PURPOSES : Driving simulations are widely used for safety assessment because they can minimize the time and cost associated with collecting driving behavior data compared to real-world road environments. Simulator-based driving behavior data do not necessarily represent the actual driving behavior data. An evaluation must be performed to determine whether driving simulations accurately reflect road safety conditions. The main objective of this study was to establish a methodology for assessing whether simulation-based driving behavior data represent real-world safety characteristics. METHODS : A 500-m spatial window size and a 100-m moving size were used to aggregate and match the driving behavior indicators and crash data. A correlation analysis was performed to identify statistically significant indicators among the various evaluation metrics correlated with crash frequency on the road. A set of driving behavior evaluation indicators highly correlated with crash frequency was used as inputs for the negative binomial and decision tree models. Negative binomial model results revealed the indicators used to estimate the number of predicted crashes. The decision-tree model results prioritized the driving behavior indicators used to classify high-risk road segments. RESULTS : The indicators derived from the negative binomial model analysis were the standard deviation of the peak-to-peak jerk and the time-varying volatility of the yaw rate. Their importance was ranked first and fifth, respectively, using the proposed decision tree model. Each indicator has a significant importance among all indicators, suggesting that certain indicators can accurately reflect actual road safety. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed indicators are expected to enhance the reliability of driving-simulator-based road safety evaluations.

교통사고는 인적요인, 도로 기하구조, 교통류, 환경적 요인 등 복합적인 요인에 의해 발생하고 속도는 교통사고와 밀접한 연관성이 있다. 또한, 교통사고는 교통 혼잡도와 관련이 있으며 사고와 실시간 교통상황 간의 상관관계를 통해 사고 발생 개연성을 추정하고 도 로 안전성 분석이 필요하다. 모바일 센서와 통신 기술의 급속한 발전으로 스마트폰 보급률이 증가하였으며 내장된 센서를 기반으로 생성된 차량 주행 데이터 수집이 가능하다. 기술의 발달로 데이터 수집이 쉬워졌음에도 불구하고, 스마트폰을 기반으로 수집된 위험 운전 이벤트를 활용한 도로 위험도 평가에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 스마트폰 센서 기반의 위험 운전 이벤트 데이터 중 하나인 급감속 위험 운전 이벤트 데이터를 도로 위험도 평가 기법에 활용하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 급감속 위험 운전 이벤트 데이 터는 주행 차량이 3초간 속도를 40km/h 이상 감소하는 위험 이벤트가 발생할 때 시간과 위치를 기록한 자료를 의미한다. 본 연구의 범위는 대한민국 내 인구와 교통량이 많은 지역인 수도권을 대상으로 서울, 경기, 인천을 연결하는 고리 형태의 도로인 수도권제1순환 선을 대상으로 하였다. 먼저, 개별 차량 데이터는 좌표 기반의 내비게이션 데이터로 집계하여 VDS 링크 데이터와 매칭하였다. 다음으 로는 개별 차량의 위험 운전 이벤트 데이터와 차량 검지기의 교통 매개변수를 결합한 새로운 지표를 개발하였다. 또한, 시·공간적 교 통류의 특성을 반영하여 다양한 도로 위험도 평가 방법에 활용하고자 하였다. 마지막으로 위험 운전 지표와 이력 자료를 기반으로 통 계적으로 유의한 안전성능함수를 개발하였으며, 다양한 시간 단위의 집계 수준을 활용하여 도로 구간별 최적의 모형을 제안하였다. 본 연구는 스마트폰 센서를 기반으로 식별한 개별 차량의 위험과 교통류 차원의 위험을 결합하여 새로운 위험 지표를 개발하고 도로 위 험도 평가에 활용한다는 것에 의의가 있다. 결과물은 향후 스마트폰 센서 기반 개별 차량 위험 운전 이벤트 데이터와 교통 조건을 통 합하는 도로 위험도 평가의 기초자료로써 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the road design elements affecting the lateral driving safety under high-speed driving conditions with a speed limit of 140 km/h and to derive useful implications to design of safer roads. METHODS : A full-scale driving simulator was used to evaluate the various design scenarios. Different regression techniques and a random forest method were adopted to conduct comprehensive comparisons among the simulation scenarios. The relationships between the safety indicators, including the frequency of the lane departures and the standard deviation of the lateral acceleration, and the design elements were explored in terms of lateral driving safety. RESULTS : The length of the combined alignment was found to be a significant factor affecting the lateral driving safety based on the analysis of the frequency of lane departures. Regarding the standard deviation of the lateral acceleration, it was identified that the length of the horizontal curve, the length of the bridge, and the right-side superelevation must be considered significant factors associated with driving safety while designing the road under high-speed driving conditions. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the findings of this study, a set of recommendations for designing roads was proposed. For example, the proper length of the combined alignment and the horizontal curve should be determined to prevent crashes due to hazardous lateral driving events because the installation of sufficient superelevation in the bridge section would be limited under high-speed driving conditions. In addition, applying a larger horizontal curve radius with longitudinal grooving is a promising approach to tackle risky driving conditions.

