The medium-large cladoceran species Simocephalus spp. predominantly occur in habitats with developed aquatic vegetation. Accordingly, due to Simocephalus’ high contribution to zooplankton community biomass in the lake’s littoral zone and wetland habitats, estimating their biomass is important to understand the matter cycling based on biological interactions within the aquatic food web. In this study, we reviewed the length-weight regression equations used previously to estimate Simocephalus biomass, directly measured S. serrulatus’ body specification (length, width and area) and their biomass (dry weight) using instruments such as a microscopic digital camera and a microscale, and performed regression analysis between each other. When S. serrulatus biomass was estimated using the equation (Kawabata and Urabe, 1998) presented in 『Biomonitoring Survey and Assessment Manual』, Korea, errors between estimates and measures were relatively large compared to the S. serrulatus species-specific biomass estimate equation developed by Lemke and Benke (2003). In addition, both equations showed not only increasing trends in error (estimate-measure) with increasing S. serrulatus’ body length, but also in error variance among similar-sized individuals. The results of regression analysis with dry weight by body specifications indicated that the most appropriate equation for estimating the biomass of S. serrulatus was derived from the width-dry weight exponential regression equation (R2=0.9555). The review and development study of such species-specific biomass estimation equations for zooplankton can be used as a tool to understand their role and function in aquatic ecosystem food webs.

Non-destructive estimation of leaf area is a more efficient and convenient method than leaf excision. Thus, several models predicting leaf area have been developed for various horticultural crops. However, there are limited studies on estimating the leaf area of strawberry plants. In this study, we predicted the leaf areas via nonlinear regression analysis using the leaf lengths and widths of three-compound leaves in five domestic strawberry cultivars (‘Arihyang’, ‘Jukhyang’, ‘Keumsil’, ‘Maehyang’, and ‘Seollhyang’). The coefficient of determination (R2) between the actual and estimated leaf areas varied from 0.923 to 0.973. The R2 value varied for each cultivar; thus, leaf area estimation models must be developed for each cultivar. The leaf areas of the three cultivars ‘Jukhyang’, ‘Seolhyang’, and ‘Maehyang’ could be non-destructively predicted using the model developed in this study, as they had R2 values over 0.96. The cultivars ‘Arihyang’ and ‘Geumsil’ had slightly low R2 values, 0.938 and 0.923, respectively. The leaf area estimation model for each cultivar was coded in Python and is provided in this manuscript. The estimation models developed in this study could be used extensively in other strawberry-related studies.

To calculate proper seismic design load and seismic design category, the exact site class for construction site is required. At present, the average shear-wave velocity for multi-layer soil deposits is calculated by the sum of shear-wave velocities without considering of vertical relationship of the strata. In this study, the transfer function for the multi-layered soil deposits was reviewed on the basis of the wave propagation theory. Also, the transfer function was accurately verified by the finite element model and the eigenvalue analysis. Three methods for site period estimation were evaluated. The sum of shear-wave velocities underestimated the average shear-wave velocities of 526 strata with large deviations. The equation of Mexican code overestimated the average shear-wave velocities. The equation of Japanese code well estimated the average shear-wave velocities with small deviation.

This study is to compare and evaluate the estimating method of WTP(willingness to pay) for the valuation of oceans and fisheries resources with non-market goods characteristics using contingent valuation method. In general, when estimating parameters of the WTP function, we should take into account the assumption of probability distribution, inclusion of covariates, method of inducement of payment, and the treatment of 0 payment intention and resistance responses. This study utilizes survey data that was used to estimate the value of fisheries resource protection zones, with a total of 1,200 samples. The main results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the final willness to pay amount is estimated at a statistical significance of less than 1 percent, and the distribution of the final willness to pay amount is from ₩6,926 of the double bounded dichotomous model to ₩10,721 of the spike model. Second, the willness to pay amount based on assumptions about the normal and logistic probability distributions are estimated to be ₩9,429 and ₩9,370 respectively, so there was no significant difference. Third, the willness to pay amount of the single bounded dichotomous model and the double bounded dichotomous model are estimated to be ₩8,951 and ₩6,926 respectively, making a relatively large difference. Fourth, the willness to pay amount of the model without covariates and the model with covariates are estimated to be ₩9,429 and ₩8,951, respectively, so the willness to pay amount is underestimated when the covariates are included. Fifth, the Spike model that considers zero payment intention and resistance response estimates ₩10,405 as the highest payment in this study. Finally, the CVM analysis guidelines proposed by the Korea Development Institute (KDI) are estimated to be ₩9,749 and ₩10,405 respectively, depending on including no covariates and with covariates. Compared to other models, the final willness to pay amount is not estimated underestimated. Therefore this study suggests the use of KDI's guidance under government public policy projects. In view of these results, the estimating model for willness to pay amount model will be selected by considering the sample size, the suitability of the model, the sign of the estimated coefficient, the statistical significance, the ratio of the zero payment intention and the payment rejection. And, for CVMs on government public policy projects, it is desirable to estimate by the method proposed by the KDI.

