This study analyzed routine visiting inspection records collected from 2023 to 2025 to examine the distribution and temporal patterns of sanitation and safety inspection scores in child and youth foodservice facilities. Two hundred and seventy-four inspection records from 23 institutions that participated continuously over three years were included. The total score was converted to a 100-point scale, and the changes according to the year and inspection round, as well as the adherence across six domains, were evaluated. A linear mixed model showed that the year, inspection round, and their interaction were statistically significant. The inspection scores showed an increasing pattern across repeated visits within each year, but the starting level and the magnitude of the change differed according to the year. Domain-level analysis suggested that raw material use and storage control exhibited greater variability across institutions. These findings suggest that the inspection scores may reflect the operational conditions and features of the measurement process, contributing to the variability across institutions and over time. This study provides descriptive evidence on the temporal patterns of inspection scores based on the routine operational data.

Odorous compounds from the operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have increasingly become public health concerns and civil complaints. This study identifies priority management stages in WWTPs by quantitatively analyzing the distribution of complex odor and designated odor substances across key processes using a dimensionless tool (the Odor Activity Value, OAV), while providing a statistical basis and operational strategies for efficient odor mitigation in public facilities. Although there was a very poor correlation between designated odorous concentrations and complex odor level (dilution ratio), the application of the OAV yielded much more accurate results with a strong correlation (R2 = 0.7) specifically at high-temperature condition. Odor potential in the wastewater treatment processes fluctuates substantially depending on the specific unit. Statistical analysis using Kruskal–Wallis tests demonstrated that influent and sludge treatment process (return flow and centrate) produce much higher odor intensities compared to the biological reactor and secondary clarifier. Based on PERMANOVA analysis, differences in the profiles of complex odor and the OAVs of designated odorants across 6 treatment stages explained 64.1% of the total variance. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) showed that sludge treatment processes form a distinct, unique cluster, whereas sewage treatment streams present a more gradual transition of odor profiles. Statistical assessment using the Mann-Whitney U test demonstrated that mean odorants levels did not have considerable shift under high-temperature and low-temperature conditions. However, the sensory perception in higher temperatures enhanced relative to the OAVs. In conclusion, the OAV is an effective dimensionless tool, as it establishes priorities in odor management and control, offering a practical supplementary indicator for addressing civil complaints. These findings provide a robust foundation for optimizing deodorization systems designs and operational efficiency of odor mitigation systems within WWTPs.

본 연구는 청년층을 대상으로 수면의 질이 우울과 어떠한 관련성을 가 지는지 분석하고, 수면의 질을 구성하는 세부 요인들이 우울과 어떤 양 상으로 연결되는지를 규명하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 2024년 지역사 회건강조사 자료를 활용하였으며, 만 19세 이상 39세 이하 청년 17,841 명을 분석 대상으로 하였다. 분석 방법으로는 복합표본설계를 반영한 빈 도분석, Rao–Scott χ² 검정, 복합표본 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여성과 낮은 교육수준 집단에서 우울 위 험이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 수면의 질이 저하된 집단에서 우울 군의 비율이 전반적으로 높아, 청년층에서도 수면 문제가 정신건강과 밀 접하게 연관됨이 확인되었다. 셋째, 수면의 질 세부 요인 중 주관적 수면 의 질 저하, 긴 수면 잠복기, 잦은 수면 방해, 수면제 사용, 주간 기능장 애는 인구사회학적 요인을 통제한 이후에도 우울 위험을 유의하게 증가 시키는 요인으로 나타난 반면, 수면 시간과 수면 효율은 유의한 관련성 을 보이지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 청년층 우울을 이해함에 있어 수면을 단순한 시간 개념이 아닌 질적·구성요인별 관점에서 접근할 필요성을 시 사하며, 향후 청년 정신건강 정책과 실천 현장에서 수면 문제 유형을 고 려한 세분화된 평가와 맞춤형 개입 전략의 중요성을 제시한다.

