The purpose of this paper is to summarize research trends and analyze major discussions of previous studies on language policy and planning from a research historical perspective. In order to accomplish this purpose, this paper firstly established a database of related research lists through a complete enumeration survey of research articles by Korean researchers published in Korean academic journals. Then, based on the database, this paper summarized research trends of preceding studies by fields (status, corpus, education, etc.), by topics (language rank/function, orthographic norm, national language education, etc.), by relevant countries/regions (Korea, Asia, Europe, etc.). Finally, dividing the preceding studies into those related to Korea and those related to foreign countries, this paper analyzed major discussions by fields and topics based on representative and recent preceding studies. 'Not only does the aforementioned summary and analysis have research historical significance for preceding studies on language policy and planning, but 'they can also contribute to exploring the tasks and directions of future research.

This paper's main purpose is to review research articles on language education with sociolinguistic approach, which have been published in The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea since 1993. It synthesizes the current trends of language education research with the approach that paves the way for future academic sociolinguistic accomplishments. The journal's research studies of language education have mostly focused on Korean and English education along with a handful of other languages. Approximately 150 research studies are categorized and reviewed with emphasis on themes, goals, and their pedagogical implications. As this review is primarily of the articles published in The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, the conclusion suggests that a number of scholars have consistently and persistently conducted meaningful research on language education over the past several decades with a variety of research questions, yielding significant academic achievements. This paper is limited in that it does not represent the whole of research trends of language education studies with sociolinguistic approaches in Korea. However, this synthetical review does provide a general perspective of the overall flow of language education studies from a sociolinguistic perspective.

This study aims to categorize research achievements about language contact based on the papers in the Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea for the last thirty years into five sections, which include bilingualism and diglossia, pidgin and creole, various decision making under language contact situations, loan-words, and dialect contact. This study concludes by offering further research questions that need to be answered in the field of language contact. Early years of sociolinguistics has remained at a level of introducing language contact problems of Europe and Africa, Pacific and Atlantic equator region to the domestic academic circles. However, these achievements have turned out to be the foundation of research related to overseas Koreans bilingualism problem and various domestic language contact problems between Korean and foreign language. Until now, Korean sociolinguistics has mostly handled problems of bilingualism. However, since the early 21st century, the population of international marriage immigrants and foreign laborers has increased at a rapid rate, generating various language contact phenomena. Furthermore, with a recent globalization wave, many foreign languages are more widely used in Korea. In such a flow, it is evident that the Korean society will go through various language contact between Korean and foreign languages. Therefore, systematic and aggressive research on multi-culture family bilingualism, code-switching of Korean speakers, loan-words situation, and the problem of contact between standard language and dialect is needed in the Korean sociolinguistic field.

Tense, aspect and epistemic modality belong to the background information of sentences and have the effect of transforming virtual events into actual events. Linguistic typology studies show that the development of future tense into epistemic modality is a common feature of human languages. The future tense markers "- 겠 -" and "Yao" in Korean and Chinese language have the conceptual meanings of "speculation" and "intention", which are used to describe the future events. The description of the future events can be divided into objectively inevitable events and subjectively inevitable or possible events. For these two cases, due to the uncertainty of future events, both of them show strong subjectivity. Therefore, they are closely related to epistemic modality. Epistemic modality can be divided into three categories according to the speaker's certainty of subjective evaluation: inevitability, possibility and virtuality. This study aims to find out the similarities and differences of "- 겠 -" and "Yao" in syntax, semantics and pragmatics, and explain the cognitive mechanism behind the differences by comparing the degree of grammaticalization and subjectification.

