This paper intends to consider the contents of the insufficient certification system of PAV and to propose the certification regulations. In other words, PAV is a combination of people and drones that should reflect commercial specifications among aviation certification specifications and civil aircraft regulations. However, the domestic PAV certification system is still lacking in clear detailed regulations, and the detailed certification system of PAV should be established as soon as possible. It is hoped that PAV certification system will be established first and applied in earnest in the future, and that the domestic PAV industry will be activated.

The purpose of this study was to analyze laws and policies related to personal mobility (PM) in foreign countries, review Korean laws, hear opinions from experts on the orientation of personal mobility devices to propose a framework for the safe use and activation of personal mobility devices. At the local government level, the following were suggested as matters that Jeju Island should pursue with interest and should be stipulated in the ordinance. First, designate the availability of personalized mobile devices. Second, promote the availability of personal mobile devices. Third, establishing a basic plan for activating the use of personal mobile devices to ensure safety. Fourth, support for personal mobile driving roads. Fifth, the restriction and prohibition of traffic of personalized mobile devices and the content regulations for time designation and management. Sixth, regulations on the contents of regulations such as prohibition of parking and illegal parking, prohibition and processing of long-term neglect, etc. Seventh, designation and operation of a special zone for individual vehicles. Eighth, various rules for driving.

Chlorhexidine is a cationic bisbiguanide with broad antibacterial activity, and diverse activity encompassing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes, and some lipophilic viruses. Chlorhexidine alters the permeability of the bacterial membrane. They also neutralize periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia. Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured to isolate the Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membranes (OPG). Also, OPG were used to prepare large unilamellar liposomes with total lipids (OPGTL) extracted and prepared with the phospholipids mixture (PL). The effect of chlorhexidine digluconate on cell membrane kinetic changes was investigated using fluorescence polarization of n-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic acid with different rotational mobility depending on the probe substitution position (n) in the membrane phospholipid aliphatic chain. Chlorhexidine digluconate increased the hydrocarbon rotational mobility interior of the OPG, OPGTL and PL, but native and model membranes interfacial mobility were decreased. The sensitivity to increasing chlorhexidine digluconate effect on rotational mobility was proportional to the depth of probe position in descending order of 16-AP, 12-AS, 6-AS and 9-AS. Chlorhexidine digluconate disordering or ordering the effects on the membrane lipids may cause its bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal actions.

PURPOSES : The aim of this study is to develop equitable smart mobility indicators for road infrastructure users based on the recognition of lack of social equity evaluation indicators from the perspective of road infrastructure users. METHODS : In this study, vertical equity was expressed as the ratio of tolls to users' willingness to pay, depending on the income level. In each area, the time of travels to frequent destinations may differ, depending on the road infrastructure configuration use of tolled and untolled roads. When using tolled roads to save travel time, users have to pay tolls. In this case, the number of tolls that users have to pay and the users’ willingness to pay for tolls in the area based on their income levels were compared to determine vertical equity differences. Here, users' willingness to pay was estimated through a questionnaire survey on the travel time value based on the income level and matched with the income level of the area to determine residents' willingness to pay in the area. RESULTS : This study reveals that there is a significant difference in social equity for road infrastructure use based on income level. This difference in the indexing was reflected in developing an indicator based on distribution equity. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed vertical equity assessment method is relatively simple and can be utilized as a tool for establishing policies. As a basic tool for analyzing vertical equity in road pricing, it can be effectively applied to analyzing the vertical equity of road users in countries such as Japan, where tolls for highways are very high, and the United States, where tolls are charged in forms of Turnpike and HOT.

