본 연구는 8주간의 고강도 동계 훈련 시 L-아르기닌 섭취가 남자 대학 태권도 겨루기 선수의 경기수행능력, 젖산, 젖산탈수소효소 및 암모니아에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 L-아르기닌 섭취군 (n=14), 위약군(n=14)으로 구분하여 실시하였다. L-아르기닌 섭취군은 일일 아침 1 g, 점심 1 g, 저녁 1 g으로 총 3 g 섭취하였고 위약군은 말토덱스트린을 동일한 방법으로 섭취하였다. 8주간의 동계 훈련 프로그램은 70-90%HRR로 실시하였다. 측정된 자료의 L-아르기닌 섭취군과 위약군 간의 그룹 및 시기 간 상 호작용 효과는 two-way repeated measures ANOVA, 그룹 내 시기 간 차이는 paired t-test를 사용하였으 며, 그룹 간 차이는 independent t-test를 사용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 TAAA (Taekwondo-specific aerobic anaerobic agility) test를 통한 경기수행능력 중 평균 발차기 수에서 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과 가 나타났으며 그룹 간 주효과가 나타났다(p<.05). 또한, 발차기 피로지수에서 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효 과가 나타났다(p<.05). 한편, 젖산에서는 시기 간 주효과가 나타났으며(p<.05) 젖산탈수소효소에서 상호작 용 효과 및 시기 간 주효과 나타났다(p<.05). 암모니아의 경우 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났다 (p<.05). 이러한 결과는 남자 대학 태권도 겨루기 선수의 고강도 훈련 후 피로에 쉽게 노출되는 선수들에게 L-아르기닌 섭취로 인해 체내 피로 유발 물질들을 신속하게 제거하는 데 긍정적인 역할을 할 수 있다고 사료된다. 따라서 고강도 엘리트 태권도 겨루기 운동선수의 경기수행능력 향상과 피로 회복 방법으로 L- 아르기닌 섭취를 권장한다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of rumen origin lactate-utilizing bacteria (LUB) as one of the potential treatments on subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) during in vitro challenge compared to buffering agents (NaHCO3, sea minerals, MgO) and direct-fed microorganism (yeast). We hypothesized that rumen LUB (RLUB) could be a potential treatment to treat ruminal acidosis. The supplementation level of other treatments was determined by referring to previous studies in the literature. The 108 CFU/g freeze-dried RLUB isolated from Hanwoo cattle were compared with 0.1% NaHCO3, 0.8% of MgO, 0.5% sea mineral and 0.4% yeast during in vitro SARA challenge. Rumen fluid collected from one cannulated Holstein and one Hanwoo steer fed by maize silage was mixed with 0.5g feed consisted of 0.05g forage and 0.45g concentrate. These mixtures were incubated in triplication for 3, 6, 12 and 24h. After 6h of incubation, along with MgO and sea minerals, RLUB treatment showed higher (p<0.05) ㏗ values than control with no significant differences in total volatile fatty acid concentration. However, in the same period, the propionate concentration and A:P ratio were higher in RLUB than in the other treatment (p<0.05), which might alter the fermentation pattern. On the other hand, the RLUB treatment produced a higher (p<0.05) ammonia-N concentration. Based on these results, we can conclude that RLUB might have the potential to alleviate SARA. Nonetheless, further study on its mechanism in SARA is required, especially with live animals.

