The digitization of ship environments has increased the risk of cyberattacks on ships. The smartization and automation of ships are also likely to result in cyber threats. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has discussed the establishment of regulations at the autonomous level and has revised existing agreements by dividing autonomous ships into four stages, where stages 1 and 2 are for sailors who are boarding ships while stages 3 and 4 are for those not boarding ships. In this study, the level of a smart ship was classified into LEVELs (LVs) 1 to 3 based on the autonomous levels specified by the IMO. Furthermore, a risk assessment for smart ships at various LVs in different risk scenarios was conducted The cyber threats and vulnerabilities of smart ships were analyzed by dividing them into administrative, physical, and technical security; and mitigation measures for each security area were derived. A total of 22 cyber threats were identified for the cyber asset (target system). We inferred that the higher the level of a smart ship, the greater the hyper connectivity and the remote access to operational technology systems; consequently, the greater the attack surface. Therefore, it is necessary to apply mitigation measures using technical security controls in environments with high-level smart ships.

Maintaining sea superiority through successful mission accomplishments of warships is being proved to be an important factor of winning a war, as in the Ukraine-Russia war. in order to ensure the ability of a warship to perform its duties, the survivability of the warship must be strengthened. In particular, among the survivability factors, vulnerability is closely related to a damage assessment, and these vulnerability data are used as basic data to measure the mission capability. The warship's mission capability is usually measured using a wargame model, but only the operational effects of a macroscopic view are measured with a theater level resolution. In order to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of a weapon system in the context of advanced weapon systems and equipments, a warship's mission capability must be measured at the engagement level resolution. To this end, not the relationship between the displacement tonnage and the weight of warheads applied in the theater level model, but an engagement level resolution vulnerability assessment method that can specify physical and functional damage at the hit position should be applied. This study proposes a method of measuring a warship’s mission capability by applying the warship vulnerability assessment method to the naval engagement level analysis model. The result can be used as basic data in developing engagement algorithms for effective and efficient operation tactics to be implemented from a single unit weapon system to multiple warships.

This study proposes a methodology for assessing seismic liquefaction hazard by implementing high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) ground models with high-density/high-precision site investigation data acquired in an area of interest, which would be linked to geotechnical numerical analysis tools. It is possible to estimate the vulnerability of earthquake-induced geotechnical phenomena (ground motion amplification, liquefaction, landslide, etc.) and their triggering complex disasters across an area for urban development with several stages of high-density datasets. In this study, the spatial-ground models for city development were built with a 3D high-precision grid of 5 m x 5 m x 1 m by applying geostatistic methods. Finally, after comparing each prediction error, the geotechnical model from the Gaussian sequential simulation is selected to assess earthquake-induced geotechnical hazards. In particular, with seven independent input earthquake motions, liquefaction analysis with finite element analyses and hazard mappings with LPI and LSN are performed reliably based on the spatial geotechnical models in the study area. Furthermore, various phenomena and parameters, including settlement in the city planning area, are assessed in terms of geotechnical vulnerability also based on the high-resolution spatial-ground modeling. This case study on the high-precision 3D ground model-based zonations in the area of interest verifies the usefulness in assessing spatially earthquake-induced hazards and geotechnical vulnerability and their decision-making support.

Climate change effects are particularly apparent in many cool-season grasslands in South Korea. Moreover, the probability of climate extremes has intensified and is expected to increase further. In this study, we performed climate change vulnerability assessments in cool-season grasslands based on the analytic hierarchy process method to contribute toward effective decision-making to help reduce grassland damage caused by climate change and extreme weather conditions. In the analytic hierarchy process analysis, vulnerability was found to be influenced in the order of climate exposure (0.575), adaptive capacity (0.283), and sensitivity (0.141). The climate exposure rating value was low in Jeju-do Province and high in Daegu (0.36–0.39) and Incheon (0.33–0.5). The adaptive capacity index showed that grassland compatibility (0.616) is more important than other indicators. The adaptation index of Jeollanam-do Province was higher than that of other regions and relatively low in Gangwon-do Province. In terms of sensitivity, grassland area and unused grassland area were found to affect sensitivity the most with index values of 0.487 and 0.513, respectively. The grassland area rating value was low in Jeju-do and Gangwon-do Province, which had large grassland areas. In terms of vulnerability, that of Jeju-do Province was lower and of Gyeongsangbuk-do Province higher than of other regions. These results suggest that integrating the three aspects of vulnerability (climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) may offer comprehensive and spatially explicit adaptation plans to reduce the impacts of climate change on the cool-season grasslands of South Korea.