4차 산업혁명을 대표하는 인공지능, 빅데이터, 블록체인, 그리고 자율주행 등의 기술이 일상 속으로 깊이 침투하기 시작함과 동시에, 이것을 온 디맨드(On-demand) 혹은 긱 이코노미 (Gig Economy) 시대와 연결해주는 플랫폼 기업이 등장하기 시작했다. 이러한 플랫폼 기업의 등장은 기존 산업과 심한 마찰을 일으켰지만, 혹자는 이 과정을 긍정적 파괴라 부르며 이들의 등장이 없었다면 과도하게 성숙하고 침체하였을 산업에 경쟁의 바람을 불러왔다고 환영했다. 한편, 기존 산업과의 충돌은 곧 기존 규제에 중대한 도전을 던진다는 의미이기도 하다. 우버(Uber), 에어비앤비(AirBnB) 등 새롭게 선도하는 플랫폼 기업이 대성공을 이루자 그들의 시장 지배력과 기술적 역량으로 인해 발생하는 새로운 형태의 반경쟁적 행위와 소비자 및 노동자의 후생에 미치는 부정적인 영향에 대한 의문도 함께 나타났다. 본고에서는 플랫폼 기업의 등장으로 발생하는 다양한 사회적 변화와 법적 쟁점에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 그 중에서도 최근 기존 산업과의 마찰이 큰 모빌리티 플랫폼 기업인 ‘우버(Uber)’와 그의 국내 유사 플랫폼인 ‘타다(TADA)’의 사례를 들어 이러한 플랫폼 기업이 우리 사회에 어떤 변화를 일으키는지 알아보고자 한다. 이를 위해, 먼저 경제적 관점에서 플랫폼 시장의 주요 특징인 양면시장과 네트워크 효과가 플랫폼 기업에 어떻게 작용하는지 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 또한, 우버와 타다의 국내판결을 통해 플랫폼 기업의 법적 쟁점, 국내 입법 동향 그리고 정부의 인식변화 등을 살펴본 후, 미국과 우리나라에서 플랫폼 기업과 택시업계가 빚고 있는 갈등과 해결 방안을 제시해보았다. 마지막으로 자율주행기술의 발달에 따라 등장하게 될 로보택시(Robo-Taxi)와 관련된 법적 쟁점과 과제도 살펴보았다.

Background: Neurodynamic mobilization is divided into slider mobilization and tensioner mobilization. However, movement direction in neurodynamic mobilization has been overlooked in neurodynamic exercise program. Objective: To examine the effect of movement direction in neurodynamic mobilization on upper limb mobility and pain. Design: Quasi-experimental study Methods: Twenty-two adults positive for neurodynamic test for the median nerve were recruited for participation in this study. Twenty-two subjects were allocated to the applied neurodynamic mobilization at limited side group (ANTLS, n=7), the applied neurodynamic mobilization at contralateral limited side group (ANTCLS, n=7), and the applied neurodynamic mobilization at bilateral side group (ANTBS, n=8). Before the intervention upper limb limited was measured neurodynamic test for the median nerve, pain was measured using visual analogue scale (VAS), movement direction in neurodynamic mobilization was applied to each group, and then re-measured using neurodynamic test for the median nerve and VAS. Differences the Intra-groups before and between the intergroups after intervention were analyzed. Results: In the ANTLS and ANTBS groups, a statistically significant increase in ROM and decrease in VAS score in the population before and after intervention were indicated. Statistically significant differences in VAS and ROM from before to after intervention were found among the ANTLS, ANTCLS, and ANTBS groups. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that movement direction in neurodynamic mobilization must be considered within the limits of its selected range of the neurodynamic exercise program.

This paper proposes a method to reduce the pose error and to solve the dead reckoning issue which occurs when the mobile robot with continuous-tracks travels in the unstructured environments. When the continuous-track type mobile platform travels on terrain such as sand, gravel, stairs and etc., slippage occurs and thus the driving state of the mobile robot cannot be recognized normally. To compensate for this pose error, the proposed method utilizes optical flow estimation detected by camera. This method is tested through experiment. Finally, This method reduces the pose error detected on inertia measurement unit within some limit, while the pose error of without compensation increases without limit during robot move.

Background: Individuals with mechanical neck pain show biomechanical and neurophysiological changes, including cervical spine muscle weakness. As a result of deep muscle weakness, it causes stability disability and reduced upper thoracic spine mobility, which finally leads to functional movement restriction such as limited range of motion and dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that thoracic spine manipulation and mobilization could reduce symptoms of mechanical neck pain in patients. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thoracic mobility exercise on cervicothoracic function, posture feature, and pain intensity in individuals with mechanical neck pain. Methods: The study subjects were 26 persons who were randomly assigned to the experimental (with thoracic mobility exercise) and control groups (without thoracic mobility exercise), with 13 subjects in each group. The cervicothoracic function (neck functional disability level and cervicothoracic range of motion), posture feature, and pain rating (using a quadrupled visual analogue scale [QVAS]) were measured before, after 3 weeks, and after 6 weeks. Results: Statistically significant group-by-time interactions were found with repeated analyses of variance for the Korean neck disability index (KNDI), all cervical range of motion (CROM), all thoracic range of motion (TROM), cranial rotation angle, sagittal shoulder posture (SSP), and QVAS (p<.05). All groups showed significant improvements from all times in all the evaluated methods. The KNDI, CROM, TROM of left rotation, and SSP in the experimental group showed significant improvements after 3 weeks, and the TROM of the right rotation and QVAS in the experimental group showed significant improvements after 6 weeks when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Thoracic mobility exercise during 6 weeks might be effective intervention to improve the functional level, posture feature, and QVAS pain rating for managing individuals with mechanical neck pain.

