본 연구는 성격 기질 중 보호자 기질을 대상으로 원예활동 선호를 확인하고, 이에 기반으로 원예활동 프로그램 계획 시 대상자 맞춤 프로그램 구성 전략을 도출하고자 실시하였다. 설문은 2019년 4월부터 6월까지 대학생이나 대학원생 705명에게 실시하였고, 그 중 성격 기질이 보호자 기질로 나타난 335명의 결과를 이용하였다. 설문 내용은 원예에 대한 인식, 원예 활동 경험에 대한 선호, 원예 활동 유형별 선호 등으로 구성되어있으며, 설문 결과는 IBM SPSS 25 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, 기술통계, 회귀 분석, IPA 분석 등을 실시하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 원예에 대한 인식과 경험 여부 및 원예 활동에 관한 관심은 전반적으로 긍정적인 것으로 확인되었다. 원예 활동 유형별로 가장 많이 선호하는 활동 유형은 ‘공예 및 요리’, 가장 많이 선호하지 않는 활동은 ‘자연 학습 및 채집’이었고, 선호도 및 관심도가 가장 높은 활동 유형은 ‘직접 자연 느끼기’였다. 회귀 분석을 통한 원예 활동 선호 영향력과 IPA 전략 분석 결과 보호자 기질을 가진 대상에게 원예 활동 프로그램을 구성할 때는 가장 중요한 실행 요인으로 선호에 영향을 미치는 ‘실내 조원’, ‘실외 조원’ 및 ‘직접 자연 느끼기’ 유형의 활동을 기반으로 한 프로그램을 구성하고, 여기에 기본요인으로 대상자들의 활동 만족도를 제고시키기 위하여 ‘공예 및 요리’ 유형의 활동을 주 프로그램과 함께 부가적인 프로그램으로 추가해주는 것이 적합할 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 정맥의 서식지 관리 및 보전을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 18개의 중점조사지역에서 지형, 서식지 환경을 고려하여 각 지점별로 개발지, 계곡부, 임도 및 능선 3가지 서식지유형으로 총 54개의 고정조사구를 선정하였다. 조사는 2016년부터 2018년까지 겨울철을 제외한 계절별(5월,8월, 10월)로 수행하였다. 서식지 유형별로 관찰된 조류를 자기조직화지도(SOM)를 활용하여 분포 패턴을 분석한 결과, 총 4개의 그룹으로 분류되었다(MRPP, A=0.12, p <0.005). 자기조직화지도 그룹별 종수와 개체수, 종다양도 지수를 비교분석한 결과 종수와 개체수, 종다양도 지수 모두 Ⅲ번 그룹에 가장 높게 나타났다(Kruskal-Wallis, 종수: x2 = 13.436, P <0.005; 개체수: x2 = 8.229, P <0.05; 종다양도: x2 = 17.115, P <0.005). 또한 그룹별 지표종 분석과, 서식지 환경 특성을 파악하기 위해 토지피복도를 랜덤 포레스트 모델에 적용하여 분석한 결과, 4개 그룹간의 서식지환경이 구성하는 비율과 지표종에 차이를 보였다. 지표종 분석은 Ⅱ번 그룹을 제외한 3그룹에서 총 18종의 조류가 지표종으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 자기조직화지도 를 활용하여 4개 그룹으로 분류된 결과를 기초로 랜덤 포레스트 모델과 지표종 분석을 적용하였을 때 그룹별 지표종 구성과 그룹별 서식지 특성과 상호 연관성을 보였다. 또한 그룹별 우점하는 서식환경에 따라 관찰된 종의 분포패턴과 밀도가 뚜렷하게 구분이 되었다. 자기조직화지도와 지표종분석, 랜덤 포레스트 모델을 함께 적용한 분석은 서식지 환경에 따라 조류 서식 특징파악에 유용한 결과를 도출할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Self Organizing Map (SOM) is a neural network that is effective in classifying patterns that form the feature map by extracting characteristics of the input data. In this study, we propose an algorithm to determine the cell formation and the machine layout within the cell for the cell formation problem with operation sequence using the SOM. In the proposed algorithm, the output layer of the SOM is a one-dimensional structure, and the SOM is applied to the parts and the machine in two steps. The initial cell is formed when the formed clusters is grouped largely by the utilization of the machine within the cell. At this stage, machine cell are formed. The next step is to create a flow matrix of the all machine that calculates the frequency of consecutive forward movement for the machine. The machine layout order in each machine cell is determined based on this flow matrix so that the machine operation sequence is most reflected. The final step is to optimize the overall machine and parts to increase machine layout efficiency. As a result, the final cell is formed and the machine layout within the cell is determined. The proposed algorithm was tested on well-known cell formation problems with operation sequence shown in previous papers. The proposed algorithm has better performance than the other algorithms.

