Recently, due to the rapid increase in vehicle accidents, research on improving seat belts and restraint system are being actively on going to solve the problems in vehicle for passengers. The characteristics of lap belt load and pelvic displacement were simulated through MADYMO program using Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy to analyze the submarining by changing the collision speed and seat back angle by applying the forward collision pulse form accident scenario. As a result, the submarining occurred when the seat-back angle was 60° or higher at the collision speed of 50km/h or higher. Lastly, using the characteristics of the lap belt load and pelvic displacement when the anti-submarining belt (ANSB) system adapted, the pelvic displacement was reduced as well as submarining.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between occupant impact velocities and occupant injury indices under the restraint of an airbag and a seat belt, during frontal crash events. METHODS : The frontal crash test data of 93 tests conducted according to the Korea New Car Assessment Program (KNCAP) were investigated. The test data was measured by using a dummy to obtain occupant injury indices for the head, chest, neck, and upper legs. Occupant impact velocities (OIVx and OIVz) were calculated from the head acceleration of the test dummy. Pearson's correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to investigate the correlation between occupant impact velocities and occupant injury indices. In addition, the occupant impact velocities at the center of gravity of a vehicle, obtained by using the accelerations measured at the test vehicle's B-pillars, were investigated. RESULTS: The OIVx threshold obtained from the test dummies, which corresponds to the HIC15 of 700, was 70 km/h for a sedan, and 72 km/h for an SUV, which is significantly higher than the occupant impact velocity of 44 km/h, the limit of the domestic guideline on “Installation and management guide for roadside safety facilities”. This difference can be attributed to the influence of the air bags and seat belts. Additionally, the OIVx threshold obtained from the center of gravity of the vehicle corresponding to the HIC15 of 700 was approximately 72 km/h. CONCLUSIONS: Occupant safety performance criteria for the condition that airbags operate and seat belts are restrained, are required for the frontal impact tests of road safety facilities using a collision velocity of 60 km/h or higher.

목적 : 본 연구는 각막난시가 있는 대상자에게 등가구면콘택트렌즈, 토릭콘택트렌즈를 처방하였을 때 시력과 각막지형도에서의 차이점을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 대상자는 안질환이 없고 자각식 굴절검사를 통해 도출된 난시량이 –0.75 D 이상 –2.00 D 미만인 성인 남녀 20명(22.4±2.0세), 39안을 대상으로 하였다. 첫 번째로 토포그래피를 이용해 나안의 각막지형도를 측정하고 등가구면콘택트렌즈를 착용한 상태와 토릭콘택트렌즈를 착용한 상태에서 각각 각막지형도와 시력을 측정하여 비교하였다. 두 번째로 각막지형도를 Bogan 등7)의 5가지 분류법에 따라 원형(Round), 타원형(Oval), 대칭성 나 비형(Symmetric bow tie), 비대칭성 나비형(Asymmetric bow tie), 부정형(Irregular)의 5가지 형태로 나누었다. 등가구면 콘택트렌즈와 토릭콘택트렌즈를 착용하였을 때 검사한 시력을 대응표본 t검정을 통해 검정하였고 빈도분석을 통해 구면콘택트렌즈와 토릭콘택트렌즈간 Bogan등의 분류법에 따른 형태가 어떻게 달라지는지 알아보았다. 본 연구에는 C사의 somofilcon A재질의 콘택트렌즈를 사용하였다. 결과 : 나안에서 각각 원형 2.6%, 타원형 61.5%, 대칭성 나비형 33.3%, 비대칭성 나비형 2.7%의 비율을 보였고 구면콘택트렌즈 처방시에는 원형 2.6%, 타원형 48.7%, 대칭성 나비형 28.2%, 비대칭성 나비형 12.8%, 부정형 7.7%, 토릭콘택트렌즈 처방 시에는 원형 53.8%, 타원형 20.5%, 대칭성 나비형 7.7%, 비대칭성 나비형 5.1%, 부정형 12.8% 의 비율로 나타났다. 시력은 구면콘택트렌즈에서 평균 0.80±0.06(p<0.050), 토릭콘택트렌즈에서 평균 1.00±0.08(p<0.050) 으로 측정되었다. 결론 : 난시안에 등가구면 굴절력이 가입된 구면콘택트렌즈보다 토릭콘택트렌즈 착용 시 시력이 평균 0.2만큼의 큰 차이를 보이며 시력이 더 향상되었다. 각막지형도에서는 토릭콘택트렌즈에서 원형의 형태가 구면콘택트렌즈보다 월등히 많았다. 이러한 결과로 미루어보아 난시안을 정확하게 교정하기 위해서는 등가구면콘택트렌즈보다 토릭콘택 트렌즈 처방이 이루어져야 한다고 사료된다.

