To mitigate carbon emissions, the government aims to transition to renewable energy sources including hydrothermal energy, specifically through wastewater heat recovery. This process involves extracting heat from wastewater or treated water. However, assessments of demand sources for local cooling and heating have predominantly focused on the proximity of nearby facilities, without conducting comprehensive demand analyses or defining explicit supply areas. This study proposes a methodology for prioritizing suitable wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for the implementation and expansion of renewable energy. The methodology is based on the gross floor area of potential wastewater heat demand surrounding WWTPs. Initially, potential supply and demand sources were identified based on the capacity of WWTPs and the gross floor area of buildings capable of utilizing wastewater heat. In the Republic of Korea, 330 WWTPs with a capacity of 5,000 m3/day or more have been recognized as demand sources for wastewater heat recovery. The provision of treated wastewater to structures located within a 500 m radius of the WWTPs for heat recovery is considered a feasible option. The potential wastewater heat demand and renewable energy cluster were identified among the surrounding buildings and complexes A total of 13 potential supplies were identified, provided that the gross floor exceeded 60,000 m². Finally, after prioritizing based on WWTPs with these conditions, the underground plant located in the downtown area was ranked as the highest priority. If further analysis of economic feasibility, CO2 reduction, and energy efficiency are conducted, this approach can be expanded and applied within the framework the Water-Energy Nexus. Wastewater heat can be utilized not only as a renewable energy source but also as a means to enhance wastewater reuse through the supply of treated wastewater.

The purpose of this study is to present a plan for reducing noise between floors of apartment houses in Korea and to examine the method for evaluating noise blocking performance rating between floors. The definition of floor noise and classification method of floor noise can be described, and floor noise can be distinguished into lightweight impact sound and heavy impact sound. The wall-type structure, which is mainly adopted in domestic apartments, relatively transmits vibration caused by impact sources rather than using columns and beams, so noise problems between floors are relatively higher than systems using columns and beams. Three representative methods for reducing and blocking floor noise are described, and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of floor noise reduction by each method are described. In addition, the method for noise reduction and blocking grades for each construction method currently applied in Korea was described, and as a result, it was judged that the domestic rating evaluation method was not suitable for the current domestic situation, and a new evaluation method and standard were needed.

Background: Floor sit-to-stand (FSTS) places a higher load on the knees than chair sit-to-stand (CSTS). It is difficult to experimentally measure the maximum knee joint force during sit-to-stand motion. Objectives: This study's objectives were twofold: firstly, to quantify the differences in knee joint force between FSTS and CSTS, and secondly, to identify the angles at which the maximum knee joint force occurs during these motions. Design: Computer simulation study. Method: This study was conducted on 4 adult male subjects in their 20s. The FSTS and CSTS motion trajectories of the subjects were acquired using 3- dimensional motion analysis equipment. Using these, the human body mass model of the program was modified according to the subject, and the knee joint force was calculated. Also, the knee angle at which the maximum knee joint force occurs was found. Results: When the subjects performed the FSTS motion, a knee joint force that was up to about 160% higher than that of the CSTS motion occurred, and the angle at which the maximum knee joint force occurred was different between the sitting sequence(FSTS motion: 56~58 degree, CSTS motion: 78~82 degree) and the standing sequence(FSTS motion: 98~100 degree, CSTS motion: 70~74 degree). Conclusion: By comparing FSTS motion with CSTS motion, it is expected that it can be used as a quantitative guide for the effect of motion similar to FSTS motion on the knee when prescribing exercise for the elderly or patients with knee-related lesions.

Recently, there are some outdoor floor advertising lighting devices as one of the active marketing methods. However, for outdoor use, there are many restrictions due to the Outdoor Advertisement Act, according to requiring high-output heat generation, waterproofing, and AC power, etc. The purpose of this study is to develop a Duo Light product optimized for indoor use through publicity and information guidance in normal times and automatic evacuation route guidance display in case of disaster, in conjunction with disaster safety. To that end, patent search and patent association analyses were conducted, and a comparative analysis with commercial products was conducted as a case study. In addition, prototypes were designed and produced through the review of operation principles, where field environment surveys and self-tests were conducted. Also, technology roadmaps were presented by preparing plans for expandability and advancement of products. For the analysis of technology commercialization, the feasibility of technology commercialization was examined through the analysis of Jolly’s Model and Lean Canvas Model. The results of this study will be able to contribute to minimize human damage through the effective response to disasters, which can increase the effect of indoor advertising by using the proposed indoor floor advertising lighting device in advertising and disaster situations.