본 연구에서는 자연재해에 대한 집계구 단위의 인명 취약성 지수 평가 방법론을 제안하였다. 인명 취약성 지수는 자연재해에 대한 인명의 리스크 지수(Risk Index) 평가 시 필수적으로 요구되는 것으로써 인명의 노출도(Exposure)와 민감도(Sensitivity)가 고려된 취약성 대리변수의 결합으로 평가될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 경주시를 평가 시범지역으로 선정하여 자연재해에 대한 인명 취약성 지 수 방법론을 적용하였다. 자연재해 인명 리스크와 관련된 문헌조사를 통하여 6개의 취약성 대리변수(인구밀도, 직업, 취약계층, 성별, 교육수준, 외국인)가 선정되었으며, 선정된 취약성 대리변수는 기 설정된 점수화 기준에 따라 평가치가 산정된 후 정규화 방법에 따라 무차원화 되었다. 각각의 취약성 대리변수를 결합하기 위한 가중치는 인명 취약성 지수 관련 문헌에서 적용된 가중치를 메타분석(Meta- Analysis)하여 파악되었다. 인명 취약성 지수를 평가하기 위해 필요한 인구 통계자료 데이터베이스는 통계청에서 제공하는 집계구별 인구 통계자료를 기초로 구축되었다. 경주시에 대한 인명 취약성 지수 평가의 경우, 인명에 대한 노출도 및 민감도가 높은 공동주택 단 지에서 가장 취약할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 취약성 지수 평가 방법론은 집계구 단위 지역에서의 자연재해 리스크 를 신속하게 평가할 시 활용가능하다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate vulnerability of drought in small island areas. Vulnerability assessment factors of drought were selected by applying the factor analysis. Ninety Eup/Myon areas in small island were evaluated to vulnerability of drought by entropy method adapting objective weights. Vulnerability consisted of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. A total of 22 indicators were used to evaluate and analyze vulnerability of drought in small island areas. The results of entropy method showed that winter rainfall, no rainfall days, agricultural population rate, cultivation area rate, water supply rate and groundwater capacity have a significant impact on drought assessment. The overall assessment of vulnerability indicated that Seodo-myeon Ganghwa-gun, Seolcheon-myeon Namhae-gun and Samsan-myeon Ganghwa-gun were the most vulnerable to drought. Especially Ganghwa-gun should be considered policy priority to establish drought measures in the future, because it has a high vulnerability of drought.

A two-year study was conducted from 2017 to 2018 by the establishment of a test field at Chungju-si and Cheongyang-gun. Plant height, number of leaves, insects and diseases, and fresh and dry matter yields for corn hybrid(‘Kwangpyeongok’) were investigated. Daily average, maximum, and minimum temperature, monthly average temperature, daily precipitation, and sunshine duration during the growing season were investigated. We selected climate-critical factors to corn productivity and conducted an evaluation of vulnerability to climate change from 1999 to 2018 for both regions. In 2018, the dry matter yield of forage corn was 6,475 and 7,511 kg/ha in Chungju and Cheongyang, respectively, which was half of that in 2017. The high temperature and drought phenomenon in the 2018 summer caused the corn yield to be low. As well as temperature, precipitation is an important climatic factor in corn production. As a result of climate impact vulnerability assessment, the vulnerability has increased recently compared to the past. It is anticipated that if the high temperature phenomenon and drought caused by climate change continues, a damage in corn production will occur.