Due to the decrease in coastal productivity and deterioration in the quality of ecosystem which result from the excessive overfishing of fisheries resources and the environmental pollution, fisheries resources in the Korean waters hit the dangerous level in respect of quantity and quality. In order to manage sustainable and effective fisheries resources, it is necessary to suggest the potential yield (PY) for clarifying available fisheries resources in the Korean waters. So far, however, there have been few studies on the estimation methods for PY in Korea. In addition, there have been no studies on the comparative analysis of the estimation methods and the substantial estimation methods for PY targeted for large marine ecosystem (LME) For the reasonable management of fisheries resources, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study on the estimation methods for the PY which combines population dynamics and ecosystem dynamics. To reflect the research need, this study conducts a comparative analysis of estimation methods for the PY in the Korean waters of the East Sea to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and suggests the estimation method which considered both population dynamics and ecosystem dynamics to supplement shortcomings of each method. In this study, the maximum entropy (ME) model of the holistic production method (HPM) is considered to be the most reasonable estimation method due to the high reliability of the estimated parameters. The results of this study are expected to be used as significant basic data to provide indicators and reference points for sustainable and reasonable management of fisheries resources.

PURPOSES: The density in uninterrupted traffic flow facilities plays an important role in representing the current status of traffic flow. For example, the density is used for the primary measures of effectiveness in the capacity analysis for freeway facilities. Therefore, the estimation of density has been a long and tough task for traffic engineers for a long time. This study was initiated to evaluate the performance of density values that were estimated using VDS data and two traditional methods, including a method using traffic flow theory and another method using occupancy by comparing the density values estimated using vehicular trajectory data generated from a radar detector. METHODS: In this study, a radar detector which can generate very accurate vehicular trajectory within the range of 250 m on the Joongbu expressway near to Dongseoul tollgate, where two VDS were already installed. The first task was to estimate densities using different data and methods. Thus, the density values were estimated using two traditional methods and the VDS data on the Joongbu expressway. The density values were compared with those estimated using the vehicular trajectory data in order to evaluate the quality of density estimation. Then, the relationship between the space mean speed and density were drawn using two sets of densities and speeds based on the VDS data and one set of those using the radar detector data. CONCLUSIONS: As a result, the three sets of density showed minor differences when the density values were under 20 vehicles per km per lane. However, as the density values become greater than 20 vehicles per km per lane, the three methods showed a significant difference among on another. The density using the vehicular trajectory data showed the lowest values in general. Based on the in-depth study, it was found out that the space mean speed plays a critical role in the calculation of density. The speed estimated from the VDS data was higher than that from the radar detector. In order to validate the difference in the speed data, the traffic flow models using the relationships between the space mean speed and the density were carefully examined in this study. Conclusively, the traffic flow models generated using the radar data seems to be more realistic.