The question of whether core affective dimensions are represented in a modality-general or modality-specific manner remains a central issue in affective science. Most prior research examined vision and audition, leaving unclear whether other modalities, such as gustation, share similar affective structures. Using behavioral ratings from Park and Kim (2024), we applied a Bayesian hierarchical multivariate model to examine emotional responses to gustatory and auditory stimuli. We defined theoretically motivated contrasts for valence and arousal and assessed alignment between estimated category effects and these contrasts through posterior projections, cosine similarity, and Mahalanobis distances. Across analyses, valence exhibited strong alignment between modalities, with minimal cross-modal differences, supporting a modality-general representation. Conversely, arousal showed weak and divergent alignments: taste displayed weak positive alignment, whereas music exhibited negative alignment, accompanied by greater cross-modal separability. Posterior predictive checks indicated that the model adequately captured the observed condition means. These results align with previous neuroimaging, psychophysiological, and behavioral evidence suggesting that valence is encoded in abstract, supramodal representations, while arousal is more sensitive to modality-specific processes. Methodologically, this study demonstrates the value of Bayesian multivariate modeling in quantifying uncertainty and testing theoretically driven contrasts in multidimensional affective data.

This study proposes a novel diagnostic methodology combining mobile measurement using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to effectively monitor and diagnose localized highozone (O3) events in industrial complexes. The methodology was applied to a highconcentration ozone episode (maximum 94.0 ppb) observed in the Hwaseong Bio Valley, an industrial complex. A nonlinear regression model based on the Random Forest algorithm was developed to quantify the contribution of precursor species. Specifically, to precisely diagnose the individual contributions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are critical determinants of ozone formation, a modeling approach centered on VOCs was employed by excluding inorganic precursors (NOx). Contrary to traditional ozone formation potential (OFP) analysis, which prioritized high-reactivity alkenes such as propene, the AI model identified cyclohexane and butanone (MEK) as the key drivers positively correlated with ozone concentration fluctuations. This discrepancy is attributed to the “abundance effect,” where atmospheric partial pressures of organic solvents, extensively emitted from pharmaceutical and bio-industrial processes, overwhelm the differences in chemical reactivity of individual species. The findings suggest that AI techniques can interpret the nonlinearity of complex photochemical reactions based on observational data, serving as a complementary site-specific diagnostic tool to existing property-based assessments (e.g., MIR). Consequently, future air quality policies should shift from uniform regulations to a more targeted approach, utilizing the proposed methodology to establish precise emission tracking and management systems.

새우는 지질과 칼로리가 낮은 고단백질 공급원으로, 분말 또는 소스 형태로 가공되어 다양한 식품에 첨가된다. 그러 나 새우 알레르기가 있는 환자가 섭취할 경우 심각한 건강 상의 위험을 초래할 수 있으며, 특히 가공식품에 포함된 알 레르기 유발물질은 인지하고 섭취를 피하기 어렵다. 이에 따 라 가공식품 중 새우를 신속하고 정확하게 검출할 수 있는 분석법 개발이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 새우의 열안정성 수 용성 단백질(TSSP)의 존재를 확인하고, 이를 이용하여 생산 한 다클론성 항체(pAb)를 기반으로 간접 효소결합면역흡착 분석법(indirect ELISA)을 개발하였다. 생산된 pAb는 Penaeus japonicus, Metapenaeus joyneri, Penaeus chinensis, Pandalus borealis, Penaeus monodon 등 5종의 새우에만 특이적으로 반응하였으며, 다른 식품 성분과 교차 반응을 보이지 않았 다. 개발된 pAb 기반 indirect ELISA의 검출한계(LOD)는 0.001%였다. 또한 삶음(100oC, 60분), 멸균(121oC, 60분), 튀 김(170oC, 8분) 처리된 새우 시료에서도 검출이 가능하여, 다양한 조리 조건 적용 후에도 검출이 가능함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 새우 TSSP가 열처리 식품에서 새우 혼입 여 부를 식별할 수 있는 항원 및 바이오마커로 활용될 수 있 음을 시사한다. 더 나아가, 본 연구에서 개발된 pAb는 가공 식품에 혼입된 새우 검출을 위한 면역분석 및 바이오센서 개발에 유용한 생체수용체로 활용될 수 있다.

Plants synthesize diverse specialized metabolites under tissue- and context-specific regulation, yet it remains unclear how tissue-specific herbivory shapes pre- and post-attack metabolomes within each tissue. Using untargeted metabolomics, we compared constitutive and tissue-specific herbivory-induced states across tissues of Capsella bursa-pastoris, a cosmopolitan weed. Profiles separated mainly by tissue; roots had the most constitutive tissue-specific features. Herbivory increased between-tissue dissimilarity, and stems showed the largest set of induced features. The top herbivore-induced stem feature was constitutively higher in roots, consistent with tissue-specific biosynthetic control. Multi-omic evidence indicates a hydrolyzed glucosinolate derivative that may contribute to resistance against root specialists, underscoring adaptive diversification and tissue-specific regulation of specialized-metabolite pathways.