Introduction How to evaluate quality of advertising? Previous behavioral studies have mainly focused on subjective reports of survey and interview containing social and cognitive bias, or objective data of sell changes suffering huge temporal and monetary cost. Recently, increasing researchers have proposed that techniques of neuro-imaging could provide an objective and effective way to examine cognitive neural mechanisms underlying consumer behavior (referred to as consumer neuroscience) (Karmarkar & Yoon, 2016), and several studies have measured consumer's brain responses to advertising and movie trailer in both single- and two-brain frames (Barnett & Cerf, 2017; Venkatraman et al., 2015). However, still little is known about cognitive neural mechanisms underlying comprehension of advertising. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive technique of brain-imaging measuring changes in the hemodynamic properties of human brain. Compared with fMRI and EEG, fNIRS is portable, has few physical constraints on participants with reasonable spatial and temporal resolution, and is tolerant to electromagnetic noise and motion artifact. Therefore, fNIRS is a suitable tool for research of human behavior in daily-life contexts (Liu et al., in press), which is a trends in neuroimaging (Hasson & Honey, 2012) and consumer neuroscience as weill. Methods To examine the neural responses to different quality of advertisings, in the present study we measured 14 undergraduate students' frontal activations while watching 20 advertisings in Study 1 and listening 30 music demos in Study 2 using a portable fNIRS device, and analyzed interpersonal neural network across all participants based on graph theory. Figure 1 shows positions of the fNIRS channels. Positions of the fNIRS channels were measured by a 3D magnetic digitizer. In a pilot study, another group of participants were recruited to score 30 advertisings from three dimensions: degree of liking, degree of willing to pay (WTP), and degree of understanding, and finally top-10 and bottom-10 scored adverting were remained for the final experiment in Study 1. Concerning the music demos used in Study 2, we selected the top-15 and bottow-15 ranking music in the ‘Billboard 2014 hot 100’. During the experiment, participants were asked to score their degree of liking and WTP to the advertising or the music immediately after each stimulus was displayed. After the experiment, they were also instructed to score and report their understanding on each advertising or music. Results and Discussion In Study 1, the intra-brain activations revealed higher medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activation when participants watched low-scored advertisings than watched high-scored ones (Fig. 2), and the mPFC activations showed a positive relationship with participants’ understanding on the meaning of the advertisings. This result only suggests that low-scored advertisings were relatively hard for participants to understand the intentions of the adverting, requiring more cognitive resources of mentalizing (Lieberman, 2007). Importantly, when we considered all participants' brains as a network, and then calculated the interpersonal neural connectivity (INS) across the network (defined as the number of participant pairs who showed significant positive inter-brain neural synchronization across them indicating shared understanding) (Hasson et al., 2012), only the network connectivity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) had significantly positive relationships with participants' scores of attitude towards the advertisings (defined as mean of the scores of liking and WTP) (Fig. 3). Study 2 confirmed the result showing significantly positive relationship between the network connectivity across all participants' brains and their scores of attitude towards the song demos. More importantly, the network connectivity in the right IFG of the small group of participants also significantly predicted the public's attitude towards the songs assessed by the rating scores on Douban website (Fig. 4). Conclusion The right IFG is a core area of mirror neuron system and is closely associated with empathy (Lamm et al., 2007). Thus, the present results suggest that high-scored advertisings may activate consumer's empathic response to simulate and experience their contents and intentions. And the network connectivity across consumers' brains in the right IFG may be a critical index evaluating quality of experiential advertisings. Practically, advertising should invite consumers to experience their products, and then could convey information and emotion more effectively.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the biomechanical differences of lower extremity joints of the frontal plane during sidestep cutting in male and female Judo athletes. In the knee and hip joint, the female group showed a smaller angle than the male group at the time of IC(initial contact). But peak knee joint adduction moment of female group was greater than male group(p<.05). Therefore, female Judo athletes were more likely to injure their knees at the point where their initial foot contacted the ground than male athletes during sidestep cutting.

