본 연구는 유색과 백색품종 토종오리의 성별에 따른 생산능력과 도체특성을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 1일령 토종오리 총 480수를 2개 품종(유색과 백색)×2개 성별(암컷과 수컷)로 총 4처리구의 4반복으로 반복 당 30수씩 평사에 나누어 8주간 사양실험을 진행하였다. 본 연구결과, 전체 사양실험기 간에서 토종오리의 체중, 증체량 및 사료섭취량은 품종(유색과 백색) 간 차이는 없었으나 수컷이 암컷보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 이와 유사하게, 사료요구율은 유색품종과 백색품종의 차이가 없었으나 수컷이 암컷에 비해 유의적으로 개선됨을 확인하였다(p<0.05). 토종오리의 머리, 가슴육, 다리육 및 간의 무게는 처리구간 통계적 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 도체중량은 처리구간 차이가 없었으나, 도체율은 백색품종이 유색품종과 비교해 현저히 높았다(p<0.05). 또한 복강지방 무게는 수컷이 암컷에 비해 높았으며(p<0.05) 백색품종이 유색품종보다 높았다(p<0.05). 폐사율은 토종오리 의 품종과 성별에 따른 유의적 차이가 없었다. 본 연구결과는 토종오리의 육성기 단계에서 사육성적에 대한 기초자료로 이용될 것으로 사료된다.

Epizootic HPAIV, H5N6, and H5N8 infections produced severe loss in poultry and wild birds in the Republic of Korea from 2016 to 2017. But pathological lesions and antigen distribution of the novel HPAIV H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4 in natural cases have been rarely reported. Herein, we describe the pathological lesions and antigen localization in chickens (layer and Korean native), ducks, and Japanese quail naturally infected by HPAIV H5N6. Grossly, severe reddening, swelling, and some necrotic foci, which were similar to septicemia or viremia, were observed in skin and many visceral organs including trachea, lung, liver, spleen, and pancreas. Histopathologically, pulmonary congestion and edema, as well as necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis, pancreatitis, myocarditis, and encephalitis were observed. Immunohistochemically, numerous HPAIV antigens were detected in necrotic parenchymal cells and in blood vessels of the respiratory, lymphoid, digestive, urinary, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. The results indicate that HPAIV H5N6 spread to the entire body via blood and caused severe damage throughout the entire body. The HPAI H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4 virus was isolated from samples of all four cases.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drinking water containing trimethyl glycine or ascorbic acid on growth performance and blood parameter profiles of duck exposed to scorching heat stress. A total of 480 ducks were randomly assigned to the following eight experiment groups for 42 days : control group C with general water, treatment group 1 (T1) with drinking water containing 100 ppm ascorbic acid, treatment group 2 (T2) with drinking water containing 200 ppm ascorbic acid, treatment group 3 (T3) with drinking water containing 300 ppm ascorbic acid, treatment group 4 (T4) with drinking water containing 400 ppm trimethyl glycine, treatment group 5 (T5) with drinking water containing 800 ppm trimethyl glycine, treatment group 6 (T6) with drinking water containing 1,200 ppm trimethyl glycine, treatment group 7 (T7) with electrolytes of KCl (0.5%) + NaHCO3 (1.0%)+NaCl (0.5%). Our results revealed that the body weights and feed intakes of treatment groups, especially T3 and T6, were increased compared to the control group, where as the feed conversion ratios of treatment groups were decreased (p<0.05). Blood levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, glucose, AST, ALT and pH in treatment groups were lower compared to those in the control group (p<0.05). Blood levels of red blood cell, platelets profiles, electrolyte and gas in treatment groups were higher compared to those of the control group (p<0.05).