본 연구는 반응성애착장애 유아의 언어 및 놀이발달의 변화과정을 그림책 읽어주기와 놀이참여를 통한 상담자의 개입으로 2018년 6월15일부터 2019년 1월 30일까지 주 2회 총 56회기로 약 7개월여 동안 단일대상으로 탐색연구 하였다. 상담자는 유아의 반응에 일관적이며 수용적인 태도로 자극을 촉진하고, 민감한 반응으로 상호작용하였다. 이에 따른 반응성애착장애 유아의 언어 및 놀이발달 변화과정은 다음과 같이 6단계로 나타났다. 첫째, 자극-불안정 접촉의 혼란스러 운 단계. 둘째, 자극-접촉의 안정의 단계. 셋째, 자극-촉진 수용의 단계. 넷째, 자극-습득 내면화 단계. 다섯째, 자극-표현 변화의 단계. 여섯째, 자극-확장 적 응의 단계로 변화하면서 유아는 일상생활에 적응하며 자신의 세계를 구축하였 다. 이러한 변화의 과정은 반응성애착장애 유아의 부모나 다양한 치료 현장의 상담사, 유아교육현장 교사들에게 개입을 위한 길잡이가 되어줄 것이다.

The construction of national common language is an important issue in that of modern nation. From ‘Guanhua’ in the late Qing dynasty to ‘Guoyu’ in the republic of China, and then to ‘Putonghua’ in the late Anti-Japanese War and after the founding of new China, these names not only have a close connection but also reflect the different functional differences. Now, the construction of national common language in ethnic areas and the unification of cross-strait languages have become new national strategies. Adopting again ‘Guoyu’ names and assigning new meanings from the perspective of national identity can help to strengthen national identity, promote national unity and cross-strait reunification, and regulate language use.

The following study analyzes the linguistic landscape of governmental public signs with focus on whether language rights are being fulfilled, in Garibong-Dong, Seoul, which has a high proportion of people with Chinese citizenship in Korea, most of whom are Korean-Chinese, utilizing “Language Rights of Linguistic Minorities: A Practical Guide for Implementation” (Izsák-Ndiaye, 2013) published by the UN OHCHR (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights) as a framework to see whether language rights are being fulfilled by governmental public signs. The study includes interviews with two workers of Korea Support Center for Foreign Workers about whether language rights of Garibong-dong's residents could be affected by the linguistic landscape and what efforts could the governments make for residents.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of implementing the language socialization approach in multimodal literacy practices. This paper begins by briefly introducing and discussing the language socialization paradigm, such as the brief history, methodological principles, and research contexts. Then, it is discussed how language socialization research has studied multiple semiotic resources of meaning-making in terms of two broad categories: linguistic- and multimodal resources. Additionally, the paper presents how analytic attention to multiple semiotic modes is used and contributes to language socialization research. Finally, the paper discusses how language socialization research theory, methods, and findings relate to multimodality; it address ways in which the language socialization approach frames multimodality, and vice versa.

This study aims at identifying how the Korean scholarly group's internet language features changed during the last 10 years. For this study, 2,450 written texts on the same web-site in which a previous study collected data were analyzed. This comparison study showed the following results: 1)First of all, the scholarly group's internet texts still involved standard language, high-quality vocabulary and long sentences; 2)However, it was very difficult to find Chinese characters and the percentage of the usage of English increased significantly; 3)Presenting objective data and numbering were still frequently seen; 4)Furthermore, typical internet languages such as slang, argot and abbreviations began to appear; 5)Texts showing self-reflection and teaching tone have been decreased. Instead, texts implying psychological pressure and worries about their jobs have increased; 6)The biggest change was that most of communicator's names were written in English (or unidentified words) or commonly used internet names. This study concludes that comparing to the previous study, the scholarly group's internet language features have changed (although some based on occupational variables remained the same), and that these changes might be affected by social changes taking place in the scholarly group.