This study investigated the stress-related metabolites and hormones in blood and compared the muscle structure to identify the reason for blood splash in Hanwoo beef. Five slaughter houses were selected based on the region (Seoul, Gimhae, Jungbu, Naju, and Goryung) and a previous blood splash record. In total, three-hundred eighty blood samples (n=380) and forty-two muscle tissues (n=42) of control and blood splash Hanwoo beef were collected during the slaughter process and beef grading. Blood metabolites were analyzed including glucose, lactate, creatinine, urea-N, and hormones such as cortisol and thyroxin. Muscle fiber, fiber bundle, and capillary wall thickness were measured under microscope. The concentrations of blood glucose, lactate, and urea-N were not significantly different between the control and the blood splash samples. Cortisol and thyroxin levels were not significantly different in both samples. In contrast, the creatinine level was significantly increased (p<0.05) in the blood splash samples. There were also no significant differences observed in muscle fiber, bundles, and capillary wall thickness between the control and the blood splash tissues. In conclusion, blood metabolites, hormones, and muscle fiber showed no differences between the control and the blood splash animal. However, increased creatinine levels may be used as an indicator for identifying blood splash prior to slaughter in Hanwoo.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of partial replacement (40.0%) of sodium chloride by potassium chloride, potassium lactate and calcium ascorbate on quality characteristics of cooked pork ham during cold storage. The cooked pork hams with partial replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride and potassium lactate had lower lightness (L*) and higher bitterness than others (p <0.05). However, redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and overall acceptability of sensory properties were not different among the treatments (p >0.05). The partial replacement of sodium chloride by all substitutes leads to increase tenderness (p <0.05). There are no problems in microbiological stability and lipid oxidation of cooked pork hams with 40% replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride, potassium lactate and calcium ascorbate during cold storage. Therefore, it is possible to use potassium chloride, potassium lactate and calcium ascorbate as partial substitutes of sodium chloride in cooked pork ham.

By measuring changes in blood lactate and plasma enzyme (CPK, GOT, GPT) with electrical stimulation applied at two duty cycles, this study is intended to look into which type of duty cycle may have more effects on blood lactate and plasma enzyme constituents through animal experiment so as to determine any duty cycle appropriate for electrical treatment. In this study, electrical stimulation was applied to total 20 Korean house rabbits (weight: 3~3.5 kg) by means of an electrical therapeutic apparatus called TS6000 (made in Netherlands) at duty cycle of 50% and 20% respectively for 30 minutes. Here, 5 cc of blood was collected from their carotid artery before stimulation and in 30 minutes after stimulation respectively to carry out biochemical experiment and analysis. As determined through the above experiment, blood lactate rate was increased to 333.07% at 50% duty cycle after experiment and 185.71% at 20% duty cycle after experiment respectively. In both cases, blood lactate rate was significantly increased to higher level after electrical stimulation than before. Moreover, the rate of change in the average of blood lactate rate at both duty cycles also showed significant differences. CPK rate was boosted to 301.82% at 50% duty cycle after experiment and 321.35% at 20% duty cycle after experiment respectively. In both cases, CPK rate was remarkably boosted to higher level after stimulation than before (p<.05). However, there was not any significant difference in the rate of change in average CPK at both duty cycles (p<.05). GOT rate was significantly boosted up to 38.97% at 50% duty cycle after experiment (p<.05), while it was slightly increased to 1.68% at 20% duty cycle after experiment without any significant difference. Rather, GPT rate dropped slightly at both duty cycles after experiment, but there was not any significant difference. Although blood lactate and GOT were relatively less generated at 20% duty cycle after electrical stimulation than at 50% duty cycle, the change of duty cycle didn't have any significant influence on CPK rate. In this regard, this study failed to come any consistent conclusion about the association between change of duty cycle and muscle fatigue. Therefore, it is advisable that follow-up studies seek various ways to a little more effectively apply electrical stimulation to laboratory animals by avoiding their muscle fatigue. GOT rate was significantly boosted up to 38.97% at 50% duty cycle after experiment (p<.05), while it was slightly increased to 1.68% at 20% duty cycle after experiment without any significant difference. Rather, GPT rate dropped slightly at both duty cycles after experiment, but there was not any significant difference. Although blood lactate and GOT were relatively less generated at 20% duty cycle after electrical stimulation than at 50% duty cycle, the change of duty cycle didn't have any significant influence on CPK rate. In this regard, this study failed to come any consistent conclusion about the association between change of duty cycle and muscle fatigue. Therefore, it is advisable that follow-up studies seek various ways to a little more effectively apply electrical stimulation to laboratory animals by avoiding their muscle fatigue.