Objectives of this study were to identify the hotspot for displacement of the on-line water quality sensors, in order to detect illicit discharge of untreated wastewater. A total of twenty-six water quality parameters were measured in sewer networks of the industrial complex located in Daejeon city as a test-bed site of this study. For the water qualities measured on a daily basis by 2-hour interval, the self-organizing maps(SOMs), one of the artificial neural networks(ANNs), were applied to classify the catchments to the clusters in accordance with patterns of water qualities discharged, and to determine the hotspot for priority sensor allocation in the study. The results revealed that the catchments were classified into four clusters in terms of extent of water qualities, in which the grouping were validated by the Euclidean distance and Davies-Bouldin index. Of the on-line sensors, total organic carbon(TOC) sensor, selected to be suitable for organic pollutants monitoring, would be effective to be allocated in D and a part of E catchments. Pb sensor, of heavy metals, would be suitable to be displaced in A and a part of B catchments.

How do consumed objects move through the journey from possession to dispossession? Where do consumers find happiness in this process? Prior research seems to focus on the two extreme ends: on one end, happiness can be found in consumption; on the other end, mindful consumer behaviour such as conscious dispossession has also proven to influence consumer happiness. However, little is known about how the consumed items moving through different stages from ‘possession’ to ‘dispossession,’ and how happiness is generated and influences the decisions during the practices. More importantly, consumption patterns are often heavily influenced by cultural contexts. Focusing on a decluttering approach, KonMari Method, this research aims to yield insights on object-subject relationships beyond what is currently available in the literature via the lens of multicultural comparison. The analysis of 10 English and 10 Mandarin blog narratives reveal that it is an interactive process to redefine the place of an object in one’s heart and one’s house. In line with the prior study, our results suggest that the classifying method and the object-subject relations seem to be an essential element in defining consumer happiness. However, while the KonMari steps are linear with a rigid procedure, depending on participants’ symbolic classification and how flexible it can be, they may experience a different level of challenges; hedonic, eudaimonic and spiritual well-being are differently activated during the decluttering process. Contrary to the previous belief that organizing can be daunting and tedious, the setup of the KonMari method creates an extraordinary experience that often results in a high level of happiness activated differently in the Eastern and Western cultures. In particular, Western English speaking consumers mostly experience a feeling of excitement. For Eastern Mandarin speaking consumers, the peacefulness of the experience is underlined.

The group formation problem of the machine and part is a critical issue in the planning stage of cellular manufacturing systems. The machine-part grouping with alternative process plans means to form machine-part groupings in which a part may be processed not only by a specific process but by many alternative processes. For this problem, this study presents an algorithm based on self organizing neural networks, so called SOM (Self Organizing feature Map). The SOM, a special type of neural networks is an intelligent tool for grouping machines and parts in group formation problem of the machine and part. SOM can learn from complex, multi-dimensional data and transform them into visually decipherable clusters. In the proposed algorithm, output layer in SOM network had been set as one-dimensional structure and the number of output node has been set sufficiently large in order to spread out the input vectors in the order of similarity. In the first stage of the proposed algorithm, SOM has been applied twice to form an initial machine-process group. In the second stage, grouping efficacy is considered to transform the initial machine-process group into a final machine-process group and a final machine-part group. The proposed algorithm was tested on well-known machine-part grouping problems with alternative process plans. The results of this computational study demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm can be easily applied to the group formation problem compared to other meta-heuristic based algorithms. In addition, it can be used to solve large-scale group formation problems.