고도의 경제성장을 이루고 있는 현대 사회에 다양한 미술사 조가 계속 나타나고, 전통문화와 사회현실과의 갈등, 고대 문명과 외래문화의 충돌은 끊임없이 일어나고 있다. 이런 상황에서 새로운 그림의 형태도 파생되고 있다. 각종 회화의 새로운 도구, 신소재, 새로운 관념, 그리고 다른 예술 형식의 도입과 벤 치마킹으로 인해, 공필 화조화는 예술적 특징, 형식 언어, 미학적 스타일이 다원화하는 구조를 보이고 있다. 본 논문은 당대의 공필 화조화의 창작 제재, 전통 선묘 혁신, 디자인 색채의 응용, 새로운 구도의 추구, 그리고 아름다운 예술적 경지에 대한 추구 등 방면에서 당대의 공필 화조화 소재와 표현의 다양한 측면을 자세히 묘사하였다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 공필 화조화의 회화 형식을 풍부하게 하고 당대의 공필 화조화의 혁신을 넓히기를 바란다.

This study is about meta-language used for teaching the Korean language in Serbia, where it is not a native language. This study examined meta-language for teaching preferred by Korean language learners of Serbia and explored efficient methods of meta-language use for teaching. First, meta-language and meta-language for teaching were discussed, and meta-language for Korean language teaching was defined. After setting up the research question and hypothesis, a survey was conducted on Korean language learners at the University of Niš in Serbia to determine their preferred meta-language for teaching. According to the survey, many learners wanted to take classes in ‘Korean-Serbian languages.’ Beginner and intermediate learners of vocabulary, grammar, and conversation preferred ‘Korean-Serbian’ meta-language for teaching, and advanced learners preferred ‘Korean’ meta-language for teaching. Based on such grounds and existing theories, this paper proposed a usage model of meta-language for teaching in beginner, intermediate, and advanced Korean language classes in Serbia and presented the necessity for fostering professional Korean language instructors overseas.

연구목적 : 유아의 언어 발달은 언어를 이해하고 말을 산출하는 표현을 포함하며 타인과의 상호작용 안에서 의사소통의 발달이 촉진되어지는데, 감각 통합의 어려움이 있는 유아는 언어의 구사와 조음에서의 질적 결함을 보인다. 본 연구는 유아의 언어 발달과 감각 조절의 관계를 밝혀 적절한 중재의 개입에 유용한 자료로서의 토대를 마련하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법 : 본 연구의 대상은 아동발달센터에 내원한 만 3세 유아 53명으로 성별은 남아 37명, 여아 16명이고 월령의 범위는 36개월에서 47개월이었다. 검사 도구는 Short Sensory Profile(SSP)를 2000년 김미선이 번안, 수정하여 사용한 검사지를 사용하였고, 언어 발달은 영ᆞ유아 언어발달검사(Sequenced Language Scale for Infants; SELSI)를 사용하여 평가하였다. 연구결과 : 첫째, 언어 발달의 지연을 보이는 만 3세 유아의 감각 조절은 SSP 검사 결과 어려움이 예상되는 범주(PD)에 해당되었고, 언어 발달은 SELSI 검사 결과 등가연령 18개월에 해당하는 것으로 나타나, 감각 조절의 어려움은 언어 발달이 지연된 아동이 동반하는 문제라고 볼 수 있는 결과로 보인다. 둘째, 언어 발달의 지연을 보이는 만 3세 유아의 감각 조절은 언어 발달과 정적 상관이 있었고, 특히 감각 조절의 하위 요인 중 청각 여과하기와 언어 발달의 하위 요인 중 표현 언어 간에 높은 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 이는 청각 영역 감각 조절이 영유아의 언어 발달에 큰 영향을 미치는 요인으로 보이며, 언어 발달이 더딘 유아가 표현 언어 발달이 되기 위해서는 청각 여과하기를 다뤄주는 감각 통합 훈련이 필요함을 시사해 주었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 언어 발달이 지연된 만 3세 유아의 감각 조절과 언어 발달 간에는 서로 유의한 관계가 있음을 밝혔고 특히 감각 조절 중 청각 여과하기는 언어 발달 중 표현 언어와 관련이 높은 것으로 확인되었다.