본 연구는 휠체어를 이용하는 장애인들의 사회의 안정, 교육의 기회균등 및 사회 참여의 기회를 보장하기 위해서는 장애인들의 생활수단인 휠체어 등 사용이 자신의 삶의 가치와 독립적인 이동을 위한 필수적인 활동보조기기는 일상생활과 이동에서 레저, 스포츠에 이르기까지 장애인의 욕구와 권리를 충족시키기 위해 발전해 왔다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 휠체어 사용 장애인을 대상으로 이동권 수준에서 삶의 질에 미치는 요인을 조사 분석함으로서 장애인의 안전한 이동권을 통해 삶의 질을 향상 하기 위한 보조기기 등 기술적 방안을 위한 연구를 진행하였다.

Background: Previous researchers have investigated the mechanical and neurophysiological effects of manual mobilization, however little research has been done on muscle tone and muscle stiffness. Objective: To compare the effects of posterior-anterior (PA) mobilization with weight bearing on sling and conventional PA mobilization on the bed. Design: Randomized controlled trial (single blind) Methods: The subjects were 16 male university students and randomized to sling mobilization group (SMG, n=8) or conventional mobilization group (CMG, n=8). SMG received PA mobilization using a sling and CMG received traditional mobilization on the bed during lumbar mobilization. Results: Both left and right muscle tones of SMG increased, but left muscle tone of SMG were increased and right muscle tone was decreased after intervention. In addition, both left and right muscle stiffness of SMG were also increased, however left muscle stiffness of SMG was increased and right muscle stiffness was decreased. The muscle tone and muscle stiffness of SMG were higher than those of DMG, especially the right side was statistically significantly higher. Extension of SMG, extension and flexion of CMG were increased statistically significantly except for Flexion of SMG (p<.05). There were no significant differences between the groups in Extension and Flexion. Conclusions: This study suggests that lumbar spine PA mobilization using sling is beneficial in improving muscle tone, muscle stiffness, and trunk movement.

The transfer characteristics of zinc tin oxide(ZTO) on silicon dioxide(SiO2) thin film transistor generally depend on the electrical properties of gate insulators. SiO2 thin films are prepared with argon gas flow rates of 25 sccm and 30 sccm. The rate of ionization of SiO2(25 sccm) decreases more than that of SiO2(30 sccm), and then the generation of electrons decreases and the conductivity of SiO2(25 sccm) is low. Relatively, the conductivity of SiO2(30 sccm) increases because of the high rate of ionization of argon gases. Therefore, the insulating performance of SiO2(25 sccm) is superior to that of SiO2(30 sccm) because of the high potential barrier of SiO2(25 sccm). The ZTO/SiO2 transistors are prepared to research the CO2 gas sensitivity. The stability of the transistor of ZTO/SiO2(25 sccm) as a high insulator is superior owing to the high potential barrier. It is confirmed that the electrical properties of the insulator in transistor devices is an important factor to detect gases.

We applied column experiments to investigate the environmental fate and transport of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) in fully saturated conditions of porous media. These column experiments were performed to emphasize oxidation method with H2O2 concentration and acidic conditions. The mobility of AgNPs was decreased with the increasing ionic strength that the surface charge of AgNPs(zeta potential) was neutralized with the presence of positive ions of Na+. Additionally, it was also affected due to that not only more increased aggregated size of AgNPs and surface charge of quartz sand. The decreased breakthrough curves(BTCs) of bisphenol-A(BPA) and 17α-ethynylestradiol(EE2) were removed approximately 35.3 and 40%. This is due to that endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) were removed with the release of OH․ radicals by the fenton-like mechanisms from acidic and fenton-like reagent presenting. This results considered that higher input AgNPs with acidic conditions is proved to realistic in-situ oxidation method. Overall, it should be emphasized that a set of column experiments employed with adjusting pH and H2O2 concentration in proved to be effective method having potential ability of in-situ degradation for removing organic contaminants such as BPA and EE2.