A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) was carried out in medicinal crop cultivated fields from July to August in 2023. Three-leaf ladybell, Adenophora triphylla var. japonica is a highly valued medicinal plant that is used to treat or prevent bronchitis, cough, cancer, and obesity in Korea. A. triphylla plants with small root-galls were observed in a field of Yeongju Agricultural Technology Center, which were identified as a root-knot nematode. Additional morphological and molecular analyses studies were performed and identified as Meloidogyne hapla, Northern root-knot nematode. Population densities of M. hapla ranged from 20~30 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil. M. hapla was detected at lower densities in soil compared to other infected host crops, but there are concerns about damage to M. hapla since A. triphylla is cultivated for more than two years once planted. Our results indicate that A. triphylla roots damage by M. hapla were identifed, it is necessary to prepare control methods such as registration of applicable nematicides and crop rotation.

옥수수의 내습성은 우리나라 옥수수 재배면적 확대와 자급률 향상을 위해 고려되어야 할 중요한 요소 중 하나이다. 본 연구는 내습성 옥수수 계통 개발을 위한 기초 연구로서, 토양의 표면침수조건에서 변화하는 옥수수 뿌리의 대사체를 분석하여 옥수수의 내습성 관련 생리 기작을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 우리나라 옥수수 유전자원(Zea mays L.)과 야생종 옥수수(Zea mays spp. parviglumis) 간 교배를 통하여 내습성이 향상된 계통을 개발했고, 그 중 19KT-32P를 유묘단계(V3)에 7일 동안 침수시킨 후 뿌리에서 발현되는 대사체를 탐색하고 분석하였다. 총 180개 대사체가 확인되었 고, 그 중에서 ℽ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), putrescine, citrulline, Gly, Ala 등 8개 대사체는 각각 2.5배 이상 발현이 증가 또는 감소하였다. 확인된 대사체는 식물에서 pH, 삼투압, K+/Ca++ 및 ATPase 활성을 조절하는 비생물적 스트레스와 관련이 있었다. 특히 가장 발현이 높은 GABA는 glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 효소에 의해 축적되며, 본연구에서 분석한 결과 10개의 유전자형이 확인되었다. 특히 첫 번째 엑손은 매우 보존적이었지만, 두번째 엑손부터 많은 SNP 다형성이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 앞으로 내습성 옥수수 선발을 위한 분자마커로 활용되어 육종 효율을 높이는 좋은 수단으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Aluminum (Al) is one of the major factors adversely affects crop growth and productivity in acidic soils. In this study, the effect of Al on plants in soil was investigated by comparing the protein expression profiles of alfalfa roots exposed to Al stress treatment. Two-week-old alfalfa seedlings were exposed to Al stress treatment at pH 4.0. Total protein was extracted from alfalfa root tissue and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. A total of 45 proteins differentially expressed in Al stress-treated alfalfa root tissues were identified, of which 28 were up-regulated and 17 were down-regulated. Of the differentially expressed proteins, 7 representative proteins were further confirmed for transcript accumulation by RT-PCR analysis. The identified proteins were involved in several functional categories including disease/defense (24%), energy (22%), protein destination (9%), metabolism (7%), transcription (5%), secondary metabolism (4%), and ambiguous classification (29%). The identification of key candidate genes induced by Al in alfalfa roots will be useful to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of Al stress tolerance in alfalfa plants.

WAIS in South Korea and WEU Inc. in Philadelphia hosting the 22nd World Peace Island Forum: Remembering Jeju King Cherry Trees Bio-diplomacy (1943) in Washington D.C. and the first Korean Congress Democracy (1919) in Philadelphia which organized by the Korean Provisional Government from March 22 to 24, 2022. We want to propose cultural historic events which connect American and Korean society, such as the Trip to Faith and Liberty Hall that relate to the integration processes of Korean and American Democracy. Dean Max Friedman of American University calls the Jeju King cherry trees cultural event bio-diplomacy among world citizens. In addition, the Korean embassy evaluated the cherry tree event as a new kind of bio-diplomacy approach which paves the way for understanding different cultures in different countries. The aim of this paper is to share present contexts and meanings about both the first Korean Congress Democracy (1919) and Bio-diplomacy (1943). We had also the 2022 GAN Korea Jeju to Philadelphia Webinar Conference: Diversity as a New Diversity for Global Ageing Network in New Normal: Jeju Village Healing, PASSi Asian Culture, Japanese Indigenous Peace Culture, and Busan Smart Health Care approach.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of the shoot and roots and to analyse the morphological characteristics of roots of waterlogging resistant and susceptible maize inbred lines. Six maize inbred lines were treated with waterlogging for 10 days at V3, and the degree of leaf senescence was evaluated for waterlogging resistance. As a result of waterlogging resistance evaluation, KS85 was the most damaged inbred line with 3.33 senescence leaves and 5.54 degree, and KS141 was the least damaged inbred line with 1.33 senescence leaves and 3 degree. At 20 days after treatment, the effect of waterlogging stress on the shoot dry matter accumulation of KS85 and KS141 were decreased by 86.1% and 77.0%, respectively, compared to the control. Similarly, root dry matter accumulation of KS85 and KS141 were decreased by 77.6% and 65.0%. As a result of SEM photographs of the nodal roots of the two maize inbred lines, the thickness of cortex of KS141 was thicker than that of KS85, and the distortion of the cortex was observed in KS85 at 20 days after waterlogging. It was concluded that the thickness of cortex was related to maize waterlogging resistance.