2017년 추계에 남해 전선역을 파악하고, 알칼리 인산분해 효소(Alkaline Phosphatase; APase) 활성을 이용하여 제한 영양염과 제한 영양염의 시간적인 변화를 평가하였다. 전선역이 형성된 인근해역의 경우, 용존무기인(dissolved inorganic phosphorus; DIP)의 농도와 용존무 기질소(dissolved inorganic nitrogen; DIN): DIP 비가 각각 0.2 μM 이하와 최대 23.2로, DIP가 제한된 환경임에도 불구하고 Chlorophyll a(Chl.-a)가 0.2 μg/L로 높은 생물생산력을 보였다. APase와 DIP는 중요한 역의 상관관계(r = -0.81; P<0.001)를 보여, DIP가 제한되어진 해역임을 알 수 있 었으며, APase와 Chl-a 관계는 APase의 60%가 식물플랑크톤, 40%가 박테리아 기원인 것으로 평가되었다. 용존태 APase와 입자태 APase의 분포로부터 전선역은 장기간 DIP가 제한된 해역이며, 그 외의 해역은 최근에 DIP 제한이 해소된 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 전선역에서 APase와 같이 가수분해효소의 측정은 제한 영양염의 시공간적인 변화 특성을 평가할 수 있으며, 전선역에서 생지화학 순환의 이해를 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

With increasing demands of transportation services for disabled or aged people, who need wheelchairs, it is recommended to install wheelchairs inside automotive vehicles. However, wheelchairs are not effectively safe devices during car crash unless they are properly fixed. So far, few data have been found related to wheelchair safety or characteristics during car crash, therefore, frontal crash simulations have been carried out based on the FE models of a dummy and a conventional wheelchair including the wheelchair fixing belts and the install plate in the present study. Head injury criteria (HIC) and motion criteria (MC) are investigated and the optimum value of the design variable was found by the Robust design.

The effects of national gymnastics and brain gymnastics on brain activity were analyzed in 20 healthy university students. The students were assigned to either a national gymnastics group or a brain gymnastics group. Their frontal lobe activity was recorded before and after the exercise, and the resting, attention, and concentration indexes of brain waves were measured. The resting index significantly decreased and concentration index significantly increased(p<.05) after the exercise in both the national and brain gymnastics groups. However, the attention index significantly increased only after brain gymnastics, and, on the contrary, decreased after national gymnastics. These findings suggest that brain gymnastics is effective for improving attention.

25% offset high speed frontal impact is the vehicle will crash left 25%(Quarter of the width of the vehicle). 47.6% of drivers killed in vehicle alone and car to car frontal impact occurred in frontal impact small overlap. Study on the occupant protection performance of 25% offset(small overlap) high speed frontal impact results are as follows. In terms of vehicle occupant protection performance, body structure was excessive intrusion into the passenger room and showed such improvement is needed for the design. This is due to a collision risk with the passenger and the solid body increases the risk of injury, showed that improvement is needed. To strengthen the safety of the future, propose improvements on the evaluation results of a statistical analysis and test of the industry and the policy makers.

