장 적었다. 추정된 성충발육율 함수, 생존율 함수, 누적산란완료 함수는 비교적 높은 모형 적합성과 통계적 유의성을 보여주었다.

The sport industry is now operated on a global scale. With the aid of information technology, fans are now able to access sport products regardless of geographical proximity. In contrast to the overwhelming predisposition toward the local fan in sport fandom studies, in this article we study the distant fan as a unique focal object. The whole study is guided by following questions: RQ1: What motives drive a distant fan’s involvement with their favorite NBA team? RQ2: Are there differences in the motives associated with the different stages of psychological connection? RQ3: Are there differences in the amount of media consumption at the different stages of psychological connection? In the current study we utilize the Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) (Funk & James, 2001; 2006) to investigate the psychological connection of distant fans to a focal sports team. The model posits that the developmental progression is mediated by combined efforts of both sociological and psychological factors which are segmented into four hierarchical stages: awareness, attraction, attachment and allegiance. By identifying underlying influential factors in different stages, the PCM provides a theoretical basis for the exploration of the distant fan’s incremental psychological connection with the team. In this study we assess the strength of connection for the distant fan who only consumes a mediated form of the focal product, and attempt to identify motives driving each level of connection. An online survey was distributed to a Chinese sports message board to assess the motives of distant fans (N=281) following teams in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and strength of psychological connection to the NBA, based on the Psychological Continuum Model (PCM).There were significant differences in the motives for following a distant team among the respondents at different stages of psychological connection. Significant differences were also found among distant fans at the respective stages regarding media consumption. This study contributes to the advanced knowledge of the distant fan. By utilizing the PCM, it allows for the segmentation of a specific fan population and differentiates the motives and behaviors associated with different stages of an individual’s psychologicalconnection with a team. A conceptual framework is also provided to identify factors driving formation and progression of psychological connection with a distant team.

목 적: 근시성 직난시안의 안경처방과 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈 처방 및 등가구면 소프트콘택트렌즈처방(S+C/2)에 따른 원거리와 근거리 대비시력을 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법: 난시도가 -0.75 D이상 -1.75 D이하인 만 20~32세의 성인 남녀 22명을 대상으로 ASD디자인인 J사의 재질 etafilcon A렌즈와 Wide Ballast Band디자인인 C사 재질 ocufilcon D렌즈의 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈와 등가구면 소프트콘택트렌즈를 각각 착용하고 원거리 및 근거리 대비시력을 검사하였다. 결 과: 원거리 고대비시력은 두 렌즈 모두에서 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈와 안경과 등가구면 소프트콘택트렌즈 순으로 시력이 좋았으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 근거리는 두 렌즈 모두에서 고대비와 저대비시력이 안경과 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈와 등가구면렌즈 처방 순으로 시력이 높았다. 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈와 등가구면렌즈를 비교한 결과 ASD디자인 렌즈는 고대비시력 및 저대비시력에서 유의한 차이가 있었으며, Wide Ballast Band디자인 렌즈는 고대비시력은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으나 저대비시력은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론: 근시성 직난시안에게 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈 처방을 대신하여 등가구면 소프트콘택트렌즈로 처방하는 경우 렌즈디자인에 따른 고대비시력 및 저대비시력이 다르므로 이를 보완하기 위해 굴절검사가 추가로 실시되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

This double-blind study, as a human experiment of nonlocality, investigated the effects of senders' intention on the central nervous system of a distant human receiver and it explored the roles that motivation might have in modulating these effects. Whole brain activity was measured in the receiver whom was asked to relax in a distant room for 16 minutes; the sending person directed intention of oneness toward the receiver during repeated variable-second epochs separated by variable-second non-intention epochs. The total length of intention epochs and that of nonintention epochs were balanced. Eighteen sessions were conducted. In 9 of those sessions, the sender was the receiver's lover. In another 9 of those sessions, the sender was just acquainted with the receiver before the session. The receiver's whole brain activity recorded during the intention epochs were compared with the same measures recorded during the nonintention epochs used as controls. The statistical difference between the intentions versus controls across 18 sessions was examined by paired-t test. In addition, subgroup analysis for the 9 couple sessions and 9 non-couple sessions were additionally examined by the same test. The effect of distant intentionality decreased slow waves or increased EEG fast waves mainly in frontal regions, and increased EEG coherence during the intention epochs. The effects was not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction, but the couple sessions combined showed the largest effect followed by all sessions combined. Non-couple sessions combined showed the smallest effect. The changes in EEG power mean that receiver participants became more alert during the intention epochs and the change in EEG coherence might be evidence of coherent heart influence on EEG activity. Planned comparison with specific hypothesis testing for the suggested changes in this study have to be followed for an evidence of electroencephalographic changes in isolated subjects for the distant mental intention.