본 연구는 2018년부터 2023년까지 6년간 키위(A. chinensis var. chinensis) 품종 ‘감황’과 ‘선플’의 발아 및 개화 특성을 조사하여 안정적인 재배를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 수행 되었다. 발아기는 두 품종 모두 3월 23일에서 24일 사이로 나 타났으며, 육성 당시 기록된 발아기(3월 24－28일)보다 빠른 것으로 확인되었다. 결과모지 눈의 발아율은 ‘감황’ 54.6%, ‘선플’ 61.1%로 조사되었고, 결과지율은 각각 84.4%, 92.6% 로 나타났다. 두 품종 모두 2019년부터 2021년까지 발아율이 낮았으며, 특히 2018년에 결과지율이 가장 낮았다. 저온요구 도는 모든 해에서 충분히 충족되었으며 발아 시기와 음의 상 관관계를 나타냈고, 발아율과 양의 상관관계를 나타냈으나 통계적 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 개화시는 5월 7일에서 11 일 사이로 나타났으며, 만개기는 5월 11일에서 14일 사이로 봄철 평균 기온 상승에 따라 점차 빨라지는 경향을 보였으며, 4월 기온과 발아 후 유효 적산온도와 음의 상관관계를 나타냈 으나, 통계적 유의성은 없었다. ‘감황’ 품종의 중심화 수는 3.4 －5.5개, 측화 수는 0.1－1.9개로 나타났고, ‘선플’ 품종의 중 심화 수는 3.4－5.0개, 측화 수는 0.2－0.9개로 확인되었다.

Over the past decade, the number of car owners has been steadily rising, leading to a significant increase in the amount of time spent inside cars. As a result, there has been a greater focus placed on the impact of indoor air quality of new cars on drivers and passengers. There has also been a growing awareness among consumers of environmental and health issues such as the odor and indoor air quality of new cars. However, Korea currently only regulates eight compounds according to the indoor air quality management standards for new cars, and there is no test method that reflects the Korean climate. Two domestic gas-powered cars, one imported gas-powered car, and two domestic electric cars were tested under the following conditions: 1) 25oC, 50% RH; 2) 25oC, 50% R.H, solar load (400 ± 50 W/m2); and 3) 60oC, 10% R.H. The results of the 25oC condition met the indoor air quality management standards for new cars by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Additionally, it was confirmed that the higher the test temperature, the higher the emission of VOCs from the car interior. VOC emissions reached 761.1 μg/m3, and the TVOC concentration was 308,241.4 μg/m3. The odor of new cars increased from a dilution factor of 10 to 208. Two out of five cars exceeded the emission standards of the Ministry of Environment’s Malodor Prevention Act. An odor activity value (OAV) analysis confirmed that acetaldehyde was the highest contributor to odors. The TVOC concentration exceeded the domestic indoor air quality standards for multi-use facilities (1,000 μg/m3). The eight pollutants covered under TVOC management accounted for about 1~6%, while other pollutants were found to account for over 90%. Further studies should expand and review objective indicators that can best represent the indoor air quality of new cars.

The study investigates the phenomenon of corresponding Chinese characters in relation to Sino-Vietnamese elements (SVEs). Generally, each SVE corresponds to one Chinese character. However, the SVE system also contains cases in which multiple SVEs share similar or corresponding Chinese characters. Among 3,010 commonly used SVEs, 201 elements were identified as having similar corresponding Chinese characters, accounting for 6.6% of the data surveyed. The phenomenon of corresponding Chinese character similarity in SVEs is formed based on the relationship between SVEs and their corresponding Chinese characters in terms of pronunciation and meaning. This phenomenon is categorized into two groups: the first group is formed based on the adaptation of Chinese characters with multiple pronunciations; the second group is formed based on the adaptation of Chinese characters with multiple meanings. The number of SVEs in group 1 includes 129 elements、 accounting for 64%, while group 2 includes 72 elements, accounting for 36%. This reflects that the formation of SVEs tends to favor phonetic compatibility over semantic compatibility with the original Chinese characters. This phenomenon differs from the phenomenon of phonetic variation in SVEs. Though both phenomena share similarities in terms of their correlation with Chinese script and linguistic complexity, they differ in meaning and substitutability. In terms of origin, phonetic variation arises from factors such as name taboo、 phonetic distortion, and linguistic habit. In contrast, the phenomenon of corresponding Chinese character similarity in SVEs reflects the Vietnamese language’s ability to adapt Chinese script both selectively and creatively in terms of meaning. This phenomenon also demonstrates the capacity of Vietnamese to both preserve similarity and creatively modify pronunciation when assimilating Chinese script. The methods of expanding pronunciations in SVEs (five methods) reflect the diversity and also the lack of standardization in the process of forming this system of increased pronunciations. The phenomenon of corresponding Chinese character similarity in SVEs also reflects the capacity for development and the influence of Chinese characters in terms of meaning and pronunciation within a distinct linguistic environment like Vietnamese.