PURPOSES : The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the QUEENSOD method and the gravity model in estimating Origin-Destination (O/D) tables for a large-sized microscopic traffic simulation network. METHODS : In this study, an expressway network was simulated using the microscopic traffic simulation model, VISSIM. The gravity model and QUEENSOD method were used to estimate the O/D pairs between internal and between external zones. RESULTS: After obtaining estimations of the O/D table by using both the gravity model and the QUEENSOD method, the value of the root mean square error (RMSE) for O/D pairs between internal zones were compared. For the gravity model and the QUEENSOD method, the RMSE obtained were 386.0 and 241.2, respectively. The O/D tables estimated using both methods were then entered into the VISSIM networks and calibrated with measured travel time. The resulting estimated travel times were then compared. For the gravity model and the QUEENSOD method, the estimated travel times showed 1.16% and 0.45% deviation from the surveyed travel time, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : In building a large-sized microscopic traffic simulation network, an O/D matrix is essential in order to produce reliable analysis results. When link counts from diverse ITS facilities are available, the QUEENSOD method outperforms the gravity model.

굴참나무 육종채종원에서 유전간벌 모형 및 다양한 간벌 강도에 따른 재적생장에 대한 개량효과 및 유전다양성을 추정하였다. 유전간벌 모형은 개체간벌, 가계간벌 및 가계 내 개체간벌이었으며, 간벌강 도는 개체목 기준으로 10% 단위로 적용하였다. 유효집단크기는 채종목 가계 간 유전적 유연관계를 나 타내는 공동조상도를 이용하여 추정하였다. 유전간벌 모형에 있어 개체간벌이 가계간벌 및 가계 내 개 체간벌 보다 모든 간벌강도에서 높은 개량효과가 추정되었다. 가계간벌은 모든 간벌강도에서 매우 낮은 개량효과가 추정되어 본 굴참나무 채종원의 유전간벌 방법으로 적용하기에는 부적절한 것으로 판단되었 다. 각 유전간벌 모형에 대한 유효집단크기를 추정한 결과, 가계간벌이 다른 간벌모형 보다 높은 유효 집단크기가 추정되었다. 개체간벌은 약도의 강도에서는 일정하게 유지되었으나 강도의 간벌에서는 낮게 추정되었으며, 가계 내 개체간벌은 중도의 간벌강도까지는 감소하는 경향을 나타내다가 강도의 간벌강 도에서 다시 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하며, 50% 이하의 간벌강도를 적용할 경우에는 개체간벌 이 효과적인 반면, 50% 이상의 간벌강도를 적용할 시에는 가계 내 개체간벌 방법이 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

신뢰성 해석을 수행할 때 정보부족으로 인해 발생하는 인식론적 불확실성(epistemic uncertainty)은 고유의 변동성에 의해 존재하는 내재적 불확실성(aleatory uncertainty)보다 더 중요하게 다뤄야 한다. 그러나 그동안 개발된 확률이론은 주로 내재적 불확실성을 모델링하는데 이용된 반면, 인식론적 불확실성의 모델링에 대해서는 아직 확실한 접근법이 없었다. 최근 이를 위해 probability theory를 포함한 여러 접근법들이 제시되고 있지만 이들은 서로 다른 통계적 이론들을 바탕으로 도출되었기 때문에, 각 방법들의 결과들을 이해하는데 어려움이 있었다. 본 연구에서는 고장 확률을 계산하는 문제를 가지고 이러한 방법들이 인식론적 불확실성을 어떻게 다루는지를 비교, 분석하였다. 이를 위해 probability method, combined distribution method, interval analysis method 그리고 evidence theory를 대상으로 신뢰도 분석문제에 대해 각 방법들의 특징들을 비교하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 입력변수의 확률분포 형태를 알 수 있다면 probability method가 가장 우수하나, 이를 전혀 모르면 interval method를 사용해야 한다. 그러나 계산비용 면에서는 두 방법이 유사하므로 결국 입력변수의 확률특성 정보가 얼마나 있느냐에 따라 방법을 선택한다. Combined distribution method는 failure probability의 평균만 제공하므로 사용하지 않는 것이 좋다. 다만 이 방법은 계산비용이 매우 적게 드는 장점이 있다. Evidence theory는 probability와 interval 방법의 중간에 해당하며, 구간별 probability assignment를 세분화 할수록 probability결과에 접근한다. 이 방법은 계산비용이 가장 높은 것이 문제이다.

