The purpose of this study is to identify hazardous physical factors and chemical air pollutants in conservation museum in order to protect the cultural heritage. For this, we collected and re-analyzed the articles that were published from 2006 to 2007 by National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage for temperature, relative humidity and the level of pollutants (PM₁₀, CO₂, HCHO, CO, NO₂, Rn, TVOCs, O₃, SO₂) in exhibition hall and storage in museum. The pooled average level of temperature at exhibition hall and storage in museum was 23.5±1.4℃ and 20.6±1.1℃, respectively. The range of temperature variation was 5.4℃ for exhibition hall and 4.5℃ for storage. The pooled average concentration of TVOCs in exhibition hall and storage in museum was 493.6±125.6㎍/m³ and 788.9±157.5㎍/m³, respectively. These exceeded 400㎍/ m³ which is the guideline of national law for the Korean Ministry of Public Administration and Security (KMOPAS). Other surveyed pollutants were as per the guidelines of the national law for the Korean Ministry of Environment (KMOE) and the KMOPAS. Through the consideration of the physical and chemical properties and the result of meta-analysis for thermal environment and surveyed temperature, humidity, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, TVOCs, and HCHO were the identified hazardous physical factors and chemical pollutants at exhibition halls and storages in museum.

중국에 있어서 형벌의 집행은 각 국가기관으로 분산되어 있는 것이 특징이다. 이러한 형사집행의 다원화로 말미암아 각 기관과의 업무마찰, 업무소홀, 불협화음의 정도가 심하다. 현재의 감옥법으로서는 형사법 전체에서 운행되고 있는 감옥관련 업무를 조화롭게 그리고 합리적으로 조절할 수 없다. 중국에서 감옥법은 형법, 형사소송법과 더불어 형사법체제의 3대 지주(支柱)라고 일컬어 진다. 그러나 현행 중국감옥법은 총칙과 각칙 그리고 부칙 모두 7장 78개 조문에 불과하다. 따라서 입법상 그리고 시행에 있어서 여러 가지 문제가 나타나고 있다. 예컨대 입법에 있어서는 형법, 형사소송법과 충돌하는 현상, 입법내용의 공백(空白)과 미흡, 규정이 모호하고 명확성이 떨어지는 문제 등이 있다. 법시행 과정중에서는 형벌집행 대상범위가 적은 것, 수형자의 감형‧가석방에 대한 법규 범의 결여, 수감중 사망한 자의 처리문제, 법적 구속력의 미약, 법규정과 실무와의 괴리(乖離) 등의 문제가 나타나고 있다. 최근 중국의 형사집행 상황은 공안기관에 상당한 업무와 재량이 주어진 형세를 이룬다. 현재 인민법원은 주로 사형‧ 벌금‧재산몰수에 처한 자들을 다루고 있고, 공안기관은 주로 유예형‧구역‧가석 방 후 나머지 형의 집행‧잠시 감외집행‧외국인에 대한 추방‧정치권리박탈 등의 업무를 하고 있다. 감옥기관이 마땅히 다루어야 할 본연의 업무를 공안기관이 다루고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 만약 <감옥법>을 <형 사집행법>으로 대체 할 수 있다면 감옥이 주체적으로 감옥관련 업무를 확장시 킬 수 있을 것이다. 이렇게 될 때 비로소 형벌집행과 관련된 국가기관과의 갈등과 마찰을 해결할 수 있을 것이며, 형벌집행을 감옥이 자주적으로 추진해 나갈 수 있게 될 것이다.

