정치적 양극화와 허위 정보는 민주적 숙의(deliberation)에 중대한 도전 과제를 제기하지만, 규범적 민주주의 이론가들은 합리적 담론과 제도적 안전장치가 궁극적으로 허위 정보를 교정할 수 있다고 주장해 왔다. 본 연구는 이러한 가정을 실증적으로 검증하기 위해 정치적 성향과 교육 수준이 허위 정보 신념 및 메타인지적 인식에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 미국 성인에 대한 설문조사 데이터와 신호탐지이론(Signal Detection Theory)을 활용하여 허위 정보 판별 능력, 메타인지 효율성, 응답 편향을 측정하였다. 분석 결과는 특정 정당을 지지하는 유권자들은 그 정당에 충성도가 높은 개인일수록 허위 정보를 판별하는 능력이 낮으며, 고학력자조차도 자신의 허위 정보 신념에 대한 과신에서 자유롭지 못한 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 합리적 담론이 허위 정보 신념 형성을 교정할 수 있다는 숙의 민주주의 이론의 핵심 가정에 의문을 제기하며, 허위 정보 신념 형성에서 합리적 사고보다 정치적 정체성과 동기화된 추론이 더욱 중요한 역할을 한다는 점을 실증적으로 보여준다. 본 연구는 규범적 민주주의 이론과 실증 연구 간의 간극을 좁히고, 허위 정보에 대한 숙의 과정의 구조적 한계를 조명함으로써 민주주의의 회복력을 제고하기 위한 시사점을 도출하였다.

본 논문은 행정조사로서 집행되는 해양오염조사가 형사절차와 연결되면서 발생할 수 있는 몇 가지 문제점과 개선방안에 대해 검토한다. 해양경찰청에는 해양사고 시 환경오염을 조사하는 전문 부서가 있다. 이 부서에서는 해양오염 에 대한 행정조사를 시행하고, 그 결과로 해양환경관리법 위반 혐의사항을 수 사부서로 통보하여 수사절차가 개시된다. 이는 행정조사에 따라 수집되는 오염 물질 시료와 분석결과, 행위자 시인서, 선박ㆍ시설의 설비에 대한 자료 등을 수집하고, 그 내용에 대한 보고서를 작성하여 수사부서로 통보하면서 형사절차 로 전환되는 것이다. 이러한 절차는 효율적이기는 하지만 형사소송법상 원칙을 저해할 수 있다. 이를 보완하기 위해 해양오염 조사에 있어서 형법상 적법절차 원칙 적용, 행정조사 진술거부권 검토 및 수집되는 증거의 증명력 제고와 함께 과학적 증거에 대한 기술적 역량 강화가 필요하다.

Background: Standing frames are a common intervention for children with cerebral palsy (CP), yet there is a lack of standardized dosing recommendations, impeding the enhancement of treatment outcomes in this population. Objects: This paper aims to optimize dosing strategies for standing frame programs in children with CP. It evaluates effective durations and frequencies for using standing frames to improve gait, hip joint integrity, functional activities, joint range of motion, and muscle tone. The goal is to provide evidence-based clinical recommendations to guide practitioners in treating pediatric CP patients. Methods: A comprehensive research was conducted across seven databases, yielding 23 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Strength of evidence was assessed using established tools. Clinical recommendations were formulated based on the amalgamation of existing evidence. Results: The paucity of evidence-based dosing recommendations for children with CP supported standing device is highlighted in this review. Key findings suggest that standing frames implemented 5 days per week demonstrate positive effects on gait (45 minutes/day, 3 times/ week), hip joint integrity (60 minutes/day), functional activities (60 minutes/day in 30° to 60° of bilateral hip abduction), joint range of motion (60 minutes/day), and muscle tone (30 minutes/day). Conclusion: This systematic review of the treatment regimens for children with CP is providing useful insights to the dosing strategies of standing frames. The evidence supports a 30–60 minutes per day and 3–5 days a week intervention with specified durations for optimal outcomes. In enhancing the effectiveness of standing frames, as well as promoting evidencebased practices in the management of children with CP, these clinical recommendations offer guidance for practitioners.