Social media was originally based on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and is described as “user-generated content” (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). Although initially used for communication among internet users for privacy, it has become one of the most powerful online networking tools, and in the last few years has been widely practiced in the real world to enhance relationships between businesses and customers. Virtual tourist communities are not a new concept; they have been used for more than 10 years by tourists to exchange opinions and experiences of certain travel destinations. In tourism, internet based social communities have greatly expanded recently as a result of Web 2.0 technologies’ development. Tourists use the Internet to obtain information on trips, and share experiences related to their trip before, during and after their vacation (Parra-Lopez et al., 2011). Therefore, behaviors such as sharing photos and videos, writing travel experiences in blogs and microblogs, ranking travel destinations and posting opinions on social forums (for example, TripAdvisor) are becoming generalized (Chung & Buhalis, 2008) into what has been called Travel 2.0 (Adam, et al., 2007). The purpose and importance of this study is to explore how tourists perceive the value of social media as practiced in the tourism industry. We also investigate travel agencies’ social media marketing activities, and how tourists’ perceived value of social media affects their intention to use social media for organizing their vacation. Conceptual foundations Perceived value of using social media in tourism Perceived value is treated as a major element in a number of tourism research papers (for example, Parasuraman & Grewal, 2000; Sweeny & Soutar, 2001; Jin et al. 2015). As Parra-Lopez et al. (2011, pp.641) said, “the identification of the types of customer value perceived by travelers using social media for trip planning purposes is very essential, because it can provide significant guidelines on how to design the information sources, the structure and the functionality of social media in order to enhance their web traffic, usage and competiveness”. Realizing the essential role of social media in the tourist industry, and clarifying how to measure the perceived value of using social media is required. Because perceived value is defined as ‘cognitive-affective evaluation’ in this study, we employ both cognitive and affective variables to measure the perceived value of using social mediato organize vacations. This study applies four dimensions – ‘functional’, ‘social’, ‘altruism’ and ‘trust’ from Parra-Lopez et al.’s (2011) study - to measure the value that travelers perceive from using social media to organize their vacations. Because both cognitive and affective value are used to evaluate a product or service during the purchasing process (Bajs, 2015), it seems reasonable to assume that ‘function’, ‘social’, ‘altruism’, and ‘trust’ are regarded as essential when measuring the perceived value of using social media to organize vacations. Such propositions and findings provide valuable insights that enable us to introduce our Hypothesis 1. H1: ‘Functional’, ‘Social’, ‘Altruism’ and ‘Trust’ are the dominant dimensions in the perceived value of using social media in organizing vacations. The inter-relationship of attitudes towards social media marketing activities and the perceived value and intention of using social media to organize vacations Social media is seen as one of the most powerful communication tools, and social media marketing (referred to henceforth as ‘SMM’) is used by business companies to build and maintain relationships with their customers in various fields (Kim & Ko, 2012). In previous studies, such as Kim and Ko (2012) as well as Teo and Tan (2002), it has been claimed that customers’ attitudes towards SMM activities affect brand equity. This conclusion is also supported by Chan and Guillet’s (2011) study, which shows the important role of SMM in the hospitality industry. Nowadays, most travel agencies in Japan have created their social communities aiming to enhance their relationship with customers and promote their travel products. Aker and Topcu (2011) suggest that attitude greatly affects people’s purchase intention and behavior. Moreover, the wide acceptance of SMM also means that a positive attitude towards SMM affects the perceived value of social media. It has been clarified that perceived value is positive when the benefits are greater than the sacrifices (Zeithaml, 1988). As more and more tourists rely on social media to enhance their vacations, this suggests that the perceived benefit of social media is greater than the sacrifice, and therefore its perceived value positively affects the behavior intention of tourists who use social media to organize vacations. This academic background leads us to Hypothesis 2. H2: Both direct effect (i.e. attitude towards SMM activities→Intention) and indirect effect (i.e. attitude towards SMM activities→ Perceived value→Intention) will provide a good explanation of tourists’ intention of using social media to organize vacations. Methodology Proposed conceptual model Based on the theoretical background, this study proposes a conceptual model (see Figure 1) to show the inter-relationship of ‘attitudes towards SMM activities’, ‘perceived value’ and ‘behavior intention’. Figure 1: Conceptual Model Measurement This study involves items which have been used in past research. All items were developed based on the 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’ (see Table 1).Data collection The empirical data for this study was collected by an online survey conducted by one of the biggest research companies in Japan from March 13th to March 16th, 2015. A screening test was conducted to select suitable respondents with experience of using social media to organize their vacation and had accessed or used travel agencies’ social media, such as Facebook, Blog, and Twitter. Finally, due to the limited research budget, 622 valid samples were collected to be used in analysing the conceptual model. Data analysis results As all items presented in this study are cited from past research, we employed second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) directly to explore the dominant dimensions of the perceived value of using social media to organize vacations (H1), and covariance structure analysis to investigate the inter-relationship among attitudes towards SMM activities, perceived value and behavior intention (H2). The results of data analysis are shown below (see Figure 2&3). Conclusions and managerial implications Based on the results reported in the present study, ‘functional’, ‘social’, ‘altruism’ and ‘trust’ are shown as dominant dimensions of perceived value in social media literature, thus supporting hypothesis 1. However, these four dimensions play different roles in perceived value. Compared with other dimensions, ‘altruism’ appears to be more essential. This result can be explained by the usage of social media. Tourists tend to share their experiences, opinions, photos and videos about certain travel destinations in what is called ‘altruism dimensions’. These tourists’ behavior is not for the benefit of others but for self-satisfaction (Baym, 2010) and is believed to be the most important incentive for using social media. Concerning the inter-relationship of attitudes towards SMM, perceived value and the intention of using social media to organize a vacation, contrary to our hypothesis, tourists’ attitudes towards SMM activities conducted by travel agencies do not seem to affect their behavior intention of using social media to organize their vacation (.05). The perceived value of social media seems to play a significant mediating role between attitudes towards SMM and behavior intention. In other words, the indirect influence (.585) through perceived value is greater than the direct influence (.05) of attitudes toward SMM on behavior intention. This result implies that travel agency managers should know how to increase the perceived value of social media, instead of only attempting to enhance SMM activities. Limitations Social media’s commodification in Japan is still a new concept, and for Japanese tourists, the practice of social media in the tourist industry is relatively novel. In other words, social media’s commodification has not been developed enough in Japan. Thus, the results gained from the empirical study should be compared in the countries where social media is more developed.