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activities on hydropoic-cultured ginseng roots (HGR) and leaves (HGL). The samples were lyophilized, extracted with 80% ethanol, and then evaluated the antioxidant activities compare with conventional- cultured ginseng. Total polyphenol content of ginseng, HGR, and HGL were 128.85±0.41, 115.74±1.28, and 282.15±5.15 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity(IC50) was the highest value of 6.47±0.13 mg/mL in the HGL. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was the highest value of 29.37±0.37 mg AA eq/g in HGL, and ginseng and HGR were 10.23±0.49 and 8.18±0.37 mg AA eq/g, respectively. The reducing power of ginseng, HGR, and HGL were 0.56±0.01, 0.53±0.01, and 0.68±0.01, respectively. Chelating effect was the highest value of 92.65±3.42% in HGL. The results of this study suggest that antioxidant activities in hydropoic-cultured ginseng leaves could have significant health benefits.

Acidic soil significantly reduces crop productivity mainly due to aluminum (Al) toxicity. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots were exposed to aluminum stress (Al3 +) in calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution (pH4.5) and root growth, physiological and antioxidant enzyme responses were investigated. The root growth (length) was significantly inhibited after 48 h of aluminum stress imposition. Histochemical staining with hematoxylin indicated significant accumulation of aluminum in Al stress-treated root tissues. Histochemical assay were also performed to detect superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation, which were found to be more in root tissues treated with higher aluminum concentrations. The enzymatic activity of CAT, POD and GR in root tissues was slightly increased after Al stress treatment. The result suggests that Al stress alters root growth in alfalfa and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and demonstrates that antioxidant enzymes involved in detoxification of Al-mediated oxidative stress.

The aim of this study was to compare the two in vitro culture systems callus and adventitious root by investigating the biomass and phenolic compounds in calli and adventitious roots induced from four different explants (leaf, root, petal, and ovary) in Camellia japonica. The biomass of calli and adventitious roots was examined after 4 and 8 weeks of cultivation, respectively, and 22 phenolic compounds were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biomass of the ovary-derived calli (2.0 g･mass-1) was 1.5-fold that of the leaf-derived calli. The dry weight (DW) was highest in ovary-derived calli; however, the highest dry matter content was obtained from leaf-derived calli. Differences in the investigated characteristics depended on the callus origin. In adventitious roots, the highest biomass was achieved in the leaf-derived adventitious root system; its fresh weight was 2.3-fold (89 mg･ea-1) higher, and its DW was 1.8-fold (16 mg･ea-1) higher than those of ovary-derived adventitious root system. Active cell division was detected in petal-derived lines in both the calli and adventitious roots. Results of the HPLC analysis revealed that the total content of 22 phenolic compounds was highest in ovary-derived calli and ovary-derived adventitious roots. Our experiments confirmed that the calli and adventitious roots of C japonica have different cytological characteristics and bioactive compounds depending on the explant origin. In addition, callus culture was a more suitable system than adventitious root for producing phenolic compounds when the duration of the culture period and biomass were considered.

In Korea, the orchid species Cymbidium goeringii and C. kanran are very important as natural genetic resources and floriculture crops. With respect to nutrient uptake, both species mixotrophic, and can shift to autotrophy with the development of photosynthetic organs. In this study, microscope observation was performed to examine the existing symbiotic fungi and their pelotons in root cortical tissues. Molecular identification was performed to identify orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) and evaluate phylogenetic relationships with other OMF taxa in the database. Essential molecular data encompassing ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were amplified from the extracted genomic DNA of root tissues. The hyphae grown into cortical root tissues of two individual cymbidiums were observed and revealed to form typical coiled structures called pelotons. OMF sequences obtained from C. goeringii root tissues were determined to be 673 bp nucleotide sequences (MF101371), while those obtained from C. kanran root tissues were 788 bp nucleotide sequences (MF101372). The resulting ITS rDNA sequence was analyzed using the UPGMA cluster analysis method and a dendrogram was generated. According to the phylogenetic tree, the ITS rDNA sequence from C. goeringii was positioned among other Tulasnella species, and that from C. kanran was grouped with Russula species. Producing elementary, but fundamental, data about the nutritionally helpful symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi is very important to facilitate orchid-fungal microbe interactions and for cultivation and conservation programs for native orchids.