The purpose of this study are to examin the level of temperature, relative humidity and pollutants at stock rooms in National Archives and to provide fundamental data in order to protect damage of archives. The survey of indoor air quality(IAQ) in stock rooms was performed in Busan National Archives in August and December 2007, and collected basic data, on level of them at stock rooms in National Archives that were published. The temperature and relative humidity in stock rooms were within the terms of national law of the public archives administration. The concentration of PM10 in stock rooms in National Archives exceeded 50 ㎍/m³, which is the guideline of national law for the public archives administration. The concentration of CO, SO₂, NO₂, O₃ and Formaldehyde in stock rooms did not exceeded the guideline of national law. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds was shown to exceed the guideline of natioanl law. Therefore, we suggest that a national plan for the management of IAQ at stock rooms in National Archives should be established through a long-term, continuous investigation

수형자의 사회복귀능력을 향상시키기 위한 가장 바람직한 교정처우의 방식은 수형자 개개인의 인격적 특성에 알맞은 개별처우라고 할 수 있으며, 이를 실현하기 위해서는 최소한 다음의 두 가지 조건을 충족해야 할 것이다. 첫째 조건은 수형자를 분류심사의 결과에 따라 그에 적합한 교정시설에 수용하여 그 특성에 알맞은 처우를 하기 위해서 교정시설과 처우프로그램을 다양화해야 할 것이다. 그러나 우리나라는 재정상의 이유 등으로 이러한 조건을 충족시키지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 둘째 조건은 수형자의 분류에 적응한 교정처우의 체계를 수립 하는 것이 요구된다. 그런데 우리나라는 그동안 수형자의 처우를 위하여 분류제와 누진제를 동시에 시행하면서 분류제보다는 누진제에 따른 처우에 중점을 두어 오다가 행형법이 전면 개정되면서 누진제보다는 분류제에 따른 처우에 중점을 두는 교정처우의 체계를 수립하였다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 우리나라는 아직도 중 ･ 대형 교정시설이 다수 존재하고 또한 처우프로그램이 다양화되어 있지 않기 때문에 개별처우를 실현하기 위한 조건을 충분히 갖추었다고 볼 수 없는 실정이다. 그리하여 우리나라는 수형자의 인격적 특성을 고려한 개별처우를 실시하려고 해도 이를 실현하기 위한 조건을 갖추고 있지 못하기 때문에 실질적인 개별처우를 하는데 일정한 한계가 있을 수밖에 없다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 개별처우의 필요성과 분류제의 확립, 교정시설 및 처우의 현황과 다양화 필요성, 교정시설과 처우의 다양화 방안 등에 대하여 살펴보았다.

The theories of Korean Public Art originated by the artists who were against dictatorship and they associated with democratic politicians. They criticized the Fine art that were supported by the dictatorship and gave their efforts for restoration of ‘resistance paintings(against dictatorship)’, ‘proletarian painting’, ‘realism painting’. In addition, they participated new social ideology(democracy) movement and demonstrated for their rights in arts. These became the main kernel the public art theory was initiated. The public artists splitted into several different parts and participated in the democratic social movement as well as the art movement for freedom. They opened various art exhibitions within different genre, diverse space for various art section such as an exhibition hall, a factories, a university, or a congregation square. Furthermore, the public art theorists published their divergent views through newspaper/broadcasting or unauthorized printed materials. Most of the public artist and the theorists kept their relationship strongly until 1985, the time when ‘ National Arts Association’ started. In 1983 and 1984, they were clearly separated into two parts; artists(move only in art museums) and activists(move in public spaces like school, convention square etc). Their ideological separation also took out national problems. The division; professional artists and armatures, became the social issue as a social stratification matter. And in creating method, there are also other conflicts; critical realism, and public realism as well as western painting and traditional one. These kinds of separation and conflicts made different Public artists associations, under divergent names; ‘Reality and Speak’(R&S), ‘KwangJu Art Association’, ‘Durung’, ‘Dang(Land)’, and ‘Local Youth Students Association’. In addition, their ideology and pursuit toward art movements were very difference. However, the differences and conflicts weakened When the oppression of democratic education from new dictatorship(Pres. Jun, Doo Hwan) came out. In August. 1985 the government opened to the public so called, 'The draft of School stabilization law'(Hankwon Anjung Bup) to control the teachers' rights and that initiated bigger street demonstration and conflicts between police and educators. In November.1985, assembly meeting of National Arts Association in democracy opened as ‘ONE’ combined organization. In this presentation, I'd like to summarize the stream of art movement until 1984, and clarify the main art theories that lead the Public Art Movements in 1980s. The main theories in 1980s are crucial because they become the origin of public art theories. This presentation started with O,youn's ｢Hyunsil Dong In the first declaration｣ and explained the absent of practice in 1970s. In addition, Won, Dong Suk 's theory was mentioned as all over struggles in theories before 1980s. GA and R&S 's founding declarations in 1970s were the start of public art theorists' activities and this article reported the activities after the declarations. First, realism base on the consciousness of reality. Second, practice art democratization based on the ideology. Third, the subject of public art movement based on understanding people's social stratification structure. Fourth, the matters of national forms and creative ways in arts based on showing reality. Fifth, the strong points in arts that the practitioners accepted. About the public art theories around 1984, I discussed the dividing point of public art theories that were shown in ‘generation theory’, ‘organization theory’, and ‘popularization theory’ by the practitioners. The public realism theory that subjects the contradiction of reality and point out the limits of critical realism not only showing the new creative ways but also giving the feeling of solidarity to the public art activist groups. After that, public art movements expressed ‘Dismentlement of Capitalism’ and ‘Public revolution’. In addition, the direction of public art movements were established strongly. There were various opinions and views during the start and formation of the public art theories. The foundation of theorists activities derived from the practitioners who had the concept based on stratification and nationalism. The strong trend of group division spreaded out by practitioners who opened art work together in factories, universities, squares and rural areas. Now many lively active practitioners are gone to the other field not related with arts, and others join into professional art field not public art one with unknown reason. The theorists have the same situation with the practitioners. It means to me that theory always have to be based on the practice.