본 연구에서는 야생동물위치추적기(WT-300)을 이용하여 국내에 월동․번식하는 흰뺨검둥오리의 하루 동안 서식지 이용과 이동거리를 파악하여, 우리나라 수조류 서식지 보호․관리의 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 대상지역은 경기도 안성천, 충청남도 봉선저수지, 전라북도 만경강, 동진강, 전라남도 해남군 등 5개 하천과 저수지로 흰뺨검둥오리 20개체 에 위치추적기를 부착하였다. 흰뺨검둥오리는 월동기에 내륙수를 47.3%의 비중으로 가장 많이 이용하였으며, 다음으로 논, 해양수, 내륙습지, 연안습지 등이었다. 내륙수는 시간에 관계없이 꾸준히 이용하였다. 논은 야간에 주로 이용하였고, 내륙습지, 연안습지, 해양수의 경우 주간에 주로 이용하였다. 서식지 이용률 변화는 16시와 18시, 06시와 08시에 가장 컸다. 전체 평균 이동거리는 0.75±0.27㎞/2hours이었으며, 누적 이동거리는 8.95㎞이었다. 06시에서 08시, 16시에 서 18시에 이동한 거리는 2㎞이상으로 가장 길었다. 그 외 시간에는 1㎞미만의 이동거리를 보였다. 장거리를 이동한 시간은 서식지 이용률의 변화 폭이 가장 큰 시간과 일치하였다.

The effects of different feeding times, using a diet containing 800 ppm betaine, on production, blood profile, and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), was investigated using 240 Cherry Valley (Anas platyrhynchos) meat ducks exposed to a scorching heat wave. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups, each of which was replicated three times with twenty ducks per replicate. The experimental period was 42 days for each group. Four groups were assigned into C (heat wave control group without betaine), T1 (ad libitum group fed a diet containing 800 ppm betaine), T2 (diet-restricted group fed twice daily between 05:00-10:00 and 17:00-20:00, using a diet containing 800 ppm betaine), and T3 (night-restricted group, fed from 17:00-10:00, with a diet containing 800 ppm betaine). At 42 days, body weight increased in order of T2, T1, T3 compared to the heat wave control group although. However, these differences were not found between the groups of T1 and T3. The heat wave control group, provided an ad libitum diet without betaine (C), showed an elevated feed conversion ratio compared to the groups fed a diet containing betaine. However, these differences were not found between the groups of T1, T2 and T3. RBC and platelet profiles except for PLT and MPV showed statistically significant differences between study groups fed a diet containing betaine. T2 presented significantly higher blood electrolytes Na+ and Cl- than the other groups. T2 also showed a blood gas level that was generally higher than the other groups. Total SCFA, acetic acid and propionic acid concentration has been the increasing trend in T2, but butyric acid, isobutyric acid and valeric acid concentration has been the decreasing trend in T2 compared to the other groups. It is concluded that the feeding-restricted group, fed two times daily between 05:00-10:00 and 17:00-20:00, with a diet containing 800 ppm betaine may improve growth performance in meat ducks exposed to a scorching heat wave.

Korea had experienced second epidemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), and there were the seven affected farms, including two breeder duck farms, from 22nd November 2006 to 6th March 2007. Here, we reported the clinico-pathological characteristics of domestic breeder ducks farms naturally infected with HPAI virus (H5N1). Clinically, the most ducks showed various signs from depression, decreased egg production and feed consumption to even, death. The most commonly gross changes were hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage on the liver surface, a white stripe on the cardiac muscle, and severely hemorrhagic and deformed eggs. The most significant histopathological changes were necrosis of various cells such as neuron, lymphocytes, cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes, blood vessels and pancreatic acinar epithelium. The viral antigen was mainly detected in the endothelium of blood vessels of various organs and tissues, peripheral nerves and neuronal cells. Based on the above results, we identified that HPAI H5N1 induced systemic infection in the adult breeder ducks.

본 연구는 1990년대 전반기(1989년 5월~1993년 4월)의 자료와 2000년대 중반기(2002년 5월~2006년 4월)의 자료를 분석하여 낙동강 하구에서 수면성 오리류(Dabbling Ducks; Anas spp.)의 장기적 도래 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 조사기간(1989년5월~1993년4월, 2002년5월~2006년4월, 총 8차년도)에 관찰된 수면성오리류 중 청둥오리속(Anas spp.)은 총 11종 356,100개체이었다. 1990년대 전반기(1989년~1993년)와 2000년대 중반기(2002년~2006년)까지 조사한 청둥오리속(Anas spp.)들의 개체수의 월평균 값은 1990년대 전반기에는 10월부터 점진적으로 개체수가 늘어나 11월에 가장 많은 개체수를 관찰할 수 있었으며, 2000년대 중반기에는 10월에 가장 많은 개체수를 관찰하였다. 또한 월별 개체수 평균도 1990년대보다2000년대가 약 2, 3배 이상을 나타내었다. 1990넌대 전반기 조사와 2000년대 중반기 조사 결과를 T-검정을 실시한 결과 11월부터 2월까지의 것이 5% 수준에서 유의한 것으로 나타나 11월부터 2월까지의 개체수들은 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 채식지와 휴식지가 다른 오리류는 낙동강 하구를 휴식지로 낙동강 상류를 채식지로 하는 조류로서, 채식지와 휴식지가 분리된 충분한 공간이 형성되어야만 다양하고 많은 개체들이 월동에 필요한 충분한 기간을 가질 수 있으므로 경작지의 보존이 무엇보다 중요한 실정이다. 낙동강 하구와 인접해 있는 주변의 논과 밭은 오리류의 서식지로 이용되는 공간이므로 경작지에 대한 철저한 관리와 부산광역시 강서구청에서 시행하고 있는 생물다양성관리계약제도를 확대하여 이러한 농지가 지속적으로 보존되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