The predictive capacity of wastewater treatment facility in the industrial park was estimated by the traditional method and on-the-spot survey such as certification of wastewater report and the invoices of water supply and ground water supply. The ratios of a converted wastewater to supplied industrial water between traditional method and on-the-spot survey in the estimation methods were different. By using traditional method, the business type of clothes, accessary and fur production had 77.18 % of waste ratio of wastewater and 10.72 m3/day·1000 m2 unit mass of wastewater as the highest among 9 business types. With the respect to the on-the-spot survey, food manufacturing business type had 75 % of waste ratio of wastewater and 8.35 m3/day·1000 m2 unit mass of wastewater as the highest values. The amount of wastewater from on-the-spot survey method was 541 m3/day less than one from traditional method.

PURPOSES : Capacity is a main factor of determining the number of lane in highway design or the level of service in road on operation. Previous studies showed that breakdown may occur before capacity is reached, and then it was concluded that capacity is a stochastic value rather than a deterministic one. In general, estimating capacity is based on average over maximum traffic volume observed for capacity state. This method includes the empirical distribution method(EDM) and would underestimate capacity. This study estimated existing empirical methods of estimating stochastic highway capacity. Among the studied methods are the product limit method(PLM) and the selected method(SM). METHODS: Speed and volume data were collected at three freeway bottleneck sites in Cheonan-Nonsan and West Sea Freeway. The data were grouped into a free-flow state or capacity state with speeds observed in the bottlenecks and the upstream. The data were applied to the empirical methods. RESULTS : The results show that the PLM and SM estimated capacity higher than EDM. The reason is that while the EDM is based on capacity observations only, the PLM and SM are based on free-flow high volumes and capacity observations. CONCLUSIONS : The PLM and SM using both free-flow and capacity observations would be improved to enhance the reliability of the capacity estimation.

본 연구는 우리나라 상업용 온실의 보온성능 및 광투과 성능을 개선할 수 있는 피복방식을 결정하는데 필요한 자료를 제공하기 위하여 토마토 재배용 실험온실의 세 가지 피복방식에 대한 보온효과 및 광투과 특성을 평가하였으며 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 공기주입 이중피복온실과 관행 이중피복온실의 관류열손실량이 거의 비슷한 것으로 나타났으나 외부기온이 비슷할 때 피복재와 보온커튼 사이의 온도가 공기주입 이중피복온실이 더 낮게 나타난 것은 공기주입 이중피복온실의 경우 나비식 천창의 틈새로 인한 환기전열손실이 크기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 공기주입 이중피복온실에서 나비식 천창을 사용할 경우 틈새 환기전열손실을 줄일 수 있는 대책이 수립되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 일중피복 온실과 관행이중피복온실의 관류열전달계수에 대한 온실 실험결과와 모형실험결과를 비교한 결과 모두 비슷한 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 측정된 관류열전달계수가 타당성 있는 값임을 보여주는 것이며 향후 온실의 난방 설계시 직접 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 공기주입 이중피복온실이 비록 일중피복온실보다는 광투과율이 낮으나 동일한 이중피복온실인 관행이중피복온실보다 광투과율이 높기 때문에 보온을 위해서 이중피복을 설치할 경우에 광투과율을 확보하기 위해서는 공기주입 이중피복방식을 채택하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다. 공기주입 이중피복온실에 비해 일중피복온실의 피복재 내부표면에서 발생하는 결로량이 큰 이유는 일중피복온실의 피복재 내부표면온도가 훨씬 낮기 때문에 피복재에서의 포화습도가 작아져 내부공기의 절대습도와의 차이가 증가하기 때문인 것으로 판단된다.

