This study examined how the embossing effect of electroactive polyvinylchloride (PVC) gel, an electrically responsive material that changes shape under electrical stimulation, can be simulated in CLO3D and applied to shape-changing garment design. Three simulation approaches were developed based on the deformation characteristics of the electroactive PVC gel: pressure, warp and weft shrinkage, and elastic band strength adjustments. The visual similarity of each simulation approach and the actual deformation behavior of the gel were comparedusing experte valuations. The results demonstrated that the warp and weft shrinkage adjustment method most closely reproduced the embossing effect of the gel. Simulation settings with a shrinkage rate of 130% or lower and a pattern size of 3 inches or smaller yielded the most stable and aesthetically effective outcomes. Using these optimal conditions, three skirt designs (basicfitted, flare, and asymmetric) were proposed to verify the practical applicability of this embossing effect in garment design. By presenting a digital simulation-based method for reviewing designs that incorporate electroactive materials, these findings suggest practical design strategies for smart textiles and interactive fashion. This study also indicates the need for future research to extend this approach to a broader range of garment items and integrate user experience-based evaluations.

This study explored how task types and task phases influence fluctuations in EFL learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC), considering proficiency differences. Twenty-one female Korean university students, grouped into mid- and high-proficiency levels, completed three small-group communicative tasks that were manipulated according to goal orientation and outcome options. Situational L2 WTC was measured in real time using a computer-based rating scale, which produced time-series graphs capturing moment-by-moment changes. Stimulated recall interviews were conducted to examine learners’ perceptions of factors underlying these fluctuations. Results indicated that WTC was dynamically shaped by the interplay among task structure, task phase, and learner proficiency. Structured information-gap tasks reduced uncertainty and supported early-phase WTC, particularly for mid-level learners. Decision-making tasks enhanced WTC through collaborative idea construction, with initial proficiency differences diminishing as interaction progressed. In free conversation, increases in WTC were contingent on interactional alignment and topic elaboration. These findings underscore the importance of task-sensitive, phase-specific, and proficiency-aware instructional strategies for fostering WTC in EFL contexts.

In this study, a particle shape control process was developed to fabricate flake-like SUS316L powders about 20 μm for application in semiconductor gas filters. The Flake powder was produced through a wet milling process using a Planetary Mill by varying the rotation speed, milling time, solvent, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) dispersant conditions. The fabricated powders were then characterized to evaluate their morphological and phase transformation behaviors. In the ethanol-based Planetary Milling process, as the rotation speed increased from 300, 400, 500 rpm, the powder morphology was observed to gradually change from spherical to flake-like due to the increase in milling energy. According to the XRD, as the rotation speed increased, a phase transformation from austenite to martensite occurred due to the increase in heat generation and collisions between the powder and balls. In addition, an increase in Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) was observed, indicating a decrease in crystallinity. Under different solvent and dispersant conditions, the addition of 5 wt% PVP to the deionized water (DI Water) solvent suppressed particle fracture and produced more uniform flake-like particles compared with the DI Water process without PVP. In addition, a smaller FWHM and reduced oxygen content were observed.

Reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs), which enable two-way conversion between electricity and hydrogen, have gained attention with the rise of hydrogen energy. However, foam-type current collectors in rSOC stacks exhibit poor structural controllability and limited electrode contact area. To address these limitations, this study aimed to convert spherical cobalt powders into flake-type morphology via high-energy ball milling, as a preliminary step toward fabricating flake-based current collectors.Milling parameters—specifically, the ball-to-powder ratio (BPR), milling time, and process control agent (PCA) content—were varied. At an 8:1 BPR, over 90% of the powder became flake-shaped after 8 hours, while extended milling caused cold welding. In contrast, a 10:1 BPR resulted in dominant fragmentation. The Burgio–Rojac model quantified energy input and defined the optimal range for flake formation. Increasing the PCA to 4 wt% delayed flake formation to 16 hours and induced cold welding, as shown by bimodal particle size distributions. These results support the development of Co-based current collectors for use in rSOCs.

Ear clamps are components used to securely fasten pipes and hoses in various industrial applications. They achieve clamping force by inducing plastic deformation at the ear region during installation, which can lead to accumulated structural damage and affect fatigue life. Moreover, the fatigue life is influenced by the design shape of the ear. Therefore, in this study, tensile and fatigue tests were conducted on two types of ear clamps with different ear geometries. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to obtain the stress distribution around the ear region, and these results were correlated with the experimentally obtained fatigue life. Based on this correlation, an S-N curve for simulation-based fatigue life estimation was established. This approach confirms the possibility of predicting the fatigue life of ear clamps with modified geometries using only finite element analysis, without the need for repeated fatigue testing.

