도핑 엔지니어링은 넓은 밴드갭, 낮은 전하 운반체 농도, 제한된 전하 수송 속도 등 리튬 이온 배터리용 산화물 기반 세라믹 분리막의 고유한 한계를 극복하는 효과적인 전략으로 부상했다. 이종 원자가 도핑은 전자 구조와 결함 화학을 변화시켜 산소 결함 및 결함 상태를 생성함으로써 리튬 이온 수송을 향상시키고 계면 저항을 감소시킨다. 또한, 도핑으로 인 한 격자 안정화는 기계적 강도를 개선하고 덴드라이트 침투를 억제하며 전기화학적 신뢰성을 향상시킨다. 산화물 기반 세라 믹 분리막은 고온에서 심각한 수축 및 용융 현상을 보이는 기존 폴리올레핀 분리막에 비해 우수한 열 안정성을 나타낸다. 기 계적으로 견고한 세라믹 골격은 열 응력 하에서도 구조적 안정성을 유지하고 내부 단락을 방지하여 배터리 안전성을 크게 향 상시킨다. 특히, 전하 운반체 활성화와 구조적 안정성이 균형을 이루는 최적의 도핑 농도 범위가 존재하여 전하 수송 성능과 안전성을 극대화할 수 있다. 종합적으로, 도핑 엔지니어링은 차세대 리튬 이온 배터리용 고성능 및 본질적으로 안전한 세라믹 분리막 개발을 위한 합리적인 전략을 제공한다.

The FOPLP method, which uses a square metal carrier to arrange semiconductor chips, offers significantly superior productivity and efficiency compared to conventional processes. However, metal carriers are prone to warping, dents and scratches due to thermal deformation, making surface inspection and correction work essential. Therefore, this study designed and fabricated a gantry guide capable of mounting an indicator and a vision module to effectively inspect the metal carrier surface and improve quality, then evaluated its performance. In the experiment, the gantry system’s performance was verified by evaluating its repeatability precision, and the vision module ensured data reliability through precision at four different magnifications.

The effect of metal codoping on hydrogen storage has been meticulously studied in small cubic C8 nanocluster within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). Initially, a C8 nanocluster was doped with two Li atoms [ C8(Li)2], achieving a hydrogen uptake of 15.5 wt% with an adsorption energy of 0.16 eV. Although this configuration demonstrates a high hydrogen storage capacity, its thermodynamic stability under ambient conditions is limited due to weak binding interactions between Li and H2 molecules. By introducing metal atoms that have stronger binding with the C8 framework, it is expected to enhance the overall structural stability. For that, we have chosen Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, and Cr metal atoms along with Li to investigate the influence of codoping on hydrogen storage characteristics. The Ti- and V-codoped structures exhibited significant distortion of the C8 nanocluster during optimization primarily due to strong charge transfer, steric repulsion arising from the larger atomic radii of Ti and V, and partial bond breaking within the nanocluster framework and were, therefore, excluded from further calculations. The resulting codoped structures—C8LiNa, C8LiK, C8LiBe, C8LiMg, C8LiCa, C8LiSc, and C8LiCr— yielded hydrogen uptake of 16.1 wt%, 14.6 wt%, 11.2 wt%, 13.7 wt%, 12.4 wt%, 9.8 wt%, and 11.5 wt%, respectively, all surpassing the U.S. Department of Energy 2025 target of 5.5 wt%. Among these, the LiCr codoped C8 nanocluster exhibited significantly improved adsorption energies of 0.31 eV, which is within the ideal range of 0.2–0.6 eV for faster adsorption–desorption kinetics. Furthermore, Gibbs free energy corrections to H2 adsorption energy at various temperatures and pressures revealed superior thermodynamic stability of the C8LiCr structure, suggesting its promising potential for practical hydrogen storage applications. These results highlight the significant impact of metal codoping as a powerful strategy for enhancing hydrogen uptake, stability, and overall H2 storage performance in nanostructured materials.