건전성 예측은 구조물의 고장이 발생될 때까지 남은 시간인 잔존유효수명을 예측하는 것으로, 이는 안전 및 정비 계획과 직접적으로 연관되기 때문에 매우 중요하다. 건전성 예측방법에는 물리모델 기반방법, 데이터 기반방법과 두 방법의 장점 을 통합하는 방법이 있으며, 본 연구에서는 잔존수명 예측의 정확도가 모델변수 추정과 직접적으로 관련되는 물리모델 기 반 건전성 예측에 초점을 맞춘다. 물리모델기반 건전성 예측에서는 모델변수 추정을 통해 시스템 상태의 장기 예측이 가능 하지만, 대부분의 실제 구조물들의 상태모델은 여러 개의 모델변수를 포함함은 물론이고, 그 변수들이 서로 상관되어 있기 때문에 모델변수를 추정하는 일은 간단한 문제가 아니다. 본 연구에서는 물리모델 기반 건전성 예측을 위한 세 가지 변수 추정방법들의 차이를 논한다. 이 세 가지 방법들은 파티클 필터, 전반적인 베이지안 접근법, 그리고 순차적인 베이지안 접 근법으로 모두 베이지안 추론이라는 하나의 이론적 바탕에 기반하지만, 샘플링 방법이나 갱신 절차 등에서 차이가 있다. 균열성장을 표현하는 Paris 모델의 변수 추정을 통해 세 가지 방법의 차이점이 논해지고, 건전성 예측 메트릭을 이용하여 정량적 차이를 표현한다. 파티클 필터방법이 건전성 예측 메트릭 측면에서 가장 높은 성능을 나타내었지만, 전반적인 베이 지안 방법은 파티클 필터방법과 근소한 차이를 보이면서도 데이터가 집단으로 존재할 때에는 가장 효율적인 방법으로 나 타났다.

New methods are developed to estimate the effective temperature (Te), surface gravity (log g), and metallicity ([A/H]) simultaneously with the spectral line depth ratios. Using the model atmosphere grids, depth values are calculated for the wavelength range of 4000 A–5600 A for various temperatures, gravities, and metallicities. All possible different combinations of line depth ratios for different pairs of ratios are investigated. A graphical 3D figure is produced with X, Y, and Z axes corresponding to Te, log g, and [A/H], respectively. By reading a cross point of two curves plotted by a connection of three parameters obtained from spectral line depth ratio pairs on each of the three projected planes, Te, log g, and [A/H] are determined simultaneously. In addition, an analytical method is devised based on the similar algorithm developed for the graphical method. Our methods were applied to estimate the fundamental atmospheric parameters of the Sun and Arcturus.

세계각국에서 홍수, 태풍과 같은 자연재해가 많이 발생하고 있다. 이러한 자연재해가 발생하는 원인으로는 지구온실가스 배출 증가에 따른 지구온난화 현상 때문이다. 지구온난화를 막기 위해, 많은 연구진들이 신재생에너지에 대한 연구를 진행하고 있다. 정부는 온실가스배출량을 감축하여 지구온난화를 막기위해 "저탄소 녹색성장"의 국가정책 하에서 신재생에너지와 같은 친환경적인 녹색산업에 많은 관심과 투자에 집중하고 있다. 연구팀들은 도로를 주행하는 차량으로부터 전달되는 역학전 에너지를 이용하여 신재생에너지를 생산하는 연구를 진행하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 압전세라믹의 크기와 연결방식에 따른 연구 결과를 나타내고 있다. 또한 실험변수에 따른 압전세라믹의 파워특성을 측정하여 분석을 하였다.

대공간의 쇼핑몰, 오피스 등과 같이 낮은 고유진동수를 가지는 구조물들은 사람의 활동에 의하여 큰 동적응답이 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 활동은 한 사람의 경우보다는 여러 사람에 의한 경우가 더 일반적이다. 본 연구의 목적은 구조물의 모드형상을 이용하여 보행자 전용 구조물과 같이 무리하중을 받는 구조물의 응답을 간단하게 평가하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 사람간의 상관관계가 고려된 무리하중을 받는 구조물의 응답에 관한 식을 유도하였다. 그리고 무리하중을 구성하는 개개의 하중의 연관성을 파악하기 위하여 두 개의 로드셀을 이용하여 하중간의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 구조물의 모드와 하중간의 상관관계에 대한 식을 이용하여 무리하중에 의한 응답을 구조물의 모드형상만으로 평가하는 방법을 제시하였다. 이 방법의 효율성을 확인하기 위하여 보와 바닥판의 예를 들어 무리하중을 동조시킨 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우에 대하여 응답을 평가하였으며 마지막으로 실제 사용중인 구조물을 대상으로 무리하중을 동조시킨 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우에 대하여 응답을 계측하고 이를 제시한 방법과 비교하였다