PURPOSES : Accidents involving autonomous vehicle continue to occur. However, research on autonomous vehicle monitoring has been insufficient. The purpose of this study is to develop monitoring indicators from the perspective of vehicles and road infrastructure for the safe driving of autonomous vehicles. In addition, the purpose is to monitor autonomous vehicles and road environments using the monitoring indicators developed, as well as to analyze the characteristics of road sections where autonomous vehicles exhibit abnormalities. METHODS : Data from Pangyo Zero Shuttle, an autonomous vehicle, were used in this study. Infrastructure data installed in Pangyo Zero City were used. The data were collected from June 2019 to July 2019, during the normal driving period of the zero shuttle. The five monitoring indicators were developed by combining the vehicle operation information table collected from the V2X device of the zero shuttle and the road environment monitoring detail table collected from the infrastructure data with the road section table. In addition, an analysis of road characteristics with frequent errors is performed for each monitoring indicator. RESULTS : The three monitoring indicators from the perspective of the vehicle allowed monitoring of the sensor error, sensor communication error, and yaw rate error of the autonomous vehicle's timing and road section. In addition, the two monitoring indicators from the infrastructure perspective enabled the monitoring of events and road surface conditions on roads where autonomous vehicles drive. As a result of analyzing the road characteristics that frequently caused errors by monitoring indicators, sensor errors frequently occurred in the section waiting to enter the left-turn lane. Sensor communication errors are left-turn standby and have occurred frequently on road sections where U-turns are allowed. Finally, yaw rate error occurred frequently in sections of roads where there were no induction lines or where changes to lanes occurred frequently. CONCLUSIONS : The five monitoring indicators developed in this study allowed the monitoring of autonomous vehicles and roads. The results of this study are expected to help the safe driving of autonomous vehicles and contribute to the detection of autonomous driving abnormalities and the provision of real-time road condition information through further analysis.

PURPOSES : This paper aims to summarize the findings of studies related to driving safety in long tunnels, and based on these findings, evaluate the risk in driving safety in consecutive tunnels. METHODS: After evaluating the risk in consecutive tunnels, it was verified that driving safety depends on the tunnel length of the consecutive tunnels and the interval between the tunnels. The experimental devices used in this study were a virtual driving simulator and PolyG-I system, measuring, driving speed and among driver's brain waves, theta wave that represents drowsiness or inner conscious states. RESULTS: The results of experiment I showed that, in consecutive tunnels, the variation of speed was higher and the theta wave increased at similar points in comparison with that for long tunnels, demonstrating the risk in consecutive tunnels. The results of experiment II revealed that the variation of speed was the highest in the shortest tunnel (250 m) and the risk of overspeeding was the highest in the longest tunnel (900 m). Additionally, among the consecutive tunnels, the longer tunnels significantly increased the overall theta wave in the tunnels, increasing the risk of drowsy driving. CONCLUSIONS: Of the three scenarios, it was concluded that safety was highest when the tunnel length was set to 600 m.

Recently, bicycle has means of effective healthy transportation, and riding the bicycles is considered as popular recreational and sporting activities. Also, the saddle, steering system, driving device and braking device are researched briskly because of consumer’s need for driving performance and comfort. Especially, the importance of a cassette responsible for transmission function by transmitting power to the drive shaft through the chain is very focused. The writer conducted structural analysis for the sprocket of each level using the ANSYS widely used for the analysis. Speed shifting performance was enhanced by minimization / simplification of shifting point through a sort of tooth profile of the cassette. By partitioning a clear value type and other shifting point, it has been modified to enable smooth speed-shifting. In addition, as titanium precision forming process, this study studied the molding technique by blanking and dies forging for mass production of the cassette. so it could be expected that the entire drive train would utilize that in the future. The stamping process capability for thin materials for the mass production of the sprockets is applicable to producing automobile parts, so lightweight component production is likely to be possible through that, for the safety of driving.

