본 연구는 제6기(2013년~2015년) 국민건강영양조사 결과 중에서 중년남성 882명을 대상으로 밀가루음식 주당 섭취빈도에 따른 건강관련요인, 영양소 섭취, 식행동, 건강지표의 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 밀가루음식 저섭취군(54.0%)의 비율은 고섭취군(46.0%) 보다 높았다. 그리고 전체의 밀가루음식 주당 섭취빈도는 4.80회이었으며, 저섭취군(1.78회)과 고섭취군(7.83회)의 섭취빈도 간에 큰 차이를 보였다(p<0.001). 밀가루음식 종류별 섭취빈도를 보면 면류, 과자류, 빵류 순이었다. 2. 건강관련 요인에서 살펴본 월 1회 이상 음주 여부와 현재 흡연 여부, 스트레스 인지율, 1일 평균 수면시간, 1주일간 근력운동과 걷기 일수에서 밀가루 섭취빈도에 따른 유의적인 관련성과 차이는 없었다. 3. 1일 에너지 평균섭취량은 1,970.45 kcal이었고, 저섭취군 보다 고섭취군에서 약 630 kcal 정도 더 높았다(p<0.001). 그리고 고섭취군에서 상대적으로 당질 섭취비는 낮은 반면, 지방과 단백질 섭취비는 더 높았다(p<0.001). 무기질과 비타민의 1,000 kcal당 영양소 밀도에서 칼슘, 인, 나이아신을 제외하고, 모두 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 칼륨, 철분, 비타민 A, 비타민 B1, 비타민 C에서는 저섭취군의 섭취가 더 많았던 반면, 나트륨, 비타민 B2에서는 고섭취군의 섭취가 더 많았다 (p<0.01, p< 0.001). 4. 식행동에서 1일 식사횟수는 밀가루음식 저섭취군에서 고섭취군에 비해 3회 비율이 더 높아 관련성을 보였다(p<0.05). 외식빈도는 저섭취군(46.9%)보다 고섭취군(43.2%)에서 더 낮은 경향을 보였으나, 유의성은 없었다. 구입 시 영양표시 이용 여부는 고섭취군(20.5%)이 저섭취군(15.7%)에 비해 더 이용하고 있었으나, 유의적인 관련성은 아니었다. 5. 건강지표에서 신장과 체중, 허리둘레 값이 고섭취군에서 더 높은 경향이 있었으나, 신장(p<0.01)에서만 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 그리고 총콜레스테롤과 LDL-콜레스테롤에서 고섭취군이 저섭취군보다 더 높은 값을 나타내었다(p<0.01). 혈청 중성지방에서는 저섭취군이 고섭취군보다 10.5 mg/dL 정도 더 높은 값을 보였으나, 유의적인 차이는 아니었다. 본 연구결과는 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용한 횡단면적 연구이어서 인과관계를 밝히기 어렵고, 밀가루음식 섭취량이 아닌 섭취빈도만을 가지고 연구를 행했다는 제한점이 있다. 그러나 대상자 선정에서 교란인자를 제외하였고, 통계분석에서도 보정함으로써 밀가루음식 섭취빈도와 영양소 섭취, 건강지표와의 차이를 독립적으로 측정하고자 하였다. 현재 우리나라에서는 밀가루음식의 섭취가 계속 증가되고 있어 이에 대한 우려가 있다. 실제로 본 연구에서 밀가루음식을 자주 먹는 경우 에너지 영양소의 섭취는 더 많았던 반면 나트륨과 비타민 B2를 제외한 대부분의 무기질과 비타민의 섭취는 더 적은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 건강지표에서 총 콜레스테롤과 LDL-콜레스테롤 농도가 더 높게 나타나 우려가 현실화 되고 있음을 알 수 있었는데, 본 연구결과가 밀가루음식의 과잉 섭취 시 문제점을 알리는데 활용되었으면 한다.

This study investigated the nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, and food intake frequency according to hospitalization after breast cancer surgery and experience of breast cancer among female adults residing in the Bucheon area. Subjects were 52 female breast cancer survivors 27 in the hospitalization group (HG) and 25 in the non-hospitalization group (non-HG)] and 52 controls. Data included the results of self-administered questionnaires, as well as anthropometric data and blood biochemical values of breast cancer survivors collected from electronic medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 program. Nutrition knowledge and dietary habits revealed no significant differences between HG and non-HG, but intake frequency of root and tuber crops and kimchi was significantly higher in the HG group than the non-HG group (p<0.05). According to experience of breast cancer, total scores of nutrition knowledge among survivors (8.2) were significantly higher than those of the control group (6.3) (p<0.001). Fish and shellfish and fruit intake frequencies were significantly higher in the survivors group, whereas intake frequency of fast food, convenience food, and alcohol was significantly lower compared to the control group. Overall, these findings indicate it is necessary to develop and spread nutrition education guidelines to prevent the occurrence and recurrence of breast cancer.