This morphological study was performed on the stomach of ducks at 6, 12, 18 months after feeding the 6% of sulfur in diet and control fed the same diet without sulfur. After weighting of body of 36 ducks, we sacrificed the ducks and harvested stomach. Then we check the fed materials and the lumen of stomach. H-E, alcian blue - PAS (pH 1.0), and alcian blue - PAS (pH2.5) stains were used to histological and histochemical observation for the mucus The body weights decreased dependent upon the duration of feeding sulfur statistically, however, the stomachs kept their weight except the 18 month fed group. Ulcerative papillae containing caseous necrotic region were conspicuous on the lumen of proventriculus of sulfur-fed ducks. In addition, some lobules of proventricular glands adjacent to the papillae were observed with severe atrophy. mucus secreted from mucous epithelium showed same pattern between control and sulfur-fed ducks, but the ducts of proventricular glands in 12, 18 months groups had nonsulfated mucopolysaccharides. Gizzard had no pathological changes, however, ingested feed were mixed with re-fluxed bile juice from duodenum. Gastric glands in the gizzards of sulfur-fed ducks had increased the number of acidic mucin positive cells as well as surface cells containing PAS positive materials, which were thought to bring the change of matrix that observed with strong purple color. These data suggest that sulfur feeding for long term causes the damage on the proventriculus mucosa and its glands and also the change on the cuticle secreted from giazzard glands. These changes may be related to decrease of body weight.

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of Pekin duck breast meat obtained from ducks fed diets consisting different types of sipjeondaebo-tang by-products and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji during storage. A total of 180 Pekin ducks (0-day old) were divided into four groups, each consisting of three replicates (15 ducks per pen). This study investigated diets with four types of treatments: control (basal diet),1% blend powder, pelleted 1% blend, and coated pellets of 1% blend; the blend was a mixture of sipjeondaebo-tang by-products powder and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in duck breast meat pH on storage days 3 and 7, TBARS on storage days 0 through 7, and DPPH radical scavenging on storage days 0 and 7. However, the pH values on storage day 0 and DPPH radical scavenging on storage day 3 were significantly different (p<0.05) in the meats from control and treated diet fed ducks. Especially, on storage day 7, the breast meat from ducks treated with different types of sipjeondaebo-tang by-products and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji showed lower TBARS values and increased DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to the control. In conclusion, addition of different types of sipjeondaebo-tang by-product and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji to 1% blend might be helpful in increasing antioxidant effects and reducing product wastage.

The effect of insect feed powder on the growth performance and economic evaluation of ducks was investigated. One hundred and twenty-old Pekin ducks were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (0% and 1% Hermetia illucens powder) with three replicates of 20 birds each for 14-42 d. No significant (p>0.05) difference in growth performance between the control and 1% H. illucens powder was observed, except the feed conversion ratio (p<0.05), for the experimental period. The treatments with 1% H. illucens powder improved the economic indicators in comparison with the controls. Therefore, a diet supplemented with 1% H. illucens powder could significantly improve the feed conversion ratios and increase the economic indicators.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of duck litter in ducks fed diets containing Houttuynia cordata powder. One-day-old ducklings (Pekin) were randomly divided into two groups and fed a control or 1% H. cordata powder-containing diet for an experimental period of three weeks. The results showed that pH for 1–2 weeks and total nitrogen for 1–3 weeks in duck litter were affected by dietary treatments with 1% H. cordata powder (P < 0.05). For Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs), there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between ducks fed 1% H. cordata and control diets, as shown in the results for acetic acid and propionic acid in duck litter over three weeks; but, this was not the case for propionic acid at 3 weeks. The inclusion of 1% H. cordata powder in the diet had a the positive effect on increasing the total nitrogen and decreasing pH and VFAs in duck litter.

