Nongwoo Bio has established a company capable of producing vegetable breeding and production in Indonesia. Since 2000, we have conducted a survey on viruses in vegetable crops such as pepper and tomatoes in Indonesia about 7 times. Since there is a possibility that the virus in Southeast Asia may occur in Korea, TSWV resistant substance is secured in pepper to cultivate resistant varieties and cultivate tomato resistant varieties. As a result, we have introduced TSWV resistant varieties of pepper for the first time in Korea, and TYLCV varieties of tomatoes have also been introduced. Through this project, virus analysis on Southeast Asian countries will be conducted and seed companies will be able to fully utilize basic data for cultivating resistant varieties. We will continue to investigate the viruses of vegetable crops in Indonesia and contribute to cultivating resistant varieties.
Three rice planthoppers, the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), the white back planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), and the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus) and the green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps) are major homopteran sap-sucking rice pests in Korea. These insect pests commonly have highly modified mouthparts, the stylet bundle, for piercing and sucking. Two pairs of mandibular and maxillary stylets consist of the stylet bundle by interlocking each stylet, which forms the two canals, larger one for food canal and smaller one for salivary canal. Destructive damages result from direct feeding effects (hopperburing) with heavy infestation and/or transmitting virus diseases (Rice stripe virus and Rice black-streaked dwarf virus by L. striatellus and Rice dwarf virus by N. cincticeps). Damage level is closely related to the feeding behavior of sap-sucking insects, so generally honeydew excretion amount on the resistant rice variety is smaller than that on the susceptible. Therefore, the method to measure the honeydew excretion amount has been primarily used as an indirect way to compare the feeding amount between the susceptible and the resistant. On the other hand, the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was firstly developed by McLean and Kinsey (1964) to measure voltage changes during piercing and sucking of insect on the plant. Since specific voltage waveforms were identified and it was known that each waveform is commonly related to salivary and feeding behavior of insect stylets in the plant tissue, EPG technique has been used to real-timely and quantitatively measure feeding behavior of piercing and sucking insects on susceptible and resistant rice variety. However, identifying each different waveform distinctly and understanding biological function of each waveform are certainly necessary to analyze feeding behavior in the plant tissue such as phloem sap ingestion. In this study, the stylet penetration behavior of N. lugens, S. furcifera, L. striatellus, and N. cincticeps on rice plants (Oryza sativa) was evaluated through the use of a direct current based electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG). To accomplish this, we classified the EPG waveforms of planthopper group into seven different patterns, np, N1, N2, N3, N4-a, N4-b, and N5, according to their shapes, voltage amplitudes, voltage levels, and frequencies. The N4-b pattern was always preceded by N3 and N4-a, in that order. Continuous honeydew excretion only occurred during the N4-b period, and the honeydew deposited on a filter paper containing ninhydrin reagent during the N4-b period were stained into violet. Based on the location of the stylets in the cross-section of rice tissue and honeydew excretion, the EPG waveforms for the stylet penetration behaviors of the three rice planthoppers were assigned to the following groups; np: non-penetration of stylets, N1: penetration initiation, N2: salivation and stylet movement, N3: an extracellular activity near the phloem region, N4-a: an intracellular activity in phloem region, N4-b: phloem sap ingestion, and N5: activity in the xylem region. Futhermore, we classified the EPG waveforms of the green rice leafhopper, N. cincticeps into seven different patterns, Nc1, Nc2, Nc3, Nc4, Nc5, Nc6, and Nc7 according to their shapes, voltage amplitudes, voltage levels, and frequencies. The Nc6 pattern was always preceded by Nc5 pattern. The Nc6 pattern of the leafhopper was carefully considered as a phloem sap feeding behavior based on regular honeydew excretion. On the other hand, the planthopper group and the leafhopper hardly showed the phloem sap feeding pattern on resistant rice varieties during an EPG-recording. In addition, the duration of the phloem sap feeding patterns was highly decreased on resistant rice varieties relative to susceptible ones. From these results, it is suggested that the phloem sap feeding related patterns are an important parameter to determine resistance of rice plant.
This experiment was carried out to find out the optimum variety of com hybrids and to find out alternative crops in the rice black-streaked dwarf virus(RBSDV) prevalent area. Productivity of 4 Korean improved and 6 introduced com hybrids and RBSDV infection rate were tested for 3 years in both Cheonan(middle part of Korea) and Gochang(southern part of Korea). Percentage of RBSDV diseased plants differed depending on the hybrid and region.