The integration of high-capacity active materials onto flexible substrates is essential for advancing flexible sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, we report a novel strategy for fabricating high-performance, flexible SIB anodes via the immobilization of molybdenum disulfide ( MoS2) nanoparticles on carbon cloth (CC) modified with metal–organic framework-derived carbon nanotubes (MOF-derived CNTs). In this method, Co-containing zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) were assembled on polyaniline-coated CC, followed by CNT growth via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal deposition of MoS2. The resulting MoS2@ CNT@CC electrodes achieved significantly higher MoS2 loading (15–20 wt%) compared to direct deposition on CC (< 5 wt%). Electrochemical evaluation revealed an initial discharge capacity of 231 mAh g− 1 with a Coulombic efficiency of 94.3%, outperforming MoS2@ CC (150 mAh g− 1, 77.8%) and bare CC (113 mAh g− 1, 74.3%). After 100 cycles at 50 mA g− 1, MoS2@ CNT@CC maintained a stable capacity of 133 mAh g− 1 and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.9%. Cyclic voltammetry confirmed enhanced redox activity, while mechanical tests showed no significant degradation after 10,000 bending cycles (10 mm radius). These findings highlight the effectiveness of MOF-derived CNTs in enhancing MoS2 loading, conductivity, and mechanical resilience, offering a promising route toward robust and efficient flexible SIB anodes.

With high redox activity, superior conductivity, abundant pores, and large specific surface area, nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon featuring a hierarchically porous structure is regarded as ideal electrode material for supercapacitors. In this work, hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon (PG-PZC50) was fabricated via non-solvent induced phase separation and high-temperature calcination processes. SEM images showed its three-dimensional network structure, with abundant macro- and mesopores distributed throughout. XRD and Raman spectra confirmed the phase purity and graphitic nature of the as-prepared material, while XPS revealed its surface elemental composition, especially the content and doping states of nitrogen atoms. The graphene oxide-induced three-dimensional network, combined with the mesoporous structure of metalorganic framework-derived N-doped carbon particles, creates abundant migration channels and a large adsorption surface area for the electrolyte ions. Benefiting from its hierarchically porous structure and high nitrogen-doping content, the formed PG-PZC50 reached high specific capacitances of 499.7 F g− 1 at 0.1 A g− 1 and 179.6 F g− 1 at 20 A g− 1. Notably, the material also demonstrated robust cyclic stability with no capacitance loss after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. The proposed synthetic strategy provides new ideas for the facile and reproducible construction of nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon with 3D hierarchically porous structure and high capacitive performances.

In this study, the effect of welding heat input on the microstructure and mechanical properties of reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel weld metal was investigated to provide a basis for developing welding technology for this steel, which is considered a structural material for fusion reactor blankets. Autogenous bead-on-plate gas tungsten arc welding was performed with heat inputs of 0.57, 1.38, and 2.32 kJ/mm, and the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the weld metal were analyzed. The fraction of residual δ-ferrite in the weld metal varied depending on the welding heat input, which acted as a primary factor contributing to the reduction in weld metal strength, although it remained higher than that of the base metal. In addition, the effect of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) at 730 °C for 1 h was evaluated. Before PWHT, the weld metal exhibited significantly higher hardness compared with the base metal. However, after PWHT, its hardness was substantially reduced, thereby minimizing the differences in hardness of the weld and the base metal.

Contamination of food with heavy metal ions and nitrites poses a serious threat to human health. Consequently, the development of fast and sensitive platforms for detecting these contaminants is urgently required. In this paper, a novel MnMgFe- LDHs/DC sensor is constructed based on a simple strategy, in which MnMgFe layered double hydroxide (LDHs) is used as a metal precursor, and a unique "island bridge" carbon network structure is generated by its pyrolysis with ZIF-8@B, N-WMCNTs. The electrical conductivity was enhanced, and a large electroactive surface area was provided for the MnMgFe- LDHs/DC. The electrochemical properties of Pb2+, Cd2+ and nitrite were investigated using this electrode as a working electrode. Under optimized conditions, the sensing platform exhibited a wide linear range with the Pb2+, Cd2+, and NO2 − limits of detection of 46.16 nM, 59.25 nM, and 0.083 μM, respectively. Of particular note is that this sensing platform exhibits outstanding anti-interference capabilities. It can precisely and efficiently conduct the detection of nitrite and heavy metal ions in pickled foods.