Active straight-leg raise (ASLR) is a physical evaluation procedure to test lumbar spine stability. Several previous studies have reported various methods to control the activation of abdominal muscles during ASLR. We investigated the effects of three different hip positions in frontal plane on abdominal muscles to increase or decrease the difficulty level of lumbar spine stability exercise during ASLR in pain free subjects. Eleven young and healthy subjects voluntarily participated in this study (6 men, 5 women; mean age=24.0±1.2 years, height=160.0±7.3 ㎝, weight=55.0±10.6 ㎏, body mass index=21.5±2.3 ㎏/㎡). The subjects had three trials on each ASLR with hip 10° adduction, neutral hip, and hip 30° abduction. Separate repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Bonferroni tests (with α =.05/3=.017) were performed for each muscle among the three different hip positions in frontal plane (ASLR with hip 10° adduction, neutral hip, and hip 30° abduction). The ipsilateral external oblique (EO), contralateral EO, ipsilateral internal oblique/transverse abdominis (IO/TrA), and contralateral IO/TrA were significantly greater in ASLR with hip 30° abduction compared with ASLR with hip 10° adduction. Also, the ipsilateral EO, contralateral EO, and ipsilateral IO/TrA were significantly greater in ASLR with hip 30° abduction compared with ASLR with neutral hip. These results suggest that ASLR with hip 30° abduction and neutral would be useful method to strengthen the EO and IO/TrA. And, ASLR with hip 10° adduction would be effective in early stages of lumbar stabilization program due to low activation of EO and IO/TrA during maintaining of ASLR position with low load.

The transfer matrix method has been extensively used to analyze the vibration problem. The final stage in this method is to find out solutions which make the frequency determinant zero. However, the frequency determinant includes the exponential terms and it causes instability to calculation and increases error. Recently the frontal transfer matrix method was suggested by Okada to heighten stability and effectivity in calculation. This paper applied the frontal transfer method to both the beam and torsional system, and confirmed stability and effectivity in comparsion with the transfer matrix method and the Holzer method.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Sport psychological skill training(PST) based on positive psychology on psychological variables and frontal EEG asymmetry, a psychophysiological index of affect, motivation and anxiety. Methods: Participants were seven shooting athletes whose mean age were 18.3 years. They participated 8 sessions of positive psychology-based psychological skill training program which consisted of a 60 min short lecture and group counseling sessions. Psychological variables (affect, psychological skill, and state sport confidence) and cortical activation at F3, F4, F7, F8, T3, T4 were collected under two conditions(before and after competition recall) before and after 8 sessions of psychological skill training. Electroencephalography(EEG) asymmetry scores and cortical activation at left and right each electrode sites were analyzed. Results: State sport confidence was increased following PST. Before PST, frontal EEG alpha asymmetry scores(FAS) after competition recall was lower compared to FAS before competition recall. However, FAS was not decreased after competition recall following PST. Conclusion: These results suggest that sport psychological skill training based on positive psychology appears to increase state sport confidence and to enhance cortical activation at left frontal region, which is related to positive affect and approach motivation.

본 연구의 목적은 전두엽 좌·우뇌 비대칭 지수와 경쟁특성불안 및 경쟁상태불안 간의 상관관계를 조사하는 것이다. 본 연구의 대상자는 평균연령 20.3세의 엘리트 운동선수 30명이었다. 섭외된 선수들의 평상시 특성불안과 경쟁 특성불안, 뇌파측정을 위해 1주일 이내 주요시합이 없는 날 중 선수들의 스케줄을 고려하여 측정 일을 선정하였고, 경쟁 상태불안 검사는 시합 1시간 전에 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 특성불안은 경쟁 특성불안, 경쟁 상태불안과 유의한 상관을 보였으며, 경쟁 특성불안도 경쟁 상태불안과 유의한 상관이 나타났다. 그러나 특성불안, 경쟁 특성불안, 경쟁 상태불안과 전두엽 좌·우뇌 비대칭 값 간에는 유의한 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 좌측과 우측 전두피질의 로우알파, 하이알파, 알파 파워 값과 특성불안, 경쟁 특성불안, 경쟁 상태불안 간의 상관분석 결과, 경쟁특성불안은 양 반구 전두피질의 로우 알파, 알파파의 파워값과 부적으로 상관된 것으로 나타났다. 알파파는 뇌의 활성화와 반비례의 관계에 있으므로, 좌·우 전두피질 모두의 활성화가 높은 선수들이 경쟁 특성불안도 높다는 것을 의미한다. 종합해 보면, 경쟁 특성불안은 좌·우 전두피질의 활성화와 관련되어 있으며, 휴식 시 좌·우 전두피질의 활성화를 줄이는(알파파를 증가시키는) 뉴로 피드백 훈련이 경쟁 특성불안을 줄이는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구의 목적은 인지과제와 운동과제 수행 시 EEG를 측정하여 두 과제의 신경생리적 특성을 조사하는 것이었다. 피험자는 20명의 대학생으로 이전에 신경생리적 실험에 참여한 경험이 없는 사람을 대상으로 하였다. 과제는 피험자가 컴퓨터 화면에 제시된 막대 그림을 회상하여 막대 길이와 위치에 따라지정된 컴퓨터 자판을 누르는 것이었다. 과제 수행은 8초와 휴식 3초로 1회당 총 11초, 인지과제 20회와운동과제 20회로 구성되었다. 관심 뇌 영역은 Fz, F3, F4, Cz, C3, C4, T3, T4, Pz, P3, P4였고, 뇌파 측정시 샘플링은 256 Hz로 하였으며, 사용된 참조전극은 오른쪽 귓볼, 그라운드는 Fpz로 하였다. 연구결과인지과제 수행 시 전두엽에서 세타파의 활성이 유의하게 증가하였다. 인지과제 수행 시 세타파가 증가한 이유는 복잡한 과제를 해결하는 과정에서 전두엽이 영역이 관여했기 때문이라고 여겨진다. 본 연구는 운동학습에서 논란이 되고 있는 인지과제와 운동과제의 차이점을 신경생리학적으로 밝혀주었다.