The effects of Houttuynia cordata powder on the growth performance of ducks were investigated. Ninety ducks were assigned into one of three dietary treatments as a completely randomized design for 6 weeks: feeds supplemented with 1% or 2% H. cordata and a control group. No significant difference was observed in feed conversion among the three groups (p > 0.05), but addition of H. cordata had a significantly positive effect (p < 0.05) on initial and final body weight, weight gain, and feed intake of the ducks. Furthermore, the effects of chemical treatment (comprising 50 g and 100 g aluminum chloride [AlCl3] per kilogram litter) on the ammonia (NH3) flux in duck litters were also investigated. Duck litter was treated with AlCl3 at a depth of 8 cm by top-dressing; this resulted in a significant difference on NH3 flux (p < 0.05) during the experimental period (but not at 2 weeks). NH3 flux at 6 weeks were reduced by 25.4% and 37.5% by treatment with 1% and 2% H. cordata, respectively, compared with the control groups. In conclusion, enriching the diets of the ducks with 2% H. cordata and adding 100 g AlCl3 to their litter has beneficial effects on increasing their growth performance and reducing NH3 flux in their environment.

논 방사오리에 의한 중경탁수가 관개수의 pH, 용존산소농도 및 토양의 이화학적 성질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 오리 방사논에서 벼 50포기를 완전무작위로 선발한 후, 각 1포기씩에 대해 원통형 철망을 둘러치는 방법에 의해 오리에 의한 중경탁수만 유입될 수 있도록 설치한 중경탁수구(이하, 탁수구)와 오리 무방사의 대조구로 구분하고, 관개수의 pH, 용존산소농도 및 토양의 이화학적 성질 등에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 오리 방사기간 중, 관개수의 pH는 대조구에 비해 탁수구에서 변동폭이 작고, pH7.4 전후의 높은 수준에서 추이하였다. 2. 용존산소농도는 오리 방사초기에 대조구보다 탁수구에서 유의적으로 낮은 수치를 보였으나(P＜0.01), 그 이후는 두 시험구 모두 벼 생육이 진전됨에 따라 급속히 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 3. 관개수의 부유물질농도 및 탁도는 대조구보다 탁수구에서 유의적으로 높았고(P＜0.01),오리 방사기간 중 큰 변화 없이 거의 일정한 수준을 나타내었다. 4. 관개수의 무기성분 함량에 있어서 P2O5 함량은 대조구에 비해 탁수구에서 유의적으로 낮았으나(P＜0.05), 그 이외의 성분에서는 두 시험구간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 5. 토양의 이화학적 성질은 오리 방사기간 중 및 방사종료 후 모두 어느 성분에 있어서도 두 시험구간에 큰 차이는 없었으나, 오리 방사기간 중 보다 방사종료 후에서 다소 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 오리에 의한 중경탁수는 관개수의 pH 변동폭을 줄이고, 용존산소농도 및 P2O5 함량을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 토양의 이화학적 성질에는 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 시사되었다, Daeyabyeo, Hwamyeongbyeo, 방eongsanbyeo, Dongjinbyeo) and two medium maturing cultivays (Donghaebyeo, Gumobyeo2). The rest cultivars were tore off by 1/10∼1/2 ELL. In yield components, the longer was flag leaf damage, the lower was ripened grain ratio, grain weight and brown/rough rice ratio, which was severly impacted to late than to ordinary season cultivation. However, rice yield did not decrease up to tearing by 1/10 ELL. Head rice ratio decreased from flag leaf tearing over 1/10 ELL in late season cultivation. The longer was flag leaf damage, the lower was eating quality, which could not show significantly different.the medium of Tang's costumes. the product category could be set up the population clearly.의 무게와 부피는 24주간 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 냉동저장 감자의 무게와 부피 변화는 48주간 전혀 없었다. 상온 냉장저장 감자의 조직의 강도(hardness)는 24주간 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 냉동저장 감자는 48주간 hardness의 변화가 전혀 없었다. Frozen mashed 감자는 저