To minimize the short-term thermal load on the repository facility, heat generating nuclides such as Cs-137 and Sr-90 should be separated from the spent nuclear fuel for efficiency of repository facility. In particular, Sr-90 must be separated because it generates high heat during the decay process. Recently, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KEARI) is developing a waste burden minimization technology to reduce the environmental burden caused by the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and maximize the utilization of the disposal facility. The technology includes a nuclide management process that can maximize disposal efficiency by selectively separating and collecting major nuclides such as Cs, Sr, I, TRU/RE, and Tc/Se from spent nuclear fuel. Among the major nuclides, Sr nuclides dissolve in chloride phase during the chlorination process of spent nuclear fuel and recovered in the form of carbonate or oxide via reactive distillation. In this process, Ba nuclides are also recovered along with Sr nuclides due to their chemical similarity. In this study, we prepared group II nuclide ceramic waste form, Ba(x)Sr(1-x)TiO3 (x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1), using the solid-state reaction method by considering the various ratio of Sr/Ba nuclides generated from nuclide management process. The established waste form fabrication process was able to produce a stable waste form regardless of the ratio of Sr/Ba nuclides. To evaluate the stability of group II waste form, physicochemical properties such as leaching and thermal properties were evaluated. Also, the radiological properties of the Ba(x)Sr(1-x)TiO3 waste forms with various Sr/Ba ratios were evaluated, and the estimation of centerline temperature was carried out using the experimental thermal property data. These results provided fundamental data for long-term storage and management of group II nuclides waste form.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of concrete pavement behaviors and performance depending on the group-axle types of heavy vehicles, such as single-, tandem-, and tridem-axles. METHODS : The concrete pavement performance indices (such as the rate of fatigue cracking and surface smoothness) according to the different group-axle types of heavy vehicles were predicted using the Korean pavement design program. It was assumed that the load magnitude was the same for each axle, and that the equivalent single-axle traffic volumes were the same for the different group-axle types. The concrete pavement stresses depending on the different group-axle types of heavy vehicles were also analyzed using a finite element analysis program. RESULTS : Based on the design criteria, the concrete pavement performance was the highest under tandem-axle traffic and lowest under single-axle traffic, although the difference in performance was not significant. Based on the structural analysis criteria, the tensile stress of the concrete pavement was the largest under the single-axle load and smallest under the tridem-axle load when the load magnitude of each axle was the same. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the results obtained from considering both the design and analysis criteria, it was concluded that the groupaxle types (such as the tandem- and tridem-axle configurations of heavy vehicles) would not increase the stress or decrease the performance of concrete pavements relative to the single-axle configuration.

산업이 발달함에 따라 이산화탄소, 휘발성 유기 화합물, 일산화탄소 등과 같은 독성 가스의 감지 및 모니터링이 중요시되고 있다. 새롭게 합성된 0 차원의 비납계 무기 페로브스카이트 소재는 광학적 방법과 전기적 방법을 융합하여 사용할 수 있는 가스 센서 특성을 가진다. 친환경 가스 센서는 결정의 상변이를 기반으로, 광학 및 전기적 특성 변화를 가져 하이드록실기 감지가 가능하며, 하이드록실기 극성과의 상관관계를 통해 차세대 센서 소자로의 응용 가능성이 기대된다.

The study investigates Atlas fabrics, the Ikat weaving method used by the Uygur People in Xinjiang, China. Based on domestic and foreign papers and other literature, different cultural characteristics of Ikat fabrics from various regions are compared. Following a theoretical investigation, characteristics of fabrics from the Indian Patola, Indonesian Ikat, Japanese Kasuri, and Uzbekistan Adras are summarized and compared with the characteristics of pattern, color, and manufacturing process of Atlas silk from Xinjiang China (also an Ikat fabric). The results are as follows. First, although the weaving process used for Ikat fabrics differs from country to country according to different national cultures, lifestyles, colors, patterns, and usage methods, they are all Ikat dyed fabrics. Therefore, they are all regarded as precious objects symbolizing a certain social status, and are used as a gift for special occasions, such as weddings. Second, the form of the pattern varies. Indian Patola has clear outlines and regular patterns, while the patterns of Japanese Kasuri are mainly inspired by folk life ideas. Indonesian Ikat contains influences from indigenous tribes, and Uzbekistan’s and China’s Atlas textiles are influenced by geography, religion, and national culture, including bright colors and pattern designs inspired by plants, musical instruments, and geometric figures. Finally, the patterns and colors of Xinjiang Atlas fabrics present strong ethnic characteristics. Unlike the Uzbekistan fabric which is mostly influenced by Islam, human and animal patterns would not feature in Xinjiang Atlas patterns, which mostly consist of long strips, repeated in a neat and orderly form.

This study explore the market segmentation based on beer consumers’ purchase motivation 1) to analyze beer consumers and markets more closely and 2) to demonstrate the characteristics of each market segment and contribute to marketing strategies with beer consumer segment. Using -administrated questionnaires asked questions recognizable beer purchase within 6 months by over 20-years-olds, this study 201 surveys online 22 days. The results as follows: beer consumers’ purchase motivation consisted of three factors enhancement, social orientation, and value enhancement. Cluster analysis based on beer purchase showed that there were three groups motivation multi-motivation and motivation group based on average value of beer purchase motive factors and relative load per factor. demographic,beer drinking characteristics and group difference according to cluster gender and monthly average income, and beer drinking characteristics also significantly different by preferred beer, preferred beer type, occasion and drinking place.