In this study, quantum dots with Au/CdSe complex cores composed of Au as a metal base were synthesized, syrup was prepared, and coated on natural simulated LED unit modules, and the optical properties of traffic signs using them were investigated, and the following conclusions were obtained. The nanoparticles synthesized at 260°C and 280°C grew into irregular shapes with PL wavelengths of 624-627㎛, half-widths of 35㎛, PL-QY ratios of 55-61%, and grain diameters of 5-7㎛. The quantum dot syrup was applied to the LED unit module to produce a traffic sign composed of 4CL unit modules, and the luminance of 179 ㏅/㎡, insulation resistance of 10,000㏁, and insulation withstand of 500V were achieved, meeting the performance and specifications of the standard guidelines for luminescent traffic safety signs. The surface temperature of the unit module laminated with 4CL resin is 24~25℃, which shows a stable heat distribution, confirming that it can be applied as a sign using unit modules.

Encapsulating living cells within porous crystalline materials has emerged as a powerful strategy for improving cellular stability in chemically or physically harsh conditions. In this study, individual yeast cells were encapsulated with a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals via a biomimetic self-assembly process. Morphological analysis using electron microscopy confirmed the successful formation of a uniform and continuous protective shell around each cell. To evaluate the cytoprotective effect of the ZIF-8 coating, the encapsulated yeast cells were exposed to a range of pH conditions (pH 2~12). Fluorescence microscopy using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining revealed that over 50 % of the ZIF-8 encapsulated cells remained viable in alkaline environments (pH 8, 10, and 12), whereas non-encapsulated yeast cells showed 0 % viability across all tested conditions. The enhanced survival in alkaline media was attributed to the stability of the crystalline ZIF-8 shell, which remained partially intact and provided structural protection. In contrast, acidic conditions degraded the ZIF-8 shell, leading to cell membrane rupture and loss of viability. These findings demonstrate that ZIF-8 encapsulation can significantly improve the chemical resilience and survival of living yeast cells. This strategy holds great promise for applications in long-term cell preservation, transport, and pH-responsive biotechnological systems.

In this paper, the structural optimization and experimental validation of lightweight, high stiffness rollers for roll-to-roll(R2R) processing of lithium metal electrodes are presented. Precise dimensional control of electrode thickness below 50㎛ is essential for next-generation high energy density batteries, yet elastic recovery during rolling hinders the achievement of target specifications. To address this challenge, finite element(FE) analysis was employed to determine the optimal rolling gap and roller geometry, and the results were verified through R2R experiments. Simulations indicated that a rolling gap of 153㎛ yielded a final sheet thickness of about 49.6㎛, meeting the design requirement. Experimental results confirmed the validity of the numerical model, with thickness measurements deviating less than ±10% from FE analysis predictions. These findings demonstrate that the proposed roller design not only ensures thickness precision but also improves system efficiency, offering practical guidelines for scalable lithium metal electrode manufacturing.

The plausibility factors influencing heterogeneous nucleation at the metal/glass interface were systematically investigated as a function of temperature. Secondary phase formation at the metal/glass interface is governed by the contact angle, which is affected by volumetric changes, microstructural evolution driven by metal ion diffusion, and redox reactions influenced by the arrangement of oxygen layers on the metal surface. A comprehensive model was developed to describe these plausibility factors based on observed interfacial phenomena. Despite the inherent non-uniformity in ion distribution within the glass, the interfacial diffusion coefficient, derived from an Arrhenius plot, exhibited a clear temperature dependence, reflecting thermally activated diffusion processes. Above the glass transition temperature (Tg), chemical interactions between diffusing metal ions and migrating glass constituents were identified as the main driving force for secondary phase formation at the metal/glass interface. These chemical reactions not only alter the local stoichiometry but also contribute to structural rearrangements at the interface. The results highlight the complex interplay between the thermal, chemical, and structural factors that control nucleation at the metal/glass boundary. The proposed model provides valuable insight into the mechanisms of interfacial phase formation and offers a useful framework for the design and processing of metal/glass composite systems with tailored properties.