This studyevaluates the effectiveness ofthe “ Seoul Sanitation Grading System Evaluation Index" devel0ped earlier and to analyze sanitation management practlces in restaurants in Seoul, Korea. The categories evaluated were the food management standard, facilities/equipment standard, and essential checking items specified in the law. These items were graded and classified into A (100~90)， B (89~80)， C (79~ 70) and Score (less than 69) based on the criteria set by the present researchers. We randomly selected 56 restaurants in five l0cal cities (Jung-gu, Seocho-gu, Jongno-gu, Songpa-gu and YIeongdeungpo-gu) and investigated each by actually visiting the site of business. The achievement rate for food management standard was 80.8%; as for the specific items in the category, it was the highest in food ingredients at 77.1 % and the lowest in food storage at 62.1 %. For the facilities/equipment standard, the achievement rate was 77.8%; as for the specific items in the category， it was the highest for vermin at 88 .1 % and the lowest for operation at 70.8%. The achievement rate for overall individual sanitary management was 70.7% and in the category, the lowest score was seen in hand washing at 57.1 %. The overall average score of sanitation management practices using the Seoul Sanitation Grading System Evaluation Index in restaurants in Seoul was 73.7, which fell into the C category. As for the number of restaurants in each grade category, there were 10 (17.9%) in each category of A (100~90), B (89~80) and C (79~70) with 30 (53.6%) scoring higher than 70, whereas those scoring less than 69 included 26 (46.4%). The average scores for those restaurants designated by local governments (exemplary restaurants, general restaurants, best Korean restaurants in Seoul) were not significantly diffierent; however, they were higher in franchises than those small restaurants ran by individuals.

The safety & health can not be accomplished by only one side's effort of labor and management. To establish high level of occupational safety & health system, we have to recognize the extent of participance and need to study about how to keep the labor-management cooperation in good condition. The purpose of this paper is to make better suggestions such as how to improve the labor-management cooperation and how to establish the efficient occupational safety & health law through studying the labor-management cooperation system in the occupational safety & health.