In this study, for the design of the impeller and volute casing shape of the water pump for flood prevention, performance was predicted through numerical analysis to secure the theoretical power and hydraulic efficiency of the front well at the discharge well 300m3/h, which is the target design specification, and the flow characteristics of each flow rate were checked and verified. Through the results of this flow analysis, it was possible to secure the basic shape design of the impeller and volute casing of the water pump for flood prevention. In the future, we will perform an interpretation to confirm structural safety according to shape and material.

As high-speed trains operate on both high-speed and conventional lines, wheel-rail interface characteristics have become increasingly important for effective wheel-rail wear management and operational safety. This study compared and analyzed interface characteristics for various combinations of wheels used in high-speed vehicles with various rail configurations, including UIC, KS50, and KS60, to determine the optimal combination. The results were calculated and analyzed for rolling radius differences, equivalent conicity, and wheel-rail contact area characteristics in response to lateral axle displacement. Changes in equivalent conicity and wheel-rail contact area as wear progressed were also analyzed.

본 연구는 철계 형상기억합금(Fe-SMA)의 화재 후 성능과 화재 후 구조물의 성능 회복을 위한 프리스트레싱 재료로서의 적용 가능성을 평가하였다. 이를 위해 사전변형률이 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%인 Fe-SMA 시편을 최대 가열 온도 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C 까지 가열한 뒤 냉각 및 인장시험을 수행하였다. 가열 및 냉각 과정에서의 온도–응력 이력 분석 결과, 사전변형률이 높을수록 가열 중 좌굴이 지연되고 냉각 후 더 큰 회복응력이 발현됨을 확인하였다. 특히 7.5% 사전변형률 시편은 500°C 이상에서 500 MPa 이상의 회복응력을 보였으며, 강성 저하 시점의 응력 또한 400°C에서 793 MPa, 700°C에서 735 MPa로 세 조건 중 가장 큰 값을 나타냈다. 2.5%와 5.0% 시편은 600°C 및 700°C에서 5∼10% 더 큰 극한변형률을 나타냈으나, 7.5% 시편은 보강재로서 충분한 극한변형률을 확보함과 동시에 강성 저하 시 더 큰 응력을 유지하여 화재 후 보강재로 사용되기에 가장 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구는 500°C 이상의 고온에 노출된 Fe-SMA의 회복응력과 기계적 특성 데이터를 제공함으로써 기존 연구의 공백을 보완하였고, Fe-SMA가 화재 후 구조물 피해 저감과 성능 회복에 기여할 수 있는 보강재로서의 잠재력을 제시하였다.

우리나라에는 탑신이 8각 석주(石柱)형인 승탑들이 있어 이를 학계에서는 경당형 승탑이 라 부른다. 이 유형은 1221년 원진국사 승형 탑 건립에서 시작되어 1235년 수선사 2세인 진각국사 혜심 탑으로 이어지고 이후 그의 계승자들에 의해 조선 초까지 조성된다. 두 승탑 은 다라니경당형 탑신 이외에는 모습이 조금 다르다. 전자는 탑신과 길게 구성된 상륜부 이 외에는 대체로 전통적인 8각원당형이다. 수선사 계열은 기단부가 낮은 중대석에 앙, 복련판 이 장식된 수미좌 형태이며 상륜부는 수미좌와 보주로만 이루어졌다. 탑신 남면에는 탑 이름 을 새겨 묘비적 성격도 있다. 이런 모습은 중국, 한국의 경당이나 중국의 경당형 묘탑과는 큰 차이를 보인다. 오히려 사찰본 화엄경 ｢십지품｣ 중, 제 5지인 ‘난승지’ 변상도와 화엄경 ｢입법계품｣ 회화 중, ‘휴사우바이’ 장면 속 다라니경당이나 보당을 더 닮아 있다. 당말 오대 이후 중국과 고려의 불교는 삼론, 천태, 선, 화엄, 능엄 신앙이 크게 융합된 선ㆍ교 혼융 양상을 보인다. 특히 화엄경과 문인 사대부들의 거사불교는 선종이 도입되는 신라 말부터 오대, 북송 선종계와 지식층의 영향을 받은 고려 10~13세기의 주요한 흐름이었다. 다라니경당은 당 초기인 680년에 불정존승다라니경이 번역된 이후 크게 신앙되면서 많은 다라니경당이 조성되고 보당도 출현한다. 쑤저우 서광사(瑞光寺)탑에서는 1013년에 조성된 〈진주사리보당(眞珠舍利寶幢)〉이 출토되었는데 사리와 함께 봉안된 자료들에 의하 면 이것은 다라니신앙을 지닌 선종사원에서 화엄경의 세계를 형상화하여 만든 것임을 알 수 있다. 이상을 고려할 때 승형과 혜심의 승탑은 화엄경 회화 속에 반영된 다라니 경당, 보당에서 비롯되었을 가능성이 높다고 생각한다. 이 같은 결론은 앞으로 논증이 더 필요하겠지만 역사 서술이 작은 시각자료를 매개로 기 존의 연구와 자료들이 새롭게 연결되고 재해석되면서 당시 역사를 구체화시킬 수 있음을 보 여 준다. 이는 시각자료가 역사 이해의 진전을 위한 학제적 연구의 주요 요소이며 그 활용을 위한 관련 학계의 관심과 논의가 필요함을 알려 준다.