The present study was conducted from August to December 2016 in a cylindrical water tank with a diameter of 1 m, a height of 4 m and a capacity of 3,000 L. The field water and sediment from the Nakdong River were also sampled for the experimental culture (field water+sediment) and control culture (field water), respectively. In this study, we aimed to investigate phytoplankton succession pattern using the phytoplankton functional group in the enclosed culture system. A total of 50 species in 27 genera including Chlorophyceae (30 species), Bacillariophyceae (11 species), Cyanophyceae (7 species), and Cryptophyceae (2 species) were identified in the experimental and control culture systems. A total of 19 phytoplankton functional groups (PFGs) were identified, and these groups include B, C, D, F, G, H1, J, K, Lo, M, MP, N, P, S1, TB, W0, X1, X2 and Y. In particular, W0, J and M groups exhibited the marked succession in the experimental culture system with higher biovolumes compared to those of the control culture system, which may be related to the internal cycling of nutrients by sediment in the experimental culture system. The principal component analyses demonstrated that succession patterns in PFG were associated with the main environmental factors such as nutrients (N, P), water temperature and light intensity in two culture systems. In conclusion, the present study showed the potential applicability of the functional group for understanding the adaptation strategies and ecological traits of the phytoplankton succession in the water bodies of Korea.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pen and group size on behavioral characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Forty-eight beef steers, all 15 months of age, were used in this study, and were assigned to 3 groups: control (4/35.28 ㎡), treatment 1 (8/70.56 ㎡), and treatment 2 (12/105.84 ㎡). In addition, behavioral characteristics were analyzed every 2 days in each month using CCTV cameras. Each behavior of the treatment group was observed significantly more frequently (p<0.05) than the corresponding behavior of the control group in summer, especially feeding behavior. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the treatment groups. Locomotion was observed for a significantly longer duration in the control group than in the treatment groups (p<0.05), and resting was observed for slightly longer in the treatment groups than in the control group. Fighting behavior, related to social status, was observed significantly more frequently in the control group than in the treatment groups (p<0.05). In winter, feeding behavior was observed for a significantly longer duration in the control group than in the treatment groups (p<0.05) On comparing the behavior of Hanwoo steers during different seasons, we found that the steers showed more resting behavior during summer and more feeding behavior and movement during winter. The above results suggest that the behavioral characteristics of Hanwoo steers depend on the pen and group size, based on the higher frequency of fighting, rubbing, and scratching observed in the treatment groups than in the control group. The results also suggest that the behavioral characteristics of Hanwoo steers depend on the environmental conditions, as shown by the seasonal differences in behavior. Under conditions of high temperature stress, Hanwoo steers showed increased lying down, drinking and grooming behavior to counter this stress. The findings of this study can be applied to management practices for animal welfare and producticon of cattle in both growing and fattening periods.

Different types magnesium hydroxide groups have been obtained using the hydrothermal precipitation technique from magnesium sulfate and calcium carbonate solution. The Mg atom coordinated around O atom of SO42- in another layer to form a multi-layer structure crystal. The influence of synthesis parameters on the morphological characteristics and size of magnesium hydroxide groups precipitated in aqueous were investigated such as different of additive and pH. Magnesium hydroxide groups were decomposed gradually and converted finally to MgO particles after heated in air temperature up to 1050℃. The particle size and it's distribution morphology, crystal phase and thermal behavior of the samples were characterized through XRD, SEM, EDS, and TG/DTA.