세계 미학 전통은 서구의 플라톤과 동양의 베다로부터 그 오랜 궤적을 이어오고 있다. 예술이든 문학이든, 이 두 영역은 경험과 상상력 속에서 아름다움의 향기를 간직해 왔으며, 이러한 철학은 동서양 모두에서 일관되게 나타난다. 동양과 서 양 문학의 고전 텍스트들은 진정한 아름다움에 대한 담론을 이끌어내는 상호텍스트성 의 통로를 열어준다. 인도의 대표적 철학서인 􋺷바가바드 기타􋺸는 만물에 내재된 절대 적 자아의 원리를 수호하며, 영혼은 불멸의 성질 안에서 존재하고 지속된다고 본다. 본 논문은 자아의 아름다움이 인식되는 보편적이고 절대적인 경험의 진실에 대해, 서 구 사상가들과 고대 인도 철학서들이 제시하는 논거와 개념들을 고찰한다. 이와 같은 맥락에서 􋺷바가바드 기타􋺸와 W. B. 예이츠의 작품은 해당 주제에 대해 풍부한 사유 의 장을 제공한다. 본고는 이러한 미학적 연관성과 그 효과에 대한 분석을 시도한다.

Background: Dairy cows exposed to heat stress have reduced milk production, milk quality, and conception rates, leading to lower profits. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of heat stress according to Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) on the milk production of Korean Holstein cows. Methods: Monthly maximum temperature and average relative humidity data from January 2017 to August 2024 were obtained from 62 observation points used by the Korea Meteorological Administration to calculate the national average. Using this data, the THI, a key indicator for assessing heat stress in Korean Holstein cows, was calculated. Additionally, data from 240,088 Korean Holstein cows, collected through tests conducted by the Dairy Cattle Improvement Center of the NH-Agri Business Group, were analyzed. Results: Comparative analysis of the relationship between THI and milk production revealed that milk yield remained relatively stable until THI reached the “very severe” heat stress threshold (THI ≥ 79). Beyond this level, milk production showed a tendency to decline. Conversely, when THI dropped below this threshold, milk yield tended to recover. Notably, the temperature in September, typically considered part of the autumn season, has been rising in recent years, with THI values now approaching the very severe stress level (THI ≥ 79). Conclusions: These findings suggest that establishing an appropriate farm environment and implementing systematic THI management are essential for mitigating the decline in milk production, as well as the associated economic losses, caused by rising domestic temperatures due to global warming.

This study analyzed the structural characteristics and influencing factors of fish assemblages according to lake size (small, medium, large) based on fish survey data from 90 lakes designated under the National Aquatic Ecosystem Health Monitoring Program in Korea. From surveys conducted between 2022 and 2024, a total of 107 fish species belonging to 32 families were recorded. The dominant species was the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus, relative abundance [RA]: 21.2%), followed by Hemiculter eigenmanni as the subdominant species (RA: 13.6%). Statistical analysis based on lake size revealed significant differences across eight ecological indicators including species richness, abundance, diversity, evenness, richness, dominance, number of endemic species, and number of exotic species according to lake size. These indicators tended to increase with lake size. While this pattern may be initially attributed to positive factors associated with larger lakes, such as greater habitat heterogeneity and food resource diversity, it is considered that the primary factor influencing these results is the difference in the number of sampling sites per lake. Since sampling sites were designated based on the national water quality monitoring network, they are considered representative of each lake’s environmental conditions. Bray-Curtis similarity and SIMPER analyses identified patterns in assemblage similarity and the key contributing species for each size group. This study provides empirical evidence that demonstrates the influence of lake size on fish assemblage composition and structure and highlights the necessity of incorporating lake size and typology into fish-based assessments of lentic ecosystem health.