산화아연 나노물질(나노 ZnO)은 식품산업에서 식품포장재, 식품첨가물 및 아연 보충제 등과 같이 다양한 분야에 사용되고 있으나 생체 내 단백질과의 상호작용 및 그에 따른 독성연구는 미진한 실정이다. 나노물질은 체내에서 생체단백질과의 흡착에 의한 나노-단백질 코로나를 형성할 수 있는데, 이 같은 현상은 나노물질의 흡수, 조직분포 및 독성에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 입자크기(나노 vs 벌크)에 따른 산화아연의 체내 단백질과 상호작용을 생체모사용액(위액, 장액, 혈장) 및 ex vivo 조직추출액을 이용하여 연구하였다. 그 결과, 모든 생체모사조건에서 나노 ZnO의 표면전하는 벌크 ZnO와 유의적으로 다르게 변화하는 것이 관찰되었고, 혈액모사조건에서 단백질과 상호작용 정도가 더 큰 것으로 확인되었다. 반면, 입자크기에 따른 용해도 및 장관 상피세포 흡수기작의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 프로테오믹스 분석 결과, 입자크기에 관계없이 알부민, 피브리노겐 및 피브로넥틴이 ZnO-단백질 코로나 형성에 주로 관여하는 혈장단백질로 확인되었으나, 벌크 ZnO 대비 나노 ZnO와의 상호작용 정도가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 식품용 ZnO의 입자 크기에 따라 체내 단백질과의 상호작용 정도가 달라질 수 있음을 규명함으로써, 향후 나노물질과 생체 내 단백질의 상호작용에 따른 잠재적 독성을 예측하는데 중요한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

1,2,3차 산업혁명은 ‘제조업을 중심으로 한 생산혁명’이라고 한다면, 4차 산업혁명은 첨단 통신기술을 기반으로 ‘전 산업분야에 걸쳐 일어나는 소비혁명’이라고 할 수 있다. 지능정보기술이 확산하며 생산과 소비의 전 과정이 지능화되고 긴밀하게 상호작용하는 혁명적 변화를 가리킨다고 할 수 있다. 사물인터넷, 빅데이터, 인공지능 등의 지능정보기술이 스마트한 초연결 플랫폼을 형성함에 따라, 생산과 소비의 전 과정이 실시간으로 융합하는 시대가 열리고 있다. 생산자는 소비자의 요구를 실시간으로 반영하여 재고 없이 생산하고, 소비자는 원하는 제품과 서비스를 적기에 제공받을 수 있게 될 것이다. 매년 세계 식량의 1/3이 폐기되어 1.3 조억 달러(2015년)의 손실이 추정되는 식품산업도 4차 산업혁명과 연계해, ICT를 기반으로 제조, 유통, 소비 전 과정에서의 신선도, 온도, 습도 등에 대한 정보를 Retailer나 소비자에게 스마트패키징을 통해 식품 안전과 손실 저감을 획기적으로 줄여감으로써 미래 스마트컨슈밍 산업을 선도할 것으로 기대하고 있다. 인쇄전자와 Nano 기술의 발전은 감각센서, 전자태그, 기능성 복합소재 형태로 스마트패키징의 기술구현을 이루고 있다. 이러한 스마트패키징은 식품의 품질유지와 제품수명 연장을 위한 능동형패키징과 식품의 안정성과 제품정보를 제공하는 지능형패키징으로 구분되며, 친환경패키징와 더불어 4차 산업혁명 시대에 식품포장 산업의 새로운 전개를 해 나갈 것으로 기대된다.

3D 프린팅 기술과 미래식품산업 프린팅 기술은 다양한 공업분야의 기술 및 연구개발 단계에서 주로 언급되어 지고 있다. 특히, 식품산업으로의 적용에 대한 가능성 및 잠재력에 대한 관심이 커지고 있는 상황이며, 3D 프린팅 기술을 적용하여 혁신적인 식품의 제조 및 조리에 대한 실제적 성과들이 모여지고 있는 실정이다. 그러나, 3D 프린팅을 하기 위한 식품재료의 제한성이 주된 문제점으로 지적되고 있어 이를 극복하기 위한 식품소재의 개발에 집중하자는 의견 및 방향성이 잡아져 가고 있다. 기존의 연구개발성과 및 산업적 적용에 대한 예를 바탕으로 3D 프린팅 기술이 적용된 미래식품산업에 대한 전망하고자 한다.