This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between frequency of high-caffeine energy drink intake in adolescents and their mental health status using data from the Korean adolescent health behaviors online survey (2014-15). Mental health was classified by the five categories: Perception of stress (PS), Insufficient relief of fatigue after sleep (IRFS), Experience of sadness despair (SD), Suicidal ideation (SI), and Subjective unhappiness (SU). Regarding general characteristics, higher age, height, and body weight of subjects were associated with higher frequency of high-caffeine energy drink (HCED) intake (p< .0001). In the OR analysis, when the lowest group (≤2/wk) and highest group (1≥day) were compared, the highest group showed significantly higher OR in all five categories of mental health. According to gender, males did not show better PS, SD, and SI than females who had a high frequency of HCED (p for trend<.0001). According to school level, middle school students showed a higher risk rate than high school students in PS, IRFS, and SD (p for trend< .0001). Based on the above results, higher frequency of HCED intake among adolescents was associated with more adverse effects on mental health.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between frequency of coffee consumption, metabolic biomarkers, and nutrition intake in adult participants in the combined 2007~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects (2,095 males and 3,297 females) were classified according to sex and frequency of coffee consumption (≤1 time/month, ≥2 times/month and ≤6 times/week, 1 time/day, 2 times/day, 3 times/day) using food frequency questionnaires. Nutrition intake was analyzed using 24 h recall data. The 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher age, and frequency of smokers and drinkers compared to the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group in both male and female participants. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower HDL-cholesterol level, but females had a higher waist circumference compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower nutrient density of fiber, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. Females in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher nutrient density of fat and niacin, but lower nutrient density of carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, and iron compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. In males, the frequency of coffee consumption was not associated with the levels of metabolic biomarkers. In females, the frequency of coffee consumption was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and energy intake. Coffee consumption was associated with decreased diastolic blood pressure in females. These findings suggest the importance of an awareness of the association between coffee consumption and metabolic risk.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrition knowledge, perception, and intake frequency of milk and milk products among middle school students as well as provide the basic data needed for increasing milk and milk product consumption. To achieve the purpose of this study, a survey with 385 students of four middle schools located in Chuncheon was conducted. The level of nutrition knowledge of milk and milk products in females was slightly higher than that in males (p<0.01). Flavored milk and ice cream were preferred the most in each category, and ‘taste’ influenced the selection of milk and milk products the most. The intake frequency of whole milk was the highest, and that of flavored milk was lowest among various milks. Ice cream showed the highest intake frequency while cheese showed the lowest among milk products. Male students showed higher intake frequency of milk and milk products. Groups having high level of nutrition knowledge showed the highest intake of whole milk, whereas groups having a low level of nutrition knowledge preferred processed milk, low fat or non-fat milk, and cheese the lowest.

In this study, we compared diet related attributes such as food taste preference, food consumption frequency and nutrition intake between elderly residents in their 80’s of areas in Jeollanam-do that are well known for longevity and those of a part of Seoul. Structured in-depth interviews were conducted by trained interviewers on 125 consented subjects (67 Jeonnam and 58 Seoul). Differences of groups were tested using Chi-square tests for nominal or ordinal data and t-tests and ANOVA tests for ratio data. The elderly from Jeonnam tended to sleep longer, express emotion more freely, and interact with others more often than those from Seoul. The elderly tended to prefer sweet or salty tastes, which might be highly related to serious health problems. The most frequently consumed foods were napa cabbage kimchi (2.19 times/day) and multigrain rice (1.99 times/day). Elderly from Jeonnam tended to consume garlic, milk, beans and roasted barley/corn teas less often; whereas, they consumed porridge, dried radish greens, potato, fermented fish, dried fish, pork rib, pork belly, soybean paste soup, soybean paste/Ssamjang, other kimchis, pickled vegetables, snacks, cookies, and green/black teas more often than elderly residents from Seoul. Differences in nutrition intake between the regions were greater than differences between the perceived levels of household economic status. NAR and INQ for folate were lower among elderly from Jeonnam than those from Seoul, while those for protein, vitamin C, niacin, vitamin B6 were higher. The study results indicated that elderly from Jeonnam engaged in a more diverse diet than the elderly from Seoul.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of interpersonal relationships with snack preference and the intake frequency of snacks with a primary focus on obesity index and snack preparations in upper grade (5~6th) elementary school students. A total of 719 students in Gyeongsangnam-do province were recruited and a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. Data were analyzed using the SPSS V18.0. The results were as follows : A total score of interpersonal relationships was 94.5 (full marks 125), and the scores of 7 factors consisting interpersonal relationships were over 3.50(full marks 5.00). Overweight group had the lowest score in interpersonal relationships (p<0.01) and purchase group by oneself had a low score than the other groups in snacks preparation (p<0.001). Most favorite snacks were ice cream. Additionally, the snack purchase group showed higher scores than the cook group by family in 8 types of snack and a total score of preference (p<0.05~p<0.001). Milk and dairy products had the highest score in frequency of snack intake. And purchase group by oneself or family was a higher than cook group by family (p<0.01). Interpersonal relationships showed a positive effect on preference and intake frequency of milk and dairy products but their explanation powers (R2) were very low. The findings of this study provide fundamental information impact factor in snack preference and frequency of snack intake.