According to the classification of World Health Organization, primary adenocarcinomas of the sinonasal tract can be initially classified as salivary and non-salivary types. The latter are further divided into intestinal and non-intestinal types. Sinonasal intestinal-type adenocarcinoma(ITAC) is rare adenocarcinoma subtype, which is closely occupational exposure to hardwood dusts, leather. In this study, we present a case of ITAC in a 68-year-old man. We successfully treated with wide excision and soft tissue reconstruction with free anterolateral thigh flap.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 저상버스 이용현황을 파악하고, PEO 모델기반 해석 과정을 통해 개인적, 작업적, 그리고 환경적인 부분의 잠재적 문제 요인을 파악해보려고 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 지체장애 및 뇌병변 장애를 경험하고 있는 48명의 대상자를 중심으로 설문조사를 실시하였 고, 장애인이 저상버스를 이용하는데 어려운 요인들을 PEO모델로 분류하여 해석하였다. 결과 : 본 연구결과, 작업과 환경요소에서는 운전자의 지원부족 및 승, 하차 과정의 작업수행문제가, 사람과 환경 요소에서는 이용자의 사회적 통합시도의 부족, 낮은 보조기기 사용률과 사회적 인식수준의 문제가, 사람과 작업 요소에서는 이용자의 건강상태 및 장애에 대한 부정적 인식과 성공적인 작업수행의 경험 부족이 잠재적인 문제 요소로 확인되었다. 결론 : 이동권 보장을 위한 서비스 개선을 위한 노력은 매우 중요할 것이며, 향후, 다각적인 분석을 통한 저상버 스 이용자의 서비스 개선을 위한 노력이 필요할 것이다.

최근 비구조요소의 피해사례가 증가하면서 비구조요소 내진설계에 관한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 대부분의 연구는 평면 적 요소보다는 수직적 요소나 시스템적 요소를 변수로 층가속도를 평가하고 있다. 때문에 본 논문에서는 횡력저항에 많은 부분을 차 지하는 코어를 평면적 변수로 사용하여 비구조요소 내진설계를 위한 층가속도에 대해 평가하였다. 정사각형의 2축대칭의 평면에서 코어의 형태(위치 및 비중)변화에 따라 서로 다른 5개의 평면과 각 평면마다 5층, 10층, 15층, 20층의 층수를 가진 총 20개의 모델로 선 형시간이력해석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과 코어 위치에 따라 편심을 받는 평면에서는 층가속도가 최대 1.7배의 비틀림 증폭이 발생하 였고 구조물의 중층부에서 비틀림의 영향이 가장 큰 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 편심이 없이 코어의 비중만 변화한 평면에서는 주기 0.4694초를 기준으로 이하일 때는 주기가 증가할수록 층가속도가 저층부에서는 감소하고 고층부에는 증가하며, 반대로 주기 0.4694 초 이상일 때는 주기가 증가할수록 층가속도가 저층부에서는 증가하고 고층부에는 감소한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 구조물 의 층수는 최대층가속도에 영향을 주지 못하는 것을 확인하였다. 핵심용어 :

Background: Theoretically, balance is affected by the height of center of mass (COM) during quiet standing. However, no one examined this in humans with variables derived from the center of pressure (COP). Objects: We have conducted balance experiment to measure COP data during quiet standing, in order to examine how the COP measures were affected by the height of COM, vision, floor conditions, and gender. Methods: Twenty individuals stood still with feet together and arms at sides for 30 seconds on a force plate. Trials were acquired with three COM heights: 1% increased or decreased, and not changed, with two vision conditions: eyes closed (EC) and eyes open (EO), and with two floor conditions: unstable (foam pad) and stable (force plate) floor. Outcome variables included the mean distance, root mean square distance, total excursion, mean velocity, and 95% confidence circle area. Results: All outcome variables were associated with the COM height (p < 0.0005), vision (p < 0.0005), and floor condition (p < 0.003). The mean velocity and 95% confidence circle area were 5.7% and 21.8% greater, respectively, in raised COM than in lowered COM (24.6 versus 23.2 mm/s; 1,013.4 versus 832.3 mm2). However, there were no interactions between the COM height and vision condition (p > 0.096), and between the COM height and floor condition (p > 0.183) for all outcome variables. Furthermore, there was no gender difference in all outcome variables (p > 0.186). Conclusion: Balance was affected by the change of COM height induced by a weight belt in human. However, the effect was not affected by vision or floor condition. Our results should inform the design of balance exercise program to improve the outcome of the balance training.