21세기 식품산업에서 소비자들의 개인화 (Personalization)와 주문 제작(Customization)에 대한 요구는 계속 증가하고 있다. 특히, millennial 세대가 경제 주체로서 활동하는 비율이 증가함에 따라, ‘나를 위하여 제작된 개인화 제품’을 찾는 경향은 더욱 늘어날 것이며, 이 경향은 nutrigenetics와 nutrigenomics에 기반한 개인화 영양 (personalized nutrition)의 영역에서도 증가하는 추세를 보이고 있다. 반면 현재의 대형식품회사들은 여전히 전통적인 대량 생산/ 대량 유통 시스템에 머물러 있고 효율적인 massive customization 을 구현하지 못하고 있어 시대의 변화에 매우 제한적인 대응밖에는 하고 있지 못한 상황이다.. Millennial 세대의 구매 트렌드 변화를 놓치지 않고 소비자의 기대에 제대로 부응하기 위하여 현재 활발한 연구가 진행 중인 4차 산업혁명 관련 미래기술과 융복합 기술들의 상업화 적용 속도가 빨라져야만 할 것이다.

식음료분야 전문의 글로벌 시장조사 기업인 Innova Market Insights (이노바 마켓 인사이트, 네덜란드 푸드밸리)는 글로벌 식품산업에서의 로봇 산업에 대한 인사이트를 소개한다. 4차 산업혁명의 키워드 중의 하나인 “인공지능과 지능형 로봇”은 전세계적으로 모든 산업에 영향을 미치고 있다. 식품산업도 예외는 아니며, 가정에서의 서비스 로봇의 개발도 이미 상업화 단계에 이르고 있다. 글로벌 식품산업과 소비자의 변화를 이끌고 있는 4차 산업혁명을 준비해야 하는 시점에서, 대표적인 사례들을 통해 인공지능과 식품 서비스 로봇의 개발 현황을 살펴본다. 1. Attraction for food & drink manufacturers in robotics 2. Ready to do cognitive cooking? Chef Watson 3. Robo Chef ? Moley Robotics robo chef 4. Bionic Bartender ? MakrShakr 5. AI advise Master brewer ? Intelligent X 6. Machine Learning Understand Consumer Preferences ? Graze 7. Opportunities in Service Robot Innova Market Insights (이노바 마켓 인사이트): 네덜란드의 FoodValley에 본사를 둔 Innova Market Insights b.v.(이노바 마켓 인사이트)는 글로벌 식품산업에 Innovadatabase(이노바 데이터베이스)를 제공하고 있다. 전세계에서 유일하고, 가장 앞선 식음료 관련분야의 전문적인 데이터베이스 플랫폼으로서, “새로운 기술”과 “신제품 정보”, “마케팅관점의 트렌드 보고서”, “혁신적인 패키지” 등을 하나의 플랫폼으로 제공하고 있다. 해외의 혁신적인 브랜드와 패키지, 새로운 제품들을 가장 먼저 만날 수 있다. 이미 국내외 많은 기업들이 Innovadatabase를 이용하고 있으며, 새로운 아이디어와 트렌드로 시장을 개척하고 있다.

World is now shifting from the industrial and information society to the 4th Industrial Revolution in its structure, and new products and services appear in various sectors. The 4th Industrial Revolution changes the entire daily lives in more convenient, safer, and more effective forms. There will be many changes in food industries with combination between intelligent information technologies such as IoT, big data, AI and new technologies such as 3D printing, robotics, and nano-technology, developing more intelligent ones. Intelligent IoT is one of four main basic industries for sustainable growth with future driving force in Korea. Since 2010, food smart distribution researches combining food technologies and ICT have been conducted in Korea, and core original technologies including quality management sensor, intelligent food distribution environment control system, smart warehouse, real-time quality monitoring, etc. Food smart distribution technology is a system converging ICT including sensor tag, sensor network, and LBS and food technologies for safe management of history, quality, and distribution, and it will be applied to food distribution industries, developing the domestic food distribution industries to the world-class level. Recently, IoT has been increasingly introduced into food industries, and development of new convergence technologies and adjustment to technological changes are required, and it is necessary to establish strategies for how to introduce food system based on IoT. As a result of the analysis of frequency of keywords o technological trends by applying text-mining technologies into tremendous amount of unstructured data created by newly convergence technologies between food and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, there are eight main keywords including IoT, smart sensor, artificial intelligence(AI), multi-tasking, automatic cognition/discernment, quality management, simplification of distribution, an customer-friendly. It is necessary to make national strategies for R&D. In case of Korea, ICT is the world class, and if it is applied to food industries, it will be available to develop new world-class business models.