The development of high-performance metal filters is essential for maintaining ultra-clean environments in semiconductor manufacturing. In this study, cross-sealed honeycomb filters were fabricated using STS316L powder via material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) for semiconductor gas filtration. The effects of filter geometry (4 or 9 channels) and sintering temperature (850°C, 950°C, or 1,050°C) on performance were examined. First, 4-channel and 9-channel filters sintered at the same temperature (950°C) exhibited similar porosities of 50.08% and 50.57%, but the 9-channel filter showed a higher pressure-drop (0.26 bar) and better filtration-efficiency (3.55 LRV) than the 4-channel filter (0.19 bar and 3.25 LRV, respectively). Second, for filters with the same geometry (4-channel) increasing the sintering temperature reduced porosity from 64.52% to 40.33%, while the pressure-drop increased from 0.13 bar to 0.22 bar and filtration-efficiency improved from 2.53 LRV to 3.51 LRV. These findings demonstrate that filter geometry and sintering temperature are key factors governing the trade-off between air permeability, pressure-drop, and filtration efficiency. This work provides insights and data for optimizing MEAM-based high-performance metal powder filter design.

본 연구는 한국 창조 신화가 한국인의 종교적 정체성과 세계관 형성에 어떠한 영향을 미쳐왔는지를 탐구한다. 또한, 이러한 전통적 신화들과 창세기의 성서적 창조 서사를 비교하여, 각 서사가 각기 다른 문화의 기원과 세계 인식에 어떤 영향을 주었는지를 밝히고자 한다. 아울러 이러한 토착 창조 신화들이 창세기 창조 이야기를 수용하는 데 어떻게 기여하였으며, 나아가 기독교의 전래와 확산에 어떠한 역할을 하였는지를 분석한다. 결론에서는 이러한 논의를 확장하여, 한국 교회의 생태신학적 성찰과 현대 선교 실천에 주는 함의를 제시한다.

In this study, the shape of the exterior, not the inside of the product, was modified. Various exterior shape change plans were compared and reviewed through injection molding analysis, and among them, the most effective shape for suppressing warpage deformation was derived. The shape of the product was modified to optimize the bending deformation of the cover located at the top of the automobile battery case. The analysis was conducted under a total of three conditions, each of shape A, which is a rectangular parallelepiped shape at the top of the product, and shape B, which is concave on the side of the product. As a result of the study, both shape A and shape B were reduced compared to the amount of bending deformation of the original shape. Among them, shape B2, which showed the largest reduction, decreased by 82.096% from the amount of bending deformation of the original shape.

본 논문은 형상기억합금으로 능동 구속된 콘크리트의 일축 압축거동을 예측하기 위한 해석적 연구이다. 일축 압축거동을 예측하기 위해 SMA로 능동 구속된 콘크리트에 대한 적합조건을 기반으로 유효 구속응력이 도출되었으며, 기존 모델에 기반한 응력-변 형률 모델을 이용하여 SMA로 능동 구속된 콘크리트의 일축 압축거동 예측 방법이 제안되었다. 제안된 모델에 대한 검증을 위해 선행 연구에 대한 실험데이터가 수집되었다. 제안 모델을 통한 예측 결과는 콘크리트의 최대 압축강도 및 최대 압축강도에 해당하는 변형률 에 대한 비를 각각 1.00 및 0.89로 예측하였으며, 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 곡선을 비교적 정확히 예측하는 것으로 나타났다.