벼멸구선충(Agamermis unka)은 우리나라에서 벼멸구와 흰등멸구의 중요한 천적이다. 따라서 1992년부터 1998년까지 그리고 2001년 우리나라의 논에서 벼멸구선충의 분포를 조사하였다. 1992년부터 1998년까지 고성과 경상남도농업기술원, 남해, 통영의 예찰포에서 월동 벼멸구선충의 밀도를 조사한 결과 지역과 연도별로 차이가 있었다. 2001년 5개도 30개 시.군 예찰포를 대상으로 벼멸구선충의 월동 밀도를 조사한 결과, 전남의 장흥과 해남, 경남의 남해, 진주, 산청, 사천, 고성, 통영, 의령, 창원, 김해 지 역에서만 분포가 확인되었다. 그리고 경남 남해지 역 이 1,045마리/㎥로 밀도가 가장 높았고, 진주의 경상남도 농업기술원, 고성 예찰포에서는 각각 947마리와 395마리/㎥가 발견되어 다른 지역의 예찰포보다 높았다. 벼멸구선충의 밀도는 무방제구가 살균제처리나 살충제처리구에 비하여 높았으나 유의성은 없었다. 경남 지역 19개 시군의 예찰포에서 벼 수확 후의 벼멸구선충 밀도를 2001년 가을에 조사한 결과는 고성, 진주, 남해, 사천 지역에서만 분포가 확인되었는데, 밀도는 남해지역이 692마리/㎥로 가장 높았다.
당근뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne hapla)에 대한 저항성품종을 선발하고자 175개 고추품종을 대상으로 조사하였다. 그 결과 재래종 15품종(IT 102794, 104806, 105516 등)과 도입종 2품종이 저항성이었고 재배품종 중에서는 홍탑고추, 강산고추, 홍실고추와 부강고추가 중도저항성이었다. 저항성반응을 보인 품종에서는 감수성인것에 비하여 선충의 침입수도 적었고 발육도 부진하였다. 또 에스테라제와 퍼옥시다제의 활력에서 저항성 고추품종의 뿌리는 감수성인 것에 비하여 현저히 높았다.
전남 나주지방에서 만연하고 있는 검은무늬 병 유사증상을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 병원균은 Alternaria kikuchiana Tanaka로 동정되었다. 2. 5월 하순부터 발병되기 시작하여 6월 하순7월상순에 가장 심하였고 9월 상순에 다시 증가하였다. 3. 이병은 조사품종들의 성엽에 발생하였으나 20세기에서만 유엽에 많이 발생하였다. 5. 이 병은 나주시험장에 있는 거의 모든 품종에 발병하였는데 종래 저항성품종으로 알려진 신흥, 만3길등은 가장 심한 발병을 보였고 이병성품종으로 알려진 조옥, 박다청등은 약간 발병하거나, 전혀 발병하지 않았다. 6. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 검은무늬병균에 병원성의 분화가 일어난 것으로 판단된다.
저항성 및 감수성 콩 품종이 콩씨스트선충(Heterodeta glycines)의 발육에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 시험하였다. 콩 품종별로 선충의 이기유총에 대한 유인성의 차이는 없었다. 다만, 저항성품종에서는 선충의 발육상태가 좋지않아 10주동안에 2세대만 발생하였으며 그 밀도가 매우 낮은 반면에 감수성품종에서는 선충의 발육이 정상이어서 같은 기간에 3세대 발생하는 것을 볼 수 있으며 그 밀도는 매우 높았다.
For management of soybean parasitic cyst nematodes, this study was conducted to investigate the resistance of the Korean soybean cultivars to HG type 2.5.7 of Heterodera sojae. Among the 44 Korean soybean cultivars, there was only one resistant cultivar ‘Namcheon’. ‘Sobaeknamul’, ‘Socheng No. 2’, ‘Pungsannamul’, ‘Cheongja’, ‘Miryang’ and ‘Daewon’ were moderately resistant to HG 2.5.7 of H. sojae populations. Eleven cultivars including ‘Paldal’ were moderately susceptible and the other cultivars were susceptible. Therefore, soybean cultivar ‘Namcheon’ should be cultivated in H. sojae infested fields, until varieties resistant against Heterodera species are more developed or identified. Moreover, ‘Namcheon’ is not recommended for cultivation because very weak to soybean mosaic virus, and it will be a candidate with resistant cultivar breeding resource.