Investigating loci compositions by conventional methods is limited in fully addressing complex gene information. We applied self-organizing map (SOM) to characterize Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) of aquatic insects in six streams in Japan in responding to environmental variables. Locus band presence patterns were clustered by the trained SOM. Presence and absence data of loci were altered and cluster change through recognition was Subsequently expressed to indicate sensitivity to environmental variables. The outlier loci were determined based on the 90th percentile. Subsequently environmental responsiveness was obtained for each outlier in different species. Outlier loci were overall sensitive to pollutants and feeding material. Poly-loci like responsiveness was detected in adapting to environmental constraints. SOM training combined with recognition could be an efficient means of characterizing loci information without knowledge on population genetics a prior.

The objectives of this research were to determine spatial patterns of fish well and this spatial patterns were closely associated with physical habitat and chemical water quality. Such relations of physical habitat and chemical water quality to high trophic-level biota (i.e., fish) are very complex in analyzing the cause-effective relations due to large ecological dataset, thus an approach of self-organizing map (SOM) has been proposed in elucidating complex ecological relations of aquatic ecosystems. Communities from up-stream to down-stream of Geum River using an approach of Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) and analyze their relations to water chemistry. For the study, fish and water samplings were conducted in 130 different streams and rivers during 2008 - 2009. The analysis of data using the SOMs model showed that fish community had longitudinal gradients of up-stream, mid-stream and down-stream. The clustering of the trained SOMs units reflected the stream morphology, land-use pattern and water quality, resulting in influenced the ecological trophic compositions and tolerance of top-level fish in the aquatic ecosystem

This study examined the effects of environmental factors on the abundance of black pine bast scale (BPBS), Matsucoccus thunbergianae Miller and Park, in coastal disaster prevention forest stands composed mostly of Japanese black pine. Geographical factors, soil conditions and forest stand conditions were measured to evaluate the hazard rating for the occurrence of BPBS from 35 plots in the coastal forest stands. To assess the hazard rating, a combination of a self-organizing map (SOM), which classified the samples according to their characteristics, and a random forest model, which predicted the probability of the occurrence of BPBS from SOM results, was used in this study. Our results showed that major factors determining the abundance of BPBS were climate, tree size, and tree health. BPBS was more common in low latitude coastal forests, suggesting that warmer conditions were favorable to BPBS population buildup. Tree size also influenced the abundance of BPBS, which was higher in forests composed of larger trees (greater DBH). Finally, BPBS was also more abundant in areas with high soil salinity and clay-loam soil, and north-facing slopes where tree vigor was lower.