노인장기요양보험제도는 비전문적인 가족 요양을 계획적인 전문적 요양, 간호서비스 제공 등으로 대체함으로써 노인의 신체기능호전, 사망률 감소 등으로 삶의 질을 크게 향상하고, 요양시설에 대한 부담을 보험화해서 가족의 부양 부담을 경감하며, 여성 등 비공식 요양인의 기회비용과 노동손실을 줄여 경제적 편익과 경제, 사회 활동에 매우 필요한 제도이다. 특히 급성기 병상에서 요양병원이나 요양시설로 서비스 전달체계가 효율적으로 운용되고 무엇보다 노인의료비 절감효과가 크다. 그러나 사회복지서비스 전반에 미칠 문제로서 법제도 이분화, 포괄범위의 문제, 관리운영주체 및 전달체계 등과 같은 몇 가지 중요한 과제를 해결해야 한다. 첫째, 법제도의 이분화로 시설서비스에 있어 노인복지법과 보건의료관계법 사이에서의 문제를 해결하여야 한다. 둘째는 대상자 범위 및 관리운영 체계로 노인장기요양보험 대상자의 단계적 확대가 필요하며, 관리운영 체계는 지역사회 중심의 통합적 서비스 제공을 통해 지자체의 서비스 책임을 강화하고, 시설 및 인력 인프라의 확충을 통해 서비스 질적 수준 향상을 도모하여야 할 것이다. 셋째는 요양시설의 경영의 문제로 정부지원에 의해 운영하던 방식을 이제는 경영이라는 의식의 전환이 필요하며, 무엇보다도 시설의 운영조직을 구축해야 한다. 노인요양시설 대부분이 직계식(수직적) 조직 형태를 띠고 있는데 노인장기요양에서는 라인 앤드 스탭(line & staff)조직으로 변경하여 노인요양시설로 하여금 시장지향적으로 유도하며 고객가치를 창출하는 이용자 중심적 노인장기요양서비스를 제공하여야 할 것이다.

Islamic international law is a branch of the Shari’ah (Islamic law). Due to the classical doctrine of the notion of‘ Jihad,’there have been misconceptions and Islam has been painted as a religion encouraging violence and war. This paper appeals for the reconsideration of the classical doctrine, which was adopted at a time when there was a state of war between Islamic and non-Islamic states. Going back to the roots and referring to the Qur’an and the Sunnah: the two primary sources of Islamic law, the paper argues that Islam prohibits aggressive war and that the essence of‘ jihad’ is‘ self-defense.’After elaborating the essential conditions of the right of self-defense, the paper concludes that Islamic international law can contribute much to the present world order by providing moral and ethical values that modern international law is lacking.

The creation of the Iraqi Special Tribunal in December 2003 by Iraqi authorities who were at the time under the legal occupation of the Coalition Provisional Authority marked the emergence of a new form of internationalized domestic tribunals. The Iraqis succeeded in incorporating the full range of modern crimes into their domestic codes alongside some carefully selected domestic offenses, while amending domestic procedural law in some key ways to align the process with established international law related to the provision of full and fair trials. The subsequent investigations and the beginning of trial proceedings generated major debates about the legitimacy of such a domestic forum within the context of human rights norms and the law of occupation. In particular, there was a major strand of thought from outside Iraq that the most legitimate and appropriate forum would have been an international process under the authority of the United Nations. This article examines the arguments made by the Iraqis who demanded a domestic process based on their inquisitorial model, setting them in the broader context of the emerging trends in international criminal law. Through a detailed and unique analysis of the provisions of human rights law and underlying Iraqi procedural law, it criticizes the arguments made by some that assume the illegitimacy of the tribunal under established international norms. The article provides the most detailed explanation of the law of occupation as it emerged following World War II to conclude that the establishment of the Tribunal as an independent court, and its subsequent validation by sovereign Iraqi domestic authorities, was completely valid and proper. The overarching theme of the article is that the imposition of artificial standards and the complete revocation of the preexisting Iraqi judicial structures would have created a process deemed wholly illegitimate by the Iraqi people and judiciary that would have undermined the establishment of the rule of law in Iraq. The author’s personal interactions with the judges serve to support the conclusion that the Tribunal is capable of serving as the doorway through which the detailed body of international criminal law is introduced to the broader Arabic speaking world.