Hard Shoulder Running is one of the ways to handle road traffic by installing LCS signals on the shoulder, making use of the shoulder as a straight road during rush hour, and thereby increasing the capacity of the road in the short term. Since it was first introduced on Youngdong Expressway in September 2007, it has been implemented in 32 highway sections and has improved the speed of traffic. The Seoul-Chuncheon Expressway, which is a private investment toll road, introduced Hard Shoulder Running only for some sections in 2014, but due to the geomorphic characteristics of the lanes with many tunnel sections, It did not perform the function of Hard Shoulder Running. Therefore, they are considering expanding the tunnel section of Hard Shoulder Running, and it is necessary to examine the safety of the tunnel part to implement this. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the change of geometry, such as reduction of lane width in tunnels, and the installation of various guiding facilities, on the safety of tunnels by applying a driving simulator. Virtual reality data were constructed at 3.25m and 3.0m respectively in the tunnel section of the Seongjong Tunnel of Seoul-Chuncheon Expressway and Geumnam Tunnel to determine the feasibility of Hard Shoulder Running and appropriate speed and lane width. EEG was used for analysis. The test subjects were 15 young drivers / 15 old drivers. Analysis items were classified into four categories: driving speed, steering wheel operation, lateral placement of vehicle, and driver's psychological factors. As a result of analysis of the experimental results, it was confirmed that the allowance width of outer wall and m of tunnels was secured, and the lane width of 3.0 m was stable in terms of driver driving behavior, and operation speed was lower than 50 km/h.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 대학생 초보운전자의 심리적 요인과 안전운전행동의 관계를 알아보고자 함이다. 연구방법 : K대에 재학중인 대학생 초보운전자 30명의 자아존중감, 자기효능감, 행동억제 및 행동활성화 체계, 정적정서 및 부적정서, 불안, 우울 그리고 분노를 측정하고 안전운전행동의 관계를 살펴보기 위해 상관분석을 실시하였다. 운전수행자와 비운전자 집단간 비교를 위해서는 맨휘트니 검정을 실시하였다. 결과 : 심리적 요인과 안전운전행동의 관계를 살펴본 결과 자아존중감과 자기효능감 그리고 정적정서와 안전운전행동은 정적상관관계가 있고 행동억제체계와 불안과는 부적상관관계가 있었다. 또한 운전수행자와 비운전자의 심리적 요인 중 자기효능감과 정적정서, 우울에서 집단간 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 초보운전자의 심리적 요인이 안전운전행동에 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인하였으며 초보운전자의 심리적 요인에 보다 주목할 필요성을 시사하고 있다.

본 논문에서는 컬러정보와 깊이정보를 사용하여 얼굴을 검출하고 추적한 후 항해사의 졸음을 탐지하는 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 얼굴검출 과정과 얼굴추적 과정으로 구성된다. 얼굴검출 과정에서는 기존의 방법 중 가장 좋은 성능을 보이는 Adaboost 알고리즘을 사용하며, Adaboost로 입력되는 영상의 영역을 사람이 존재하는 영역으로만 제한하여 얼굴을 검출한다. 얼굴검출 과정에서 얼굴이 검출되면 그것을 템플릿으로 하여 얼굴추적 과정이 수행된다. 제안한 방법의 성능을 평가하기 위하여 실험영상을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 제안한 졸음탐지 방법은 기존의 방법에 비해 약 23 %의 수행시간을 보였으며, 또한 졸음탐지 방법은 추적시간과 추적 정확도에 있어서 상보적인 관계를 가지며, 특별한 경우를 제외한 모든 경우에서 약 1 %의 낮은 추적오차율을 보였다.

PURPOSES : The causes of traffic accidents can be classified into the factors of highway users, vehicles, and driving environments. Traffic accidents result from the deficiency in single or combination of these three factors. The objective of this study is to define the "potentially hazardous sections of highway" in terms of traffic safety considering these three factors. METHODS : The test drivers performed repeated driving on these highway sections. The drivers and passengers recorded the sections on which the driving was uncomfortable, and the speeds on the sections excluding the uncomfortable sections were used for the development of the model. RESULTS : The model is composed of three sub-models for each of the horizontal curve, tangent, and the section where the curve starts/ends. The safe driving behavior coefficients by the horizontal curvature were derived by comparing the maximum operating speeds at which the vehicle may slide or deviate and the speeds at which the drivers feel comfort. The safety speeds on tangent were derived by the length of tangent section considering the driver's desired speeds under the traffic condition on which the drivers hardly influenced by the other vehicles. For the sections where the curve starts/ends, the driving behaviors were classified by the distances between the curves, and the safe acceleration/deceleration speeds were derived on which the drivers enter/exit the curve sections safely. CONCLUSIONS : Safety speed could then be regarded that the model suggested in this study may be useful to define the potentially hazardous highway section and contribute the improvement of highway safety.