이 글은 법화와 밀교사상을 아우른‘법밀종’의 일상의례는 어떠해 야 하는가를 논의해 본 글이다. 불교사상의 정형화된 양태라고 할 수 있는 불교의 의례에는‘교조에 대한 예경의식’,‘ 목표하는 깨달음을 이루려는 수행 방법의 일종의 송주의식’,‘ 수행으로 얻은 성취로, 아 직 깨달음을 얻지 못한 이들에게 베푸는 보시의 시식(施食)의식’등 다양하게 존재한다. 이 글에서는 법밀종 의례의 생성이라는 시론적 고찰이지만 한국불 교의 보편적 현상을 바탕으로 의견을 개진하였다. 왜냐하면 한국불 교 전반의 보편적인 정서를 감안하지 않으면 전법(傳法)에 장애가 될 수 있기 때문이다. 첫째, 예경의식은 신앙하는 대상의 조상(造像)에 맞는 소례(所禮)예 경의 등장이 필요하다. 가령 법밀종 본찰 구원사 법당에 모셔 놓은 존 상이 석가모니불·다보불·묘법연화경·본화보살이므로“일심경례 석가모니불, 일심경례 다보불, 일심경례 묘법연화경, 일심경례 본화 보살”등으로 생성되어야 하며, 물론 예경 실행에 적합하게‘불보살’ 에 대한 수식어휘를 삽입하여 유려한 문장으로 활용할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 송주의식은, 법밀종이 법화와 밀교를 아우른 수행을 표방하 므로, 삼매를 닦는 현교(顯敎)와 다라니를 염송하는 밀교의 수행법이 쌍수(雙修)돼야 한다. 송주는 법화와 밀교를 거론하지 않더라도 동아 시아 불교권의 보편적인 수행 양상이므로 수용할 필요가 있다. 특히 밀교 수행의례에 걸맞은 수인(手印)·관상(觀想)·진언염송의 삼밀가 지를 추구할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 시식의식은 수행의 공덕으로 널리 회향하는 의례이므로 법화 밀교를 추구하는 종단에서는 수행의례가 여법하게 봉행될 필요가 있 다. 시식의식은 대승불교 6바라밀의 첫 번째 실천 덕목인 보시바라밀 을 실천하는 것으로, 동아시아 불교권에서 널리 행해지고 있는 수륙 재, 몽산시식 등이 다 이에 해당한다. 특히 이 글에서는‘새벽에 사찰 경내를 돌며 경전을 외우는’한국불교의‘도량석(道場釋)’을 밀교의 시식의식인 도량을 푸는 의식으로 이해하고 소개하였다. 종교는 의례를 통해서 자신의 고요한 사상과 모습을 드러낸다. 의 례를 통해 수행자들은 자신의 목적을 달성하고, 의례를 통해 함께하 는 구성원들의 자기동일성을 함양해 주므로, 사상과 신념에 부합하 는 의례를 생성해야 할 것이다.

본 연구는 선행연구1)를 토대로 사회복지사의 인구학적 요인, 개인의 경험적 요인, 기관의 환경적 요인, 기술적 요인에 따른 지역사회조직화의 개념, 이론 및 실천모델의 이론적 준거틀에 대한 사회복지사의 인식과 연구자가 제시한 단계별 실천과정의 필요성에 대해 조사 및 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과를 살펴보면 첫째, 지역사회조직화의 이론적 준거틀에 관한 조사결과 개념의 경우 지역사회욕구를 발견하여 지역주민의 자발적인 참여를 통해 지역사회의 문제를 효과적으로 해결할 수 있도록 하는 전문적 지역사회복지실천과정’과 ‘지역사회 내에서 자원을 동원하여 문제를 해결하고 주체적․자발적 참여 및 참여 촉진 활동 등을 통한 주민조직화’로 인식하고 있었고, 관련이론으로는 ‘생태이론’, ‘체계이론’, 실천모델로는 ‘로스만(Rothman)의 지역사회개발모델’, ‘로스만(Rothman)의 사회계획모델’을 기반으로 하면서, 문제나 지역의 특성에 따른 다양한 이론과 실천모델의 인식을 통한 적용 및 접근이 필요하다는 인식결과가 나타났다. 둘째, 지역사회조직화 실천의 단계별 실천과정의 필요성에 관한 조사결과 전체평균 4.26점(최대값 5)으로 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 지역사회조직화의 이론적 기반 형성과 실천현장에서 적용 가능한 실천과정을 정립하기 위한 연구방향을 제시함과 동시에 향후 한국형 지역사회조직화의 실천모형을 개발하는데 기초 자료로써 활용되어지길 기대한다.