Based on the nature of "Bu (不)+ N" structure, this paper divides the negative words in pre-Qin Chinese into two categories and five sub-categories according to the distinction of time and space, and combs the evolution of Chinese negative word system from Pre-Qin to modern Chinese. This paper also focuses on two problems: (1) whether "Bu(不) + N" is the negation of noun by the determiner "bu(不)", and whether there is no implied verb between "Bu(不)" and noun, nor is the noun used flexibly as a verb; (2) there are two sources of "MEIYOU(没有)" in modern Chinese, first from the negative sign of noun "WU (无)", then from the negative sign of verb "WEI(未)". Traditionally, the negation words of pre-Qin Chinese are divided into four categories: (1) The "Bu(不)" category, which means simple negation. (2) The"Wei (未)"category, indicating a negative attitude towards the past. (3) The "Fei(非)" category, which conveys negation of judgment. (4) The "Mo(莫)" category, signifying prohibition. Such classification, though comes with a certain degree of rationality, but embraces unscientific elements. For example, the "Bu(不)" category as a notion of simple negation is not a scientific explanation. This paper attempts to apply the research results of negative words in modern Chinese to the study of negative words in ancient Chinese. Professor Nie Renfa聂 仁发 (2001) believes that the time significance of the "Bu(不)" and "Meiyou(没有)" categories in modern Chinese is reflected in the "Object(体)" rather than "time （时）" and summarizes their differences as: "Bu(不)" ：【+Negation】[-Realization] Or“Mei(没)“：【+Negation】[+Realization] Professor Nie”s belief is truly inspirational. Hence we pursue further, by judging from the time elements of the pre-Qin Chinese negation word system, to try to divide them into two main categories as well as five small sub-categories. We shall be deeply obliged to receive feedbacks in any forms as well as criticisms as to determine whether this classification is appropriate, correct and in particular with reference to the negation of judgment as a [-Time elements]; while the negation of the imperatives as a [+Time elements].

In an effort to find a way to optimize the learning condition, this study examined the effects of two types of input frequency distribution, skewed-first distribution (SFD) versus balanced distribution (BD), and two types of focus-on-form techniques, input processing (IP) versus input enhancement (IE), on the learning of English participles by Korean middle school students. A total of 91 students participated in this study, divided into five subgroups: SFD + IP, SFD + IE, BD + IP, BD + IE, and Control. The learning outcomes and the generalizability of the learned knowledge were measured through scaled judgment tasks and picture description tasks, immediately after treatment as well as one week later. The results showed that the input frequency distribution factor did not have statistically significant effects on learning and generalizability, while the degrees of explicitness of focus-on-form techniques had statistically significant effects on both. The interaction effects of the two main factors were not statistically significant. More detailed findings are presented with some pedagogical implications for Korean EFL classrooms.

본문은 성악 공연의 시각에 기반하여 운남 미도산가(弥渡山歌)를 언어특징, 수사예술 및 언어형태의 표현방식을 연구하였다. 먼저 미도산가 언어의 문화적 특징을 설명하기 위해 운남 미도지 역의 특수한 문화가 미도산가에 미친 영향과 미도지역의 생산방식이 미도산가의 언어 표현 방식에 미친 영향을 서술하였다. 여기서는 주로 차마고도(茶马古道)의 음악문화 및 타지역과 다른 민속풍습을 담 은 미도산가 언어의 완곡하고 함축적인 특징을 간략하게 소개하였다. 그 다음으로 미도산가의 언어적인 특징과 수사(修辭)의 예술적 측면을 연구하였다. 지방 방언의 언어 특징이 미도산가의 스타일에 미치는 영향과 미도산가의 수사 수법이 미도산가의 의사 전달에 미치는 영향을 포함하였다. 마지막으로 구체적인 작품을 예로 들어 미도산가 언어 형태의 표현방식을 논의하였다.