공판이 진실발견의 장이 되어야 한다는 데는 많은 사람들이 동의할 것이 다. 우리 법 제310조의2도 법정에서의 진술을 최상위에 두고 있다. 이 점 은 대륙법의 직접심리주의이든 영미법의 전문법칙이든 차이가 없다. 사실 판단자가 법정에서 진술을 듣고 진실을 발견하라고 한다. 하지만 이러한 원칙에 모두 예외를 두고 있다. 전문법칙에도 법정 외 진 술을 사실인정의 자료로 쓰는 예외가 꽤 규정되어 있고, 직접심리주의에서 도 법관 앞에서 한 진술은 법정 외 진술이어도 증거로 할 수 있는 길을 열 어두고 있다. 이제 문제는 수사기관이 작성한 서류라면 조금 더 폭넓게 증거능력의 예 외를 인정할 것인가? 검증조서에 수사기관의 목격 진술을 적고, 압수조서나 수사보고서에도 적게 할 것인가, 하는 점이다. 그건 아니라고 본다. 예외가 원칙을 훼손하지 않도록 하기 위해서는 우리 대법원이 어느 지점 에선가 ‘더는 안 된다’는 말을 해 주어야 한다. 검증조서와 압수조서, 수 사보고서에 들어가 있는 진술의 증거능력에 대한 법원의 꼼꼼하고 단호한 검토를 기대하는 이유다. 중요한 것은, 증거서류 규정의 합리적 해석을 통 해 공판중심주의를 강화하는 것이기 때문이다.

Purpose: This study examined the influence of nursing students’ competencies in assessment, communication, clinical judgment, and patient safety on evidence-based practice (EBP) competency through simulation training. Methods: Data were collected from in December 11 in 2023 to January 30 in 2024, using a self-report questionnaire. The final participants were 230 nursing students in two universities. Multiple regression, t-test, ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results: The competencies of nursing students who participated in simulation training significantly influenced their EBP competency. The most influential factor on nursing students’ competency of EBP was Clinical Judgment, followed by Communication. Assessment and Patient safety competencies did not have a statistically significant impact on EBP competency. Conclusion: It is crucial for nurses to implement EBP to provide high-quality nursing and advance nursing as a science. However, since EBP competency is difficult to acquire in a short period, education on EBP is necessary from nursing school. Simulation training is considered an effective means to enhance nursing students' competency in EBP. Our study suggests incorporating elements that strengthen competencies in clinical judgment and communication when establishing a simulationbased training program to enhance the EBP competency of nursing students.

Rhaphidophoridae (Orthoptera: Ensifera), commonly known as cave crickets, are a wingless family and considered the most ancient lineage within Tettigoniidea. However, previous molecular phylogenetic studies and morphological hypotheses have shown inconsistencies. Although their fossils have been found in Baltic amber, their systematic placement remains unrevealed. This study reconstructed a comprehensive phylogeny integrating both extant and fossil lineages. Initially, we revealed relationships within extant lineages through molecular phylogenetics including all extant subfamilies for the first time. Subsequently, using a cladistic approach based on morphology, we confirmed the systematic position of fossil taxa †Protroglophilinae with a report of a new species. Integrating molecular and morphological phylogeney by total evidence tip-dating, we present the comprehensive phylogeny of Rhaphidophoridae considering both extant and fossil groups.

Distractive marking, as conceptualized by Abbott H. Thayer, refers to diminutive patterns of contrasting colors on an animal’s body. Thayer hypothesized that these patterns augment camouflage by diverting predatory focus from the outline of the prey, however, the evidence was insufficient. In this study, we verified the hypothesis that the presence of distractive markings confers a survival advantage under specific conditions. Specifically, the experiment aimed to ascertain whether the existence of lichens on trees hinders the visual detection of prey, given that lichens resemble distractive markings. The experimental design involved human subjects as predators and artificial moth images on a monitor as prey. The survival of moths with and without distractive markings was compared, also considering the influence of the presence of lichens in the background. As an analysis result, the survival likelihood of moths was statistically significantly hindered when the distractive marking was present. This result contradicts Thayer‘s hypothesis and implies the presence of a function distinct other than the enhancement of camouflage.

Humans turn to other humans for decision making. They don’t know how the algorithm operates but they understand how a human mind operates. Ergo, they would be more likely to follow a human’s recommendation.

The FIFA world cup is one of the most popular and widely viewed sporting event, where millions of viewers across the globe tune in to support their country every four years for the chance to win the ultimate football tournament. According to FIFA, the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 recorded over 5 billion cumulative views, with the final match estimated to have been watched by more than 1.5 billion viewers live on television. In South Korea, a total of 11.14 million viewers watched the opening match against Uruguay, which was estimated to be a 97% increase in Korean viewership compared to the previous World Cup.

We study retailer app use and shopping behavior by investigating whether and how app adopters’ preferred store registration (PSR), a voluntary enrollment of store loyalty program, can lead to changes in purchase behaviors among the adopters in offline stores. A panel dataset from a large bakery franchise chain was studied using difference-in-differences with propensity score matching for causal inference. The results show that customers who participated in PSR increase their spending, compared to customers who did not. In addition, the results confirm that the PSR-spending relationship is moderated by customer and store characteristics; customers who visited infrequently and spent less prior to PSR participation increase their purchases, and they spend more at stores with better service quality.

Group identities, also known as social identities, have been established as measurable, stable, and behaviorally relevant constructs in marketing, psychology, and political science. According to research in political psychology, shared in-group identities can increase a voter’s support for an in-group political candidate.