Benthic macro invertebrate communities were collected at six different sampling sites in the Musucheon stream in Korea from July 2006 to July 2007, and ecological exergy values were calculated based on five different functional feeding groups (collector-g

지역사회복지관이 기존의 사회복지 서비스 전달의 기능에서 지역사회조직화 사업이 지역사회문제 해결을 위한 필수적인 목적사업으로 인식됨에도 대부분의 기관들은 이에 대한 경험이 부족할 뿐만 아니라 이를 뒷받침할 이론적 연구도 부족하다. 지역사회조직화와 관련된 학문적 개념은 명확하게 정립되지 않았으며 관련 이론과 모델을 적용한 연구가 거의 없다. 일부 제시된 실천모델의 경우에도 이론적 뒷받침이 없고, 실천되는 일련의 과정을 체계적으로 정립하지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 학자별로 다양하게 제시되어 있는 지역사회조직화의 개념을 재정의하고 실천모델을 뒷받침하는 이론 제시와 실천현장 적용이 가능한 실천모델, 실천과정을 제시하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 통해 지역사회조직화 사업의 전문적 실천을 위해 수행해야 할 과제와 방향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지역사회조직화의 개념과 관련된 이론적 개념들에 대해 학자들 간에 정립이 요구된다. 그리고 사회복지사들은 제시된 이론적 기반을 토대로 지역사회조직화 실천과정에 다각적으로 활용해 보려는 노력이 필요하다. 둘째, 지역사회조직화사업의 활성화를 위해서는 기관차원에서 조사 및 연구개발을 지원하고 지속적인 교육훈련의 과정을 마련해 주는 시스템이 필요하다. 셋째, 공식적, 비공식적 지역주민의 조직과 사회기관이 유기적인 관계를 맺고 지역사회복지실천을 위하여 공동의 노력을 할 수 있도록 네트워킹 하는 역할도 지역사회복지관을 거점으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)를 황산과 질산의 혼산(3:1)에 넣고 상온에서 ultrasonication 을 가해주어 MWNT의 표면에 산화반응을 통하여 카복실기를 도입하였다. 세정된 실리콘 웨이퍼를 3-aminopropylethoxysilane (3-APDIPES)의 톨루엔 용액에 담그어 실리콘 웨이퍼 표면에 3-APDIPES의 자기 조립 단층막을 형성하였다. 이 과정에서 실리콘 웨이퍼 표면에 형성된 3-APDIPES 자기 조립 단층막의 두께는 8 Å 이며, 이 단층막이 매우 견고하게 실리콘 웨이퍼 표면에 결합되어져 있음을 확인하였다. MWNT의 카복실기와 3-APDIPES의 아미노기 사이의 산-염기 반응을 통하여 생성되는 이온 사이의 정전기적 인력을 이용하여 실리콘 웨이퍼 표면에 MWNT를 배열하였다. 이 때 얻어지는 MWNT의 배향은 수직 배향이 아니라 수평 배향임을 atomic force microscopy (AFM)와 field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) 분석을 통하여 확인하였다.

본 연구는 우리나라 서해안에서 월동하는 수조류 군집의 특성 및 환경요인에 따른 분포 특성을 밝히고자 수행되었다. 수조류 군집조사는 10개 지역에서 실시되었으며, 환경요인으로 토지피복도 비율을 측정하였다. 전체 조사지역에서 종 구성은 수면성 오리류가 84%로 가장 높은 비율을 나타냈고, 그 외 잠수성 오리류, 섭금류, 기러기류, 갈매기류 등이 많이 관찰되었다. 가장 높은 우점도를 나타낸 종은 청둥오리(Anas platyrhynchos)였으며 다음으로 가창