It is necessary to carry out a risk assessment to determine the consequences of releasing a particular plant species containing specific transgenes before transgenic plants can be grown under filed conditions. Gene flow from transgenic plants to wild closely related species has raised concern recently. Since transgenic crops were released in 1996, the global area of transgenic crops has been increasing rapidly. The transgene introgression from transgenic crops to their wild relatives is unavoidable in some species. Transgene introgression is of concern because the crop–wild plant hybrids might be conferred with a selection advantage to increase their performance, which could result in negative ecological consequences to natural ecosystems. The genus Brassica has 159 species, including a number of wild species that are of great importance to the economy. Most transgenic Brassica gene flow research has focused on the most successful cross between transgenic oilseed rape Brassica napus and its wild relatives Brassica rapa, a widely distributed weed in the farming system in Europe and America, since the hybridization can spontaneously happen and the generations can backcross to B. rapa easily in the wild conditions. In this study, we aimed to characterize transgene introgression, segregation, and expression in backcrossed generations between tramsgenic B. napus and B. rapa. These results will contribute to the environmental risk assessment and assist in biosafety management.
일품벼 유래 돌연변이 고아밀로스 품종인 고아미2호, 고아 미3호, 고아미4호의 저항전분 함량과 전분 특성을 분석한 결 과, 저항전분 함량은 11.87~13.69%로 일품(0.36%)에 비해 상당히 높은 유의적인 함량 차이를 나타냈다. 총식이섬유 함 량 역시 고아밀로스 품종이 일품벼 대비 2~4배 정도로 높았 다. X-선 회절도에 의한 아밀로펙틴 결정 구조 차이에서 일품 의 회절각도(2θ)는 15.0, 17~18, 22~23에서 강한 피크를 보여 전형적인 A형 양상을 보인 반면, 고아미2호, 고아미3호, 고아미4호는 B형의 형태를 나타냈다. 고아밀로스 품종은 아 밀로펙틴 짧은 사슬(A, DP 6-12) 비율이 24.5~26.2%로 일 품(40.3%)에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 분포 비율을 나타냈다. 저항전분 함량이 많은 고아미2호, 고아미3호, 고아미4호는 신 속점도계에 의한 호화 점도 특성에서 호화개시온도가 높고 강하점도는 유의적으로 낮은 특성을 보였다. 저항전분과 쌀의 이화학성분 특성과의 상관성 분석 결과, 쌀의 아밀로스 함량 과 식이섬유 함량이 많을수록, 호화개시온도가 높을수록, 아밀로펙틴의 장쇄사슬이 많을수록 저항전분의 함량이 높아지 는 정의 상관성을 나타냈다.
For obtain basic data for application on two-rowed malting barley breeding program, it was investigated that growth and diseases resistance to 353 varieties of Korean(114) and induced(239) genetic resources used in barley breeding in current. Investigated growth and diseases characters were major yield components and viral and powdery mildew resistant. Hopumbori was checked cultivar to comparing the growth characters of the materials.
Domestic materials(DM) was superior to induced materials(IM) in heading time. The check was 1st May and 33% of DM was earlier to the date while only 7% of IM was before the date of check cultivar. In examination of late heading-date(late 6th May) ratio, IM showed more late maturity characteristics than DM. The tillering capacity was better in DM as 49% and 23% of IM in spike number per unit area, respectively. 58% of IM showed longer the spike length, while 20% of IM showed more kernel number per spike, respectively, than the check variety. It was a little resistant materials to viral disease. In powdery mildew resistance test, 51 materials showed resistant responses such as no infection or necrotic spots. The related resistant genes were assumed 5 genes, Mlg, Mla12, M1k+M1a9 and M1a1 or Mlg+M1(CP).
당귀의 품종과 수집종의 구분 수단으로 내추대성과 추대성 당귀의 구분과 수입 약재와 국산 약재를 건재로 혼용하여 사용하였을 때 기원 식물을 판별하기 위해 RAPD based primer를 선발하고자 PCR을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 임의의 10-mer primer와 20-mer primer 등 총 72개의 primer를 사용하여 3개의 내추대성 특이적인 primer를 찾았는데, URP04 primer에서는 1.7 kb 부근에서 내추대성 특이적인 band가 나타났고, OPD11 primer에서는 1.2 kb 부근에 band가 없는 것이 내추대성으로 나타났으며, OPP09 primer에서는 1 kb 부근의 major band가 없고 1.2 kb와 0.8 kb부근에 band가 있는 만추당귀 특이적인 band pattern이 나타났다. 한편 OPC02 primer는 참당귀내에서 내추대성과 추대성 4집단 모든 sample에서 똑같은 band pattern을 보였던 primer로써, 이 primer를 사용하여 국내산 참당귀를 중국당귀, 일당귀와 판별할 수 있었고, OPD11과 OPP09 및 URP04 primer는 참당귀내에서 내추대성과 추대성을 구분 할 수 있었던 primer들로써 이들 primer로도 참당귀를 중국당귀, 일당귀와 판별할 수 있었다.