본 연구는 수업의 3가지 맥락(자료, 과제, 역할)에서 학습자의 특성과 그룹의 상호작용에 따른 그룹과 개인의 반성적 탐구는 어떤 차이가 있는지를 알아보고 이를 통해 효율적인 반성적 탐구활동을 위한 소그룹 구성과 교사의 지도에 시사점을 얻고자 하였다. 이를 위해 고등학교 1학년 1개 학급을 선정해서 반성적 탐구활동수업을 실시하고 수업을 녹화 전사해서 언어행동분석틀과 수업상황의 3가지 맥락으로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과로부터 학생개인과 그룹의 반성적 탐구는 학생들의 개별특성 그 자체보다는 다튼 학생과 학급에서 어떤 관계를 가지느냐에 더 영향을 받는다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 무심천의 상류부터 하류까지 총 9개 지점을 선정하여 수서곤충의 EPT-group을 이용하여 EPT-비율, EPT 풍부도, EPT 종수와 개체수를 지점별로 비교분석하였고 수서곤충의 종 조성에 따른 UPGMA분석으로 조사지점간의 유사도를 비교하였으며 수서곤충의 섭식기능군은 하천차수에 의해 비교분석하였다. 조사결과에 의하면 무심천의 수서곤충은 총 8목 36과 71종으로 조사되었고 EPT 비율과 EPT 풍부도는 지점 3에서 각각 0.72, 3.89로 다른 지점에 비해 다소 높게 나타났으며 이와 반대로 지점 9에서는 0.03, 0.09로 비교적 낮게 나타났다. 또한 EPT 종수 및 개체수는 지점 9에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. UPGMA분석 결과 무심천의 각 지점은 A1(st. 1, 7, 8), A2(st. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), B(st. 9)로 3개의 그룹으로 나뉘었으며 섭식기능군은 지점별 차이는 나타나지 않았지만 상.중류역에서는 써는무리와 긁어먹는 무리가 다른 지점에 비해 다소 높게 나타난 반면 하류에서는 걸러먹는무리와 줍는무리가 우세한 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구 의하면 조사지점에 따라 수서곤충의 EPT-richness, EPT-ratio, EPT 수 뿐만 아니라 섭식기능군의 조성에도 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the usage characteristics of children's parks according to location in Gangneung-si. Weekday and weekend, gender, time of stay, and usage behavior according to age group were analyzed and a video analysis of unmanned camera data for park management was conducted. On the average, the use of children’s parks during spring and autumn was more than twice that during summer, and the use rate of children's parks located in old central districts by elderly people was relatively higher than the use rate of those located in housing development district. Overall, the usage ratio (24.6%) by elderly people was high, and their usage ratio (31.3%) in the morning period from dawn was significantly high. Among the usage behaviors, the rate at which dogs walk was analyzed to be somewhat high. As the usage ratio by elderly people is high with diverse usage behavior, it is necessary to provide complex functions to children's parks in the future.

In this paper, in order to clarify the effect and characteristics of rural women enterprise in rural areas, AWATAKE Restaurant at Kita Ward, Kobe is taken as a case study, and its management and operation condition, and the effects towards the region are analyzed. As a result, it can be concluded that: 1) according to the local employment and purchase of local food products, the economic effect towards the area shows a returning 73% of the gross sales to the area, 2) lifestyle technology which is empowered by women and food culture which is used as a start in the enterprise activities, are functioning as new workplace to cultivate technologies own by the women, moreover, members have never decreased, and most of them stayed for as long as 10 years, 3) however, the average age of the members are high and decreasing, leaving a new task on how to encourage participation of young members, 4) lastly, rural women enterprise is easy to manage, and also received cooperation from family in the members' working environment.

This study analyzes descriptive statistics and tests homogeneity hypothesis, and applies a posteriori comparison procedures among treatment levels for the response characteristics such as static response ratios, impact factors, natural frequencies of bridges according to structural types and service periods. This study is expected to help understand the difference among response characteristics of groups and provides the practical information for safety assessment and structural design.

On the basis of theory of Bratsch's electronegativity equalization, the electronegativity equalization, the group electronegativities and the group partial charges for cationic and amphoteric surfactants could be calculated using Pauling's electronegativity parameters. From calculated output, we have investigated relationships between CMC(critical micelle concentration) and partial charge and group electronegativity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, structural stability of micelle for cationic and amphoteric surfactants. As a result, CMC depends upon partial charge and electronegativity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups for surfactants. In case of cationic surfactant, as the increment of carbon number in hydrophilic group, partial charge of hydrophilic group is increased, but CMC and electronegativity of hydrophilic group is decreased. With increasing the carbon number of hydrophilic group for cationic surfactant, its partial charge is increased, but CMC and its electronegativity are decreased. With increasing the carbon number of hydrophobic group for cationic and amphoteric surfactant, its partial charge is increased, but CMC and its electronegativity are decreased

On the basis of the principle of Bratch`s electronegativity equalization, we calculated group partial charges and group electronegativities for nonionic surfactants with Pauling`s electronegativity parameters by using numerical calculation method. From calculated output, we have investigated structural stability of micelle, characteristics of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, and relation between CMC(Critical Micelle Concentraion) and group partial charge and group electronegativity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups for nonionic surfactants. We have known that CMC by micelle formation depends upon group partial charge and group electronegativity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups for surfactants. Also, the structural stability of micelle in H_2O solution is related to the electric double layer by the hydrophilic group of nonionic surfactants with H atoms in water. CMC is diminished by the decrease of repeating units in hydrophilic group at constant hydrophobic group and is diminished by the increments of alkyl chains in hydrophobic group at constant hydrophilic group for nonionic surfactants. In conclusion, CMC is diminished because there is no electrostatic repulsion and is diminished of Debye length by the increments of partial charge of hydrophobic group.

Because of varied functions and characteristics, water soluble polymers have long attracted much intrest in both academic and industrial fields, especially now in pollution problems such as wastewater treatment through ploymeric flocculants. In this regard, the main objective of this study is to synthesize polymeric floccuants containning hydrophobic group in presence of the potassium persulfate/sodium thiosulfate redox system and to estimate their flocculating ability on the kaolin suspension. In order to test the flocculating power of flocculant prepared on the kaolin suspension system, turbidity of the supernatant liquid, residence time, filtration rate of flocculated samples, have additionally been measured from the flocculation experiments and analysed in comparision with the theoretical background.