본 연구는 도시재생지역 중 노후주거지의 열환경을 개선하기 위한 계획방안을 제시하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 노후주거지 재생을 추진하는 재생 창조거점으로 선정된 대구광역시 서구 비산2⋅3동을 연구 대상지로 선정하여, 기후노출, 적응능력, 민감도로 구성된 15개의 지표를 이용하여 대상지의 열취약성을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 도출된 열취약성 1등급 지역을 열환경 우선 개선지역으로 선정하고, 15개 지표를 대상으로 열취약 원인을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 열환경에 취약한 주요 원인은 수⋅녹지율, 일 최고기온 33℃ 이상인 날의 수, 지표면온도, 일 최저기온 25℃ 이상인 날의 수인 것으로 분석되었다. 이를 개선하기 위한 열환경 우선 개선지역에 소규모의 녹지 조성, 화이트루프의 적용, 쿨링포그 시스템 설치를 우선적으로 시행할 것을 제안하였다.

Climate adaptation strategies for water utilities including 16 water treatment plants(WTPs) in Jeju were investigated. Drought, heat wave, and heavy rain were among the most significant climate factors affecting water utilities in Jeju. Heat wave increases water temperature, which in turn increases the concentration of algae, color, and odor materials. Some adaption strategies for the heat wave can be strengthening water monitoring and introducing advanced water treatments. Heavy rain increases raw water turbidity in surface water. The 7 WTPs that take raw water from streams or springs had a maximum turbidity of less than 50 NTU under heavy rain. However, due to concerns of turbidity spike in treated water, some WTPs discontinued intaking raw water when raw water turbidity increased more than 2 NTU. They instead received treated water from other WTPs which took groundwater for water supply. This happens because of the low skills of employees. Thus, there needs to be an increase in operator competency and upgrade of water facilities for the adaption of heavy rain. To improve adaption for the drought, there should be an increase in the capacity of intake facilities of surface water as well as a decrease in water loss. In addition, water consumption per person should be decreased.

본 연구에서는 해일예측모델링을 통하여 연안역의 해일고를 산정하고, 취약성평가 기법을 적용하여 취약등급을 평가하였다. 해일예측모델링은 ADCIRC 모형을 적용하여 2000년~2014년까지의 27개 태풍을 모의하였으며, 상위 영향 6개 태풍에 대하여 검증하였다. 계산결과는 관측결과와 유의미한 검증결과를 보였다. 진해만, 사천만, 광양만, 천수만 및 경기만 등 주요 내만 연안역에서 해일고가 높게 나타났으며, 산출된 해일고 자료를 이용하여 표준화, 정규화 및 등급화 과정을 거쳐 해일 취약성 평가를 수행하였다. 평가결과, 진해만, 사천만, 광양만 등에서 취약지수가 4∼5등급을 보였으며, 이는 해일의 특성상 영향을 직접 받는 내만역이 취약함을 의미한다. 반면 전남 서부 내만의 취약지수(1∼3등급)는 상대적으로 양호하게 나타났으며, 이는 지난 15년간 이 지역을 통과한 태풍이 크게 영향을 미치지 않았기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 따라서, 이러한 상대적 불확실성을 보완하기 위해서는 지형적 민감도를 고려한 보다 장기간의 영향누적을 통한 취약성 평가가 필요하다.

자연재해에 있어서 취약성 분석계획의 우선순위 설정활동을 위한 기초자료로서 재해 위험분석의 주요한 요소이다. 화산폭발은 화산이 인구밀도가 높은 지역에 위치하고 있는 경우 많은 사상자와 재산피해를 야기한다. 화산폭발을 막을 수 없지만, 위험도와 취약성은 미래의 위기를 예측하는 신중한 계획과 준비작업을 통해 저감될 수 있다. 사회적 불평등으로서 사회적 취약성은 다양한 사회 구성원이 재해에 대응 능력에 민감한 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 인도네시아 중부 자바에 위치한 메라피 화산 인근 지역주민들의 사회적 취약성을 평가하기 위하여 사회적 취약성 지수(SoVI) 기법을 활용하였다. SoVI는 사회적 위험부담을 이해하고 정량화하기 위하여 지역사회의 복원탄력성에 영향을 미치는 사회 경제적 및 인구 통계학적 요인을 이용하여 평가된다. 본 연구에서 사회적 취약성은 이해 관계자와 지역주민과의 설문조사를 통해 평가되었다. 연구결과로 도출된 취약성 지수는 사회적 취약성의 분포와 원인에 대한 정보를 반영함을 확인하였다.