본 연구는 여자 고등부 공기소총 사격선수 5명을 대상으로 뇌파 바이오피드백 훈련을 실시하였을 때, 경쟁상태불안과 경기력 및 전두부의 뇌파 변화양상을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험은 8주간 주 3회, 회당 30분간을 훈련하였고, 측정시기는 뇌파가 훈련 전․후 2회, 경쟁상태불안과 경기력은 3회를 반복측정 하였다. 뇌파 바이오피드백 훈련 및 측정도구는 뉴로피드백 시스템(Neuro-Feedback system, Braintech Corp., Korea)으로 헤드밴드에 부착된 좌․우 전전두엽 부위의 활성전극(FP1, FP2)을 사용하여 쎄타, 알파, SMR, 저베타, 고베타 파의 좌․우뇌 세기와 알파/SMR파 비율(%)의 상대적 활성도를 분석하였다. 경쟁상태불안 검사는 CSAI-2를 사용하였고, 경기력은 전국 사격대회의 본선결과 점수를 측정하였다. 좌․우 뇌파의 윌콕슨 검정결과, (a) 훈련 직전 안정시의 알파/SMR파 비율은 좌뇌에서 안정상태를 반영하는 알파파가 유의한 증가를 보였으며, 각 대역별 뇌파 세기에서는 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았다. (b) 집중력 훈련시의 알파/SMR파 비율은 좌뇌에서 주의집중을 반영하는 SMR파가, 우뇌에서는 알파파가 유의한 증가를 보였다. 또한 각 대역별 뇌파 세기에서도 좌뇌의 SMR파, 우뇌의 쎄타파에서 유의한 증가를 보였다. (c) 훈련 직후 안정시의 알파/SMR파 비율은 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았으며, 각 대역별 뇌파 세기에서는 좌․우뇌의 쎄타파에서만 유의한 증가를 보였다. 경쟁상태불안의 프리드만 검정결과, 하위요인 중 인지적 요인에서만 유의한 감소를 보였으며, 경기력에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다.

전선에 의한 강수는 종종 한반도에서 국지적인 집중호우를 유발한다. 그러나 관측자료의 결핍과 전선의 중규모적 구조에 대한 이해 부족으로 정확하고 신속한 강수량 예측이 어려운 실정이다. 레이더의 공간 해상도는 수 km, 시간 해상도는 수 분으로 중규모 이하의 현상에 대한 관측자료를 제공할 수 있기 때문에 레이더의 효용성은 널리 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 한반도에서 대표적인 전선성 강수 사례를 선택하여 중규모적 특성을 레이더 연직 단면 관측자료에 근