In this study, the failure characteristic of the center floor of a front-wheel drive vehicle was investigated according to material. UHSS, Al6061-T6, CFRP, and CFRP-Al were used as materials. As the analysis condition, a fixed support was applied to the rear surface of the center floor and a forced displacement of 2 mm/sec was applied to the front surface. As the result, when comparing with the equivalent stress and strain energy according to the material, it was found that UHSS, Al6061-T6, CFRP, and CFRP-Al were higher in the order. Also, when comparing with the equivalent strain due to the material, it was shown that the equivalent strain was high in the order of Al6061-T6, UHSS, CFRP and CFRP-Al. As for the damage characteristic of the center floor according to the material, it was found that the highest structural stability was obtained when UHSS was used. However, it was found that it was good to utilize Al6061-T6 in order to acquire the structural stability along with the structure with the lighter weight.

This study analyzed the appropriate placement method by floor for evacuating all occupants during the nighttime through evacuation simulation. The analysis results are as follows. First, when non-self evacuating patients were placed on the first floor, 266 patients and 6 workers were found to be evacuated after 460 seconds. This result shows that it is meaningful to place non-self evacuating patients on the lower floor with a time that is faster than 540 seconds, which is an evaluation criterion set using life Safety standards for human. This result is a time faster than the evaluation criteria of 540 seconds, which is set using the life safety standards, and it can be confirmed that it is meaningful to place non-self evacuating patients on the lower floor. Next, as a result of placing non-self evacuating patients from the first floor to the fourth floor, it was found that evacuation of all occupants required 460 seconds for the first floor, 834 seconds for the second floor, 1,508 seconds for the third floor, and 1,915 seconds for the fourth floor. These results indicate that the placement of non-self evacuating patients on the rest of the floors, except for the first floor, can lead to dangerous results in excess of 540 seconds, which is a flashover time. As a result, it is necessary to place non-self evacuating patients on a lower floor for safe evacuation. The study has limitations except for comparative analysis of changes in evacuation time due to changes in the number of workers at eldery care hospitals and situations in which fire-fighting facilities such as sprinkler facilities operated. It is necessary to study the evacuation time linked to the operation of the fire-fighting facilities and the evacuation time according to the change in the number of workers in the future.

Seismic qualification of equipment including piping is performed by using floor response spectra (FRS) or in-structure response spectra (ISRS) as the earthquake input at the base of the equipment. The amplitude of the FRS may be noticeably reduced when obtained from coupling analysis because of interaction between the primary structure and the equipment. This paper introduces a method using a modal synthesis approach to generate the FRS in a coupled primary-secondary system that can avoid numerical instabilities or inaccuracies. The FRS were generated by considering the dynamic interaction that can occur at the interface between the supporting structure and the equipment. This study performed a numerical example analysis using a typical nuclear structure to investigate the coupling effect when generating the FRS. The study results show that the coupling analysis dominantly reduces the FRS and yields rational results. The modal synthesis approach is very practical to implement because it requires information on only a small number of dynamic characteristics of the primary and the secondary systems such as frequencies, modal participation factors, and mode shape ordinates at the locations where the FRS needs to be generated.

Indoor air environments for people are recently being observed because the time we spend inside the house or a building throughout the day has been extended during the present circumstances. This is why formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated, which can cause Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). There might be other VOCs not regulated by law in newly built collective housing, however, in order to compensate for the reduced concentration of regulated VOCs such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene. In this study, the concentration of unregulated VOCs in newly built collective housing structures located in the Seoul Special City was researched to find potential indoor hazards for citizens and to prepare basic data for further research.

The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the original floor plan and wall design of Seokbulsa Grotto in Kyungju; commonly known as ‘Seokguram’. The paper presents an array of dimensional studies of the existing Seokguram to examine its architectural form, and infers the original floor plan and wall design of Seokbulsa Grotto. Seokbulsa Grotto is designed as a system of 'coherent modules' and was constructed using the dry stone method, which interlocks large stone modules into a whole that becomes the load-bearing structure itself. The design principles governing Seokbulsa Grotto are the spatial axis of symmetry, modular coordination, and the layout grid of a quarter Tang-Ruler(TR: 唐尺). Dimensional studies were conducted with these governing principles in mind and concludes the following about the original floor plan design. In the main chamber, Ansang-stone’s radius is 12 TR, and Flagstone’s radius is 121/4 TR. In the front chamber, the width between the two Ansang-stones facing each other is 22 TR and the longitudinal space depth is 12 TR, while the width between the two Flagstones facing each other is 221/2 TR and Flagstone’s depth is 12 TR. In the passageway, the width between the two Ansang-stones facing each other is 111/2 TR and longitudinal space depth is 9 TR, while the width between the two Flagstones facing each other is 12 TR and Flagstone’s depth is 73/4 TR. The distance from the center to the entrance line of the main chamber is 101/2 TR. Therefore, the total longitudinal length of the Grotto is 431/2 TR at the level of the Ansang-stones, and 44 TR at the level of the Flagstones.