생쥐에 1 Gray(Gy)와 3 Gy의 방사선을 조사한 후 시간에 따라 골격근, 심장, 신장, 간 및 정소조직의 형태적 변화를 확인하였다. H-B(hematoxylin-eosin)염색 결과 apoptotic body는 다른 조직에 비해 간조직에서 쉽게 관찰되었고, 조사량에 비례하였으며 대부분의 조직에서 조사 후 1일에, 정소조직에서는 7일에 많이 관찰되었다. TUNEL (terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-medi

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ICING recovery method after sports climbing to blood lactate concentration and heart rate. The subjects were 12 male 20s undergraduate students (ICING group of 6, Control group of 6). Blood lactate concentration and heart rate were measured before climbing, after climbing, 5- minute recovery and 10minute recovery. Heart rate were also measured during the climbing. The subjects performed climbing 3 times. Data were analysed by SPSS 20.0. To compare blood lactate concentration and heart rate among groups, the independent samples t-test was employed using an alpha level of .05. Mean and standard deviations were computed. Results show that there is no significant difference between the icing group and nonicing group. Yet, the differences of blood lactate concentration were observed between groups. Blood lactate concentration of icing group was significantly higher than non-icing group in the condition of 1st climbing. Blood lactate concentration of non-icing group was significantly higher than icing group in 2nd 10-minute recovery. ICING recovery method is shown to be not significantly effective to blood lactate concentration and heart rate. This could be comprehended that long-term high-intensity (70% of 1RM) exercise can be prepared for the further research.

Developing preimplantation embryos require appropriate energy source and express stage specific gene expression for proper development. During early stage embryo development, major energy sources were pyruvate and lactate, after then glucos is used as a main source. Aquaporins (AQPs), also, is suggested as key molecules for blastocoels formation, and energy and meytabolic homeostasis. In this study, we analyzed the expression profiles of AQPs and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) which convet lacte to pyruvate and back. During development in vivo condition, the expression patterns can be classificed six clusters. AQP2,-3, -5, -8, -9, and -11 were detected at various stages but others were not. Cluster 1 is for an only express at blastocyst stage. Cluster 2 is for an incrase continuosuly from 4-cell stage. Cluster 3 is for a peak at both 4-cell and blastocyst stages. Cluster 4 is for a sharp decrease at morula stage. Cluster 5 is for a sharp decrase at 2-cell and morula stages. Cluster 6 is for continuous decrease after 4-cell stage. Cluster 7 is for no expression AQPs. LDHs expression has three patterns. First is for sharp decrase at both 2-cell stage and morula a stage. Second is for a continuous decrease from 4-cell stage. Third is for an existings until fertilized oocyte, 1-cell stage. Interestingly the expression profiles of AQPs and LDHs were totally changed by in vitro culture. All of the AQPs and LDHs were detected except AQP8. The leves of LDHA and LDHB were significantly decreased in vitro but those of LDHC and LDHD were increased. These results suggest that early stage embryos themselves adaptate to their conditon through modulation of the specific gene expression such as AQPs and LDHs.

It is suggested that carbohydrate metabolites may involve in the development of morula to blastocyst but many of the mechanisms are not unmasked. Two-cell stage embryos were collected and examined the effects of lactate on the development of blastocyst in vitro. The expression profiles of lactate dehydrognase (Ldh) genes and aquaporin (Aqp) genes were analyzed with RT-PCR. The successful development from morula to blastocyst was dependent on lactate concentrations. The expression profiles of Ldh genes were changed by the lactate concentration. Ldha was expressed in morula stage at 10 mM lactate, and in blastocyst stage at lactate free condition. Ldhb was expressed in morula stage at 10 mM and 20 mM lactate, and in blastocyst stage at 10 mM lactate. Aqp genes were also showed different expression patterns by the lactate concentrations. Aqp3 was expressed in hatching embryo at 120 hr post hCG administration (hph) which was cultured in BWW medium and lactate free condition. Aqp7 was expressed in hatching embryos at 120 hph which was cultured at 10 mM lactate condition. Also Aqp8 was expressed in hatching embryo at BWW and 20 mM lactate condition. Aqp9 was expressed in morula at BWW and 10 mM lactate condition, and in blastocyst at BWW. Based on these results, it is suggested that concentration of lactate in the medium and the level of lactate synthesis in embryo is critical factor for blastocoels formation. In addition it is suggested that LDH may involve the AQPs expression in embryos

김치의 보존성과 품질향상에 미치는 calcium lactate와 calcium acetate의 영향을 조사하기 위하여 calcium lactate와 calcium acetate를 0.5:0-0:0.5의 비율로 혼합하여 김치에 0.5%로 첨가, 1에서 숙성시키는 동안 pH, 산도, 칼슘함량, 조직의 광학현미경 관찰 및 관능검사를 행하였다. 그 결과 calcium lactate : calcium acetate가 0.4 : 0.1, 0.3 : 0.2,