To study the importance of family meals in adolescents, 251 middle school students were surveyed through a questionnaire on their family meal patterns, dietary behaviors, food intake, and life satisfaction. The family meals were defined as "meals with all family members living together" by 62.2% of the students. For the frequency of family meals, 42.2% of the students replied having family meals "More than once a day". A common reason for the difficulty in having a family meal was a "lack of time" (73.3% of the students). Students tended to respond that they would be most fond in having meals with entire family members with traditional Korean food. Having more frequent family meals was found to benefit both individual and familial dietary behavior. In terms of food intake according to the frequency of family meals, the group having frequent family meals consumed significantly more rice, tofu, legumes, meats, fishes, eggs, green vegetables, seaweeds, fruits, milk, and milk products. This indicates that students can achieve a balanced diet through family meals. In terms of emotional status, the group having more frequent family meals showed a higher satisfaction with their daily life, health, nutritional status, and care from their relatives. In terms of personal mental status, the group having more frequent family meals was also found to be more effective at controlling undesirable emotions such as loneliness, indignation, and lethargy. As a result of this study, students in the group having more frequent family meals were found to have a positive dietary behavior, a balanced nutrition, a higher life satisfaction, and a more stable mental status. This result is useful as nutritional and educational information in schools to impress upon the public the importance of family meals for adolescents.

This study investigated the effects of a healthy image on the preference and intake frequency of meat and animal products. The study looked into beef, pork, chicken, sausage, mackerel, cutlass fish, croaker, tuna, squid, shrimp, clams, fish cakes, eggs, milk, yogurt, ice cream, and cheese. A total of 359 usable surveys given to elementary school students, college students, and adults were collected using a convenient sampling method. While milk had the healthiest image, sausage had the least healthy image. The respondents preferred yogurt the most and sausage the least. The intake frequency of eggs was the highest and clams the lowest. The healthy image, preference, and intake frequency for all studied foods showed significant differences across both gender and age. The relationship between healthy image and preference was significant for all foods, and a healthy image always had a positive influence on preference. The relationship of healthy image and intake frequency was significant in 14 foods except for mackerel, cutlass fish, and tuna. Also a healthy image created a positive effect on the intake frequency of 14 foods.

The consumption of a wide variety of food groups is considered one of the key components of nutritional adequacy. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Koreans includes the consumption of a variety of foods from diverse food groups as a component of a normal diet. A survey was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the dietary diversity of food groups and nutrient intake in elderly patients (age 65 and above) at a rural area in Korea (Inje). 296 subjects (111 male and 185 female) were probed in a 3 day 24-recall dietary survey. Subjects were grouped according to food group intake frequency, based on six food groups (grain, meat/fish/legume/egg, vegetable, fat/oil, dairy, fruit). Nutritional quality was evaluated according to the numbers of nutrients under EAR (Estimated Average Requirements), and MAR (mean adequacy ratios). The frequency of elderly subjects consuming a meat/fish/legumes/egg food group less than once per day was 29.4%. The frequency of elderly subjects consuming fat/oil food group less than once per day was 65.8%. The percentage of subjects who did not eat dairy food was 88.8%, and that of subjects who did not eat fruit was 57.5%. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to develop models relating nutritional quality to possible food group intake frequency factors. Using the number of nutrients under EAR as a dependent variable, the meat/fish/legume/egg food group intake frequency explained 9.9% of variance, followed by the grain group, fat/oil group, dairy group, and vegetable and fruit group (Model R2=0.260). For mean nutrient adequacy ratio as a dependent variable, the model R2 was 0.326. The results of this study suggest that a highly varied diet in elderly might be associated with better nutritional quality, as assessed by nutrient intake. Accordingly, dietary guidelines should take into consideration nutritional characteristics in order to improve intake from all major food groups and to provide a variety of foods in the diet.

This study was performed by questionnaire to investigate the preference and intake frequency of Korean traditional commercial beverages. The subjects were consisted of 320 participants in Daegu and Kyungpook area. 'Chain market' scored 49.4% as purchasing place of traditional beverages. 'Tea bag' scored 31.6% as the favorite package of traditional beverages. On the reasons of drinking traditional beverage 'good for health' scored the highest with 31.3% respondents, followed by 'good smell' with 14.4%. Coffee and traditional tea were the choice of beverage after having a rich meal and on occasion of entertaining guests. The favorite foods in ordinary days were 'tea', 'alcohol', 'ice cream', 'nuts' and 'cookie'. More than thirty percent of the respondents, both male and female, raised the need of improvement in taste of traditional beverage. In the intake frequency, Korea traditional beverages obtained 1.80 points as a whole. 'Green tea' scored highest(3.40points) while 'mulberry-leaf tea' received the lowest score of 1.31 points. The preferred Korean traditional drinks were 'greed tea', 'shick hae', 'citron tea', 'misitgaru', 'maesil tea', 'rice tea' in the order. On the other hand, the preference for 'mulberry-leaf tea', 'boxthom tea', 'ginger tea', 'chrysanthemum tea' and 'omija tea' was very low. The people who are on twenties preferred 'shick hae', 'honey tea', 'citron tea', 'black tea' and 'misitgaru' more than the other generation.