Lotus-type porous nickel with cylindrical pores was fabricated by unidirectional solidification under an Ar gas atmosphere using the thermal decomposition method of the compounds such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and titanium hydride. The decomposed gas does form the pores in liquid nickel, and then, the pores become the cylindrical pores during unidirectional solidification. The decomposed particles from the compounds do play a rule on nucleation sites of the pores. The behavior of pore growth was controlled by atmosphere pressure, which can be explained by Boyle's law. The porosity and pore size decreased with increasing Ar gas pressure when the pores contain hydrogen gas decomposed from calcium and sodium hydroxide and titanium hydride, ; however it they did not change when the pores contain containing carbon dioxide decomposed from calcium carbonate. These results indicate that nickel does not have the solubility of carbon dioxide. Lotus-type porous metals can be easily fabricated by the thermal decomposition method, which is superior to the conventional fabrication method used to pressurized gas atmospheres.

International human rights discourse has largely ignored the decentralization of political, fiscal and administrative authority currently taking place across the developing world. By reference to Indonesia’s recent transition from a highly centralised system of government to a system of regional autonomy (called Otonomi Daerah, or “Otda”), this article demonstrates the importance of more closely examining the relationship between international human rights and decentralization. In particular, it is argued that an understanding of international human rights can shed light on the dynamics of decentralization and, vice versa, examining decentralization can inform our understandings of international human rights. The essay explains the historical, political and economic context of Otda and briefly describes its current legal framework. It then explores the varied impacts Otda has had on international human rights in Indonesia and how Otda can, in turn, highlight some of the limits and possibilities of international human rights.

The Article 24 of the United Nations Charter prescribes the responsibility of the Security Council in maintaining the peace and security of the international community. Due to emerging threats against international peace, such as terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and increasing recognition of the ‘ human security’concept, the Security Council now needs to diversify approaches to international security, such as prevention by establishing new international norms through quasi-legislation activities, in addition to a conventional approach of response to crisis such as peace keeping. Thus, the reform of theSecurity Council must be considered so that the Security Council could deal with such new threats more effectively as well as more legitimately.

As the primary mode of long distance transport between nations, international air transport plays an essential role in the development and prosperity of the global economy. While other services sectors have benefited immensely from the multilateral trading system, the air transport services have long been dominated by restrictive bilateral arrangements since the Chicago Conference of 1944. Following the successful deregulation of its domestic air transport regimes, the United States initiated an Open Skies campaign toward international air services liberalization in 1990s. The conclusion of the U.S.- EU Open Skies Agreement in April 2007 represents a landmark in the liberalization of international air services. This historic deal not only heralded a new era in transatlantic aviation, but also strengthened the path-dependence of air transport services liberalization. As a major economic power and potential aviation power, China would benefit immensely from the liberalization of air services. However, base on actual conditions, a controllable and phased-in approach toward liberalization is a more rational choice for China at present.

What is an Islamic view of women’s rights? Is there an authentic Islamic interpretation of this issue? The central argument of this article is that there is no unique Islamic view of women’s rights and even more, that according to the very nature and spirit of Islamic law itself, there should be no such version. The article starts with an overview of states’ international obligations with regard to protection of women’s rights. It continues with some examples of implementation of these obligations in several states proclaiming Islam as official religion and source of legislation. This part of the article demonstrates diversity of views existing among such states and insists on the fact that it is not religion itself, but its misuse by patriarchal totalitarian regimes that impedes any development towards improvement of the situation of women in some Muslim states. Finally, the article suggests that international lawyers shall abandon sacralizing religiously framed defences of certain states and be in contrast more attentive and sensitive to difficulties faced by other Muslim states in their effort to reform and reinterpret Islamic law.

Until the year 2000, there was no specific statute enacted in Jordan that regulates unfair competition. In the year 2000, the Jordanian Unfair Competition Law No. 15 of 2000 was enacted. The Law deals with the issue of unfair competition in a very generic way. In addition to the Jordanian Unfair Competition Law, the principal statutory source of protection is implemented through the general rules and principles of civil law, particularly, tort law and injurious acts. Although the Jordanian Unfair Competition Law purports to implement a general legal regime on unfair competition, it includes very little in terms of substantive or procedural protection of unfair competition. Presently, the Jordanian legal system provides only very limited protection which is not adequate to accommodate unfair competition cases. Therefore, statutory changes are needed.