The Public Procurement Service was established to ensure efficient supply of necessary goods for public institutions and their quality stability. The Public Procurement Service operates the Excellent Product Designation System for quality improvement. Due to the convenience of sole-source contracts and pricing advantages, suppliers prefer to obtain excellent product certification. However, despite these advantages, the designation does not guarantee customer satisfaction, as consumers pay higher prices without assured quality improvements. The goal of this study is to propose a new evaluation system better reflecting customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. Metal window products were selected as the study subject. Candidate factors were derived through literature review, and surveys were conducted to identify significant items for the new evaluation system. Item weights were then calculated using AHP analysis. The proposed system was validated through case analysis comparing two excellent products with two general products.

명칭과 용어에는 지칭하는 본래의 뜻과 함께 그 의미가 축적되어가는 과정에서 내포된 사 회적 인식과 문화, 경험 그 모든 것들이 함축적으로 담겨있다. 본 논문의 연구 대상이었던 상감(相嵌, 商嵌)도 그러하다. 일상 속의 풍경이나 물건 등이 서로 끼워진 것, 끼워있는 것 을 지칭하다가 점차 이와 유사한 원리로 시문하는 공예의 감입법의 명칭으로까지 그 범위가 확산된 것을 볼 수 있다. 본 논문은 중국 명ㆍ청대 문헌을 중심으로, 오늘날 우리가 ‘상감’(象嵌, 相嵌, 商嵌)이라 부르는 금속 감입 기법과 동일한 명칭이 당대에 어떤 맥락에서 사용되었는지를 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 문헌에서 주로 등장하는 相嵌과 商嵌의 용례를 추출하여 분석을 진행하였다. ‘서로 상’(相)을 쓰는 相嵌은 금속 공예의 감입법을 포함한 끼우기ㆍ결합 행위 전반을 아 우르는 포괄적인 기법명이었다. 반면 商嵌은 하ㆍ상ㆍ주 시대 동기에 나타나는 감입 기법에 뿌리를 둔 명칭으로, 이후 이를 계승한 고동기에도 사용되며 점차 전통성을 내포한 용어로 자리 잡았다. 상감 시문에 사용한 재료는 주로 금과 은이었으며, 실이나 문양 형태의 장식재를 기물 표면에 끼워 넣는 원리는 한국의 입사기법과도 유사한 특징을 보인다. 상감이라는 용어가 중국 문헌에 등장하기는 하나 실제로는 ‘감’(嵌), ‘착’(錯), ‘양감’(鑲 嵌) 등이 금속공예 감입 기법을 지칭하는 용어로 보다 활발하게 사용되었다. 고려와 조선에 서는 ‘입사(入絲)’와 같은 고유의 기술 명칭이 형성되어 사회 전반에 통용되고 있었으며 ‘상 감’은 중국에서 사용하는 기법명으로 인식되어 소수의 문헌에서만 제한적으로 확인된다. 결국 ‘상감’이라는 용어는 동일한 금속 감입법을 가리키면서도 한국과 중국의 문화적 배 경에 따라 서로 다른 한자 조합과 명명 원리를 통해 고유의 정체성을 반영하였다. 본 논문은 이러한 차이를 기호학적 관점에서 고찰하고 공예 용어로서 ‘상감’의 개념 축적과 전개 양상 을 분석하였다.

It is addressed that the challenges of poor cyclic stability and low conductivity in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hinder their application in energy storage. Here, we synthesized binary metal MOFs through a one-step hydrothermal process, subsequently calcined to produce Co–Mn/reduced graphene oxide (rGO). This approach not only carbonized the organic framework but also enhanced its electrical conductivity and stability. Our findings demonstrated that the synergistic effects of Co and Mn within the assembled electrode resulted in remarkable performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 3558.65 F g− 1 at 1 A g− 1 and a rate capability of 1000 F g− 1 at 30 A g− 1. The Co–Mn/rGO anode in the asymmetric supercapattery exhibited a broadened operating potential window of 1.5 V, delivering an energy density of 54.65 W h kg− 1 at a power density of 125 W kg− 1, and maintaining 11.375 W h kg− 1 at a high power density of 12,500 W kg− 1. Notably, the capacitance retention rate reached 99.99% after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g− 1. These results suggest that the developed Co–Mn/rGO composite represents a promising candidate for advanced energy storage systems, offering both high performance and stability.