Hairy root culture of ginseng is industrially prospected because the cultivation period of ginseng is relatively long. In this study, the effect of medium concentration and sucrose concentration on hairy root culture of ginseng was evaluated. The optimization of ginseng hairy roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogene were performed liquid medium. The MS(Murashinge & Skoog basal medium) concentration was selected with 1/2 strength MS and the optimal sucrose concentration was determined at 2-3%(w/v). At the optimum culture condition, The yield (the ratio of weight of grown hairy root cultures to weight of fresh ginseng hairy roots) and production rate of ginseng root were 19.42 times and 5.73 g/l-day. The major ginsenosides were Rb group, Re and Rg1. The produced total ginsenoside content in the solid medium was 9.87 (mg/g) and increased 1.34 times in the liquid medium (13.23 mg/g). In solid culture, the contents of ginsenosides Rb, Re and Rg1 were 2.14, 3.65 and 1.87 mg/g, respectively. In liquid culture, the contents of ginsenosides Rb, Re and Rg1 were 3.54, 4.12 and 2.63 mg/g, respectively.

Marketing research shows that long-term customer-supplier relationships can reduce consequences of service failures in the hospitality industry. In addition to a long-term, continuous relationship, other types of long-term relationships are also conceivable as influencing factors. This raises the question of whether interactions with a company, based on customer engagement during childhood (childhood engagement) can influence the effect of a service failure. Similar to general child experience, it can be assumed that early engagement in the customer relationship can significantly affect later relationship perception. Furthermore, perceived controllability of the failure also plays a role. If the customer attributes responsibility to the company, negative reactions can arise. To examine this questions, an experimental study with 152 participants was performed. A moderating effect of perceived controllability and childhood engagement on repurchase intention as a consequence of disappointment was found. Previous customer engagement and a credible communication can thus prevent the termination of a relationship after a service failure. Contrary, early engagement does not generally prevent a company from customers’ disappointment. The article contributes to marketing research by integrating 1) the customer disappointment, 2) childhood engagement and its consequences for future interactions with the company as well as 3) the transfer of negative emotions from an employee to the company.

In Korea most bulbs of calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.) are imported from foreign countries including USA and Netherlands due to frequent viral infection problems in field propagation. To solve this problem, in vitro propagation system of calla lilies has been attempted, which ultimately would have an agronomical impact on Korean calla lily farmers. In this study, we carried out experiments to find an efficient method for multiple shoot formation and subsequent root induction in calla lily ‘Black Star’. Lateral buds were used for the induction of multiple shoots on basal MS media containing various concentrations of auxin and cytokinin. The highest callus and multiple shoot formation was observed in MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L of each NAA and BA, in which 25 (83.3%) explants exhibited callus formation and all 30 explants produced multiple shoots with an average of 14.7 shoots per explant in average length of 4.1 cm. Subsequently, obtained shoots were tested for root induction in MS media containing auxins, IAA, NAA, or 2,4-D, because calla lily shoots derived from tissue culture did not produce sufficient roots that are crucial for the survival under natural environment after transplanting. An average of 4.9 or 3.1 roots was generated after 20-day culture of shoots on MS media containing 1.0 mg/L IAA or 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, respectively. However, no root formation was observed in MS media supplemented with NAA, indicating that NAA is not adequate for root induction of shoots derived from tissue culture of ‘Black Star’.

We conclude if Jeju Peace Island for Koreas 2018 gets international awareness from participants in the spheres of Peace Island Education & Tourism Welfare Model at the Grass Roots Level, it will contribute to institutionalization of both peace island and welfare tourism. In addition, if Jeju government supports the financial budget for the establishment of a Jeju Peace University or a Jeju Environmental University, our efforts might include an impetus to create and operate a Jeju Peace University or a Jeju Environmental University based on collaborative Jeju Peace Studies in Korea and internationally in the nearer future. Of course, we believe that, through this kind of collaborative leadership, a vision of a Nonviolence Korea “Jeju Peace Island for two Koreas” might serve as a buffer zone potentially approved by the Six Nations in the Asia Pacific region in 2019.