장대터널은 터널이 갖는 고유 특성으로 인하여 운전자의 주행안정성이 저하되고 사고위험성이 높기 때문에 신규 터널 설계시 사전에 충분한 검토가 필요하다. 특히 터널 주행시 나타나는 안정적인 속도유지 곤란과 졸음운전 가능성의 증가, 사고발생 시 높은 치사율 및 운전자가 경험하는 주관적인 불안감 등으로 인하여 설계 단계부터 시공에 이르기까지 교통심리학 및 인간공학적인 측면에서 숙고가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 차량시뮬레이터를 이용하여 10km 이상의 장대터널(고속국도 60호선 춘천~양양간 건설공사 제14공구 내인제터널) 기본 설계안에 대한 운전자의 주행안정성을 평가한 후, 터널주행에 따른 문제점들을 파악하여 사고위험성이 높을 것으로 추정되는 위험구간 및 개선방안 등을 제시하였다. 실험 결과, 양양 및 춘천 방면 모두 도로선형이 바뀌는 변곡점을 전후하여 주행안정성이 저하되고 운전부하가 높아 위험구간으로 드러났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 제한점 및 시사점에 대해 논의하였다.

산악지역이나 해안지역을 통과하는 도로의 경우 강한 바람이 부는 지점이 있고, 이러한 지점에서 차량이 바람에 의해 전도하거나 옆으로 방향이 바뀔 수 있다. 현행 도로 설계 기준에서 강한 바람의 영향은 무시하고 있지만, 향후 고속도로 설계속도가 높아지게 되면 강한 바람의 영향은 더욱 커지게 된다. 본 연구에서는 초고속 주행 상태로 주행하는 차량에 강한 바람이 부는 경우 차량의 전도와 이탈의 관계식을 통해 그 가능성에 대해 분석했다. 이 분석에서 차량의 종류, 곡선반경, 운전자들의 강한 바람에 대응하는 소요 시간, 차량 주행속도 그리고 풍속을 달리하면서 수식적으로 전도와 이탈량을 산출했다. 그 분석 결과 차량의 전도 측면에서는 풍속 50m/s 이내에서 곡선반경이 600m 이상이면 전도 위험은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 차량의 이탈 측면에서는 풍속이 15.0m/s 이상일 경우 차량의 속도를 제한 할 필요가 있으며 풍속이 25.0m/s 이상일 경우 통행제한을 할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 도로 설계 기준을 조정하는 경우 참고할 만하며, 특히 강한 바람이 자주 부는 지역을 통과하는 고규격 고속도로를 건설하는 경우 매우 유용한 결과가 될 것이다.

The objectives of this study is to: (1) develop how applications for driving simulator of national highway safety designs when those are appeared; (2) examine the degree to which those geometric designs of the horizontal and vertical profile; and (3) search positive safety and passive highway safety design of the point at which highway alignment factors initiate driving safety to facility or highway design.

본 연구에서는 현장 실험 조성의 제약을 극복하기 위해 3차원 가상현실(virtual reality)로 설계중인 도로를 모델링한 후, 피실험자가 Eye camera가 장착된 차량 시뮬레이터 (driving simulator)에 탑승하고 주행하면서 운전자가 행하는 선형변화에 대한 동적 반응 및 운전자의 시각행태에 대한 데이터를 획득하였다 본 실험에 적용된 차량시뮬레이터의 그래픽 모듈은 동역학 해석 모듈에 의해 얻어진 데이터를 기초로 하여 운동재현기와 가상환경의 일치감들 최대로 함으로써 피실험자로 하여금 차량시뮬레이터의 비현실성 및 부작용을 최소화하도록 하였다. 또한, Eye camera는 기존의 여타 장비와는 달리 운전자가 헬멧이나 렌즈 등 어떠한 부착장치도 착용하지 않고 실험할 수 있는 FaceLAB을 사용함으로써 운전자의 자연스러운 시각행태를 아무런 데이터 손실없이 획득하였다. 본 연구에서는 조사된 데이터를 바탕으로 도로 안전성을 평가하기 위해 차량 시뮬레이터, Eye camera방법을 통해 설계시 도로 기하구조 변화에 따라 운전자가 느끼는 안전성의 변화를 파악함으로써 도로 기하구조 조건과 안전성의 상관성을 명확하게 규명하고 이를 통해 운전자가 도로 주행시 편안하고 쾌적한 주행을 보장받을 수 있는 도로를 설계 단계에서부터 평가할 수 있는 방법을 제시하려고 한다.

In the real environment, it is very limited for the trainees to participate the effective training using actual training equipments by themselves and also to simulate several hazard situations for safety because of the direct exposure to the hazards of the actual system. But the virtual environment(VE) can help the trainees to get the effective training participating by themselves and to simulate all kind of possible situation without the exposure to the hazards of the actual system. In this paper, the new idea is proposed for developing the virtual driving system to provide a realistic driving experience for safety driving. The proposed idea contains the contents of a virtual driving system.