다양한 학문기반의 토대가 되는 한문과의 중요성에 대한 논의는 이미 선행 연구들을 통해서 가치 실현이 되었다. 이러한 전제 속에 본고는 연구자 실제 강의했던 경험을 바탕으로 실제 한문과의 운영이 어떻게 존립하고 현상 유지되거나 위기에 처해 있는지 실증적으로 보여주고자 했다. 이를 종합하면 2019년도 강행된 강사법 시행령 문제와 관련하여 대학 내 현장적 운영 모습은 다음과 같이 정리될 수 있다. 첫째 현 시류에 영향을 받지 않은 것으로 판단되나 계속 그 추이를 주목해야 하는 경우, 둘째 시행령의 포섭되어 강좌 폐지로 즉결된 경우 두 가지 사례가 진단되었다. 이러한 사실의 목도는 기실 이 논의가 필요한 이유이자 배태한 연원과 관련 깊다. 이러한 전후 상황과 관련하여, 실제 학습자들의 요구 사항을 검토해 본 결과, 유념해야 할 사항을 정리하면 3가지 정도로 추릴 수 있다. 먼저, 대학 본부에서는 학생들의 의견 수렴 창구 토대를 긴밀히 구축할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 학과별 한문과가 연합하여 제각기 다른 가치 창출을 위한 밑거름 이 될 수 있도록 통합적 모색이 필요한데, 이때 다양한 채널이 필요하다. 마지막으로 비전공자를 위한 수강과목 그리고 전공생을 위해서는 난이도 평가 구별을 통해 소수로만 운영될 분반별 강좌가 시행될 수 있도록 하는 조처도 요구된다. 이 같은 필요점은 취업 혹은 실용과 직결되는 교과목이 아닌 여타 학문과나 교양과 전체로 확대될 수 있을 것이다.

Korean-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary, which was compiled by the National Institute of Korean Language, is a web dictionary translating Korean Basic Dictionary into Chinese. As more and more Chinese wanted to learn Korean, the National Institute of Korean Language planned for the translation. A research team in Korea University carried out the project for 3 years from 2016 to 2018. The main focus of the project was to present Chinese counterparts with Korean headwords by translating them into Chinese.　 This paper aims to provide an overview of the compiling project, Korean-Chinese Learning Dictionary, the principles applied to the actual translation process, and to examine the current status of the Sino-Korean headwords and the detailed translation method. In Chapter 2, the review of the purpose, steps, and progress of Korean-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary is provided. Chapter 3 presents the statistical results of the Sino-Korean headwords in Korean-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. In addition, the detailed principles applied to the process of Chinese translation are reviewed along with the main cases by the headword type. Moreover, the characteristics of the cultural vocabulary and the band system according to them are discussed.

The paper introduces KorLex, Korean WordNet, which uses Princeton WordNet (PWN) as a reference model as well as a pivot that provides KorLex with the multilingual interface. Sub-section 2.1 describes the background for which we intended to build KorLex by ourselves, and the motivations for which we selected PWN as a reference model among other wordnets. Sub-sections 2.2 and 2.3 deal with the semantic features that share both PWN and KorLex, and the linguistic features that we attach to KorLex in order to improve Korean Language Processing (KLP). Section 3 presents two representative applications of KorLex in the field of Natural Language Processing: (1) in KLP environment, <Korean Spell/Grammar Checker (KSGC)> that we have developed for the last 30 years, and for which we decided to elaborate KorLex version 1.5 and to attach the sophisticate information of Korean language to the version 2.0; (2) in multilingual environment, <Korean-Korean_Sign_Language Machine Translation (K2KSL MT)>, which would not be successfully developed without the hierarchical semantic structure of KorLex as well as PWN, since the hierarchy enables K2KSL MT to solve logically the notorious ‘data sparseness (= lack of lexicon)’ problem that KSL encounters during the translation process, like in other bilingual or multilingual MT systems.