Acetic acid bacteria strains were isolated from a variety of fermented foods and fallen fruits. Among them, the strain MAK88, whose acetic acid fermentation ability, acid-tolerance, and alcohol-tolerance were high, was selected and identified as Acetobacter orientalis. A seed culture of A. orientalis MAK88 was inoculated into onion juice, and the optimum conditions of acetic acid fermentation was investigated. The optimum initial concentration of ethanol in onion juice was 5% (v/v) and in that condition, acidity was 4.31% at 144 h of fermentation. The optimum initial concentration of acetic acid was 1% and the final acidity was 5.32%. The optimum fermentation temperature was determined to be 28oC. The most appropriate preparation method of onion juice was to heat the onion at 121oC for 15 min and produce juice with pressure followed by filtering, and then sterilization at 121oC for 15 min. Prepared onion juice was used for fermentation without dilution.

The purpose of this study was to improve the nutrition and the permeability of functional plants by using cryogenic grinding technology. Barley sprouts, Curcuma longa L., Dendropanax morbifera LEV., Phellinus linteus were dried, ground and extracted in different temperature conditions. Powder size of barley sprouts and Curcuma longa L. were about 50 μm and Dendropanax morbifera LEV. and Phellinus linteus were about 20 μm. Cryogenic ground of Barley sprouts preserved 18.27-124.65% of nutrients such as protein, ash, carbohydrate, beta carotene, minerals, vitamins. Cryogenic grinding powder of Curcuma longa L. show high nutrients retention rate of lipid and carbohydrate. Permeability was measured by Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) to predict passive gastrointestinal absorption. Permeability of saponarin, which is marker compound of Barley sprouts, is 9.88 times higher in cryogenic grinding powder than ambient grinding powder. Curcumin permability is 3.1 times higher than ambient grinded powder. As a result, particle size, nutrition, protein digestion degree and permeability demonstrated a positive relationship with the decreasing grinding temperature for the powders. These results confirm that the cryogenic grinding method had good suitability to increase functionality of plants, since it could minimize the heat generated while processing and effectively reduce the particle size.

Glucansucrase is an enzyme classified as a glycoside hydrolase (GH) 70 family, which catalyzes the synthesis of glucooligosaccharides with a low molecular weight using sucrose as a donor of D-glucopyranose and maltose as a carbohydrate acceptor. In this study, glucansucrase-producing lactic acid bacteria strain was isolated from the fermented foods collected in traditional markets, and the optimum conditions for the oligosaccharide production were investigated. The strain CCK940 isolated from Chinese cabbage kimchi was selected as an oligosaccharide-producing strain due to its high glucansucrase activity, with 918.2 mU/mL, and identified as Leuconostoc lactis. The optimum conditions for the production of oligosaccharides using Leu. lactis CCK940 were to adjust the initial pH to 6.0, add 5% (w/v) sucrose and 10% (w/v) maltose as a donor and acceptor molecules, respectively, and feed 5% (w/v) sucrose at 4 and 8 h of cultivation. When Leu. lactis CCK940 was cultured for 12 h at optimum conditions, at least four oligosaccharides with a polymerization degree of 2-4 were produced.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different types of frying oil on the quality of yakgwa such as expansion rate, color, moisture content and rheological properties. Yakgwa fried with corn oil showed the highest expansion in width and length, and rice bran oil in height. With regard to the overall expansion rate, yakgwa fried with rice bran had the highest value. As for lightness and yellowness, yakgwa fried with soybean oil had the highest lightness (34.74), while yakgwa fried with grape seed oil had the lowest lightness (29.82). As for redness, however, no significant difference was found. Regarding fat content, yakgwa fried with rice bran oil showed the highest value with 18.91%, while yakgwa fried with corn oil and canola oil showed the lowest value. No difference was found in moisture content according to the type of frying oil. In relation to the acid value, yagkwa with soybean oil showed the lowest value of 0.24±0.66; as for peroxide value, yagkwa fried with rice bran oil showed the lowest value of 3.59±1.74 meq/kg. No difference was found in hardness, cohesiveness and resilience according to the type of frying oil. Yagkwa fried with corn oil and canola oil showed the lowest value in terms of adhesiveness and chewiness, respectively. The results of the sensory evaluation showed not significance difference in overall preference, but yakgwa fried with rice bran oil had the highest value of 5.93±1.87.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory properties of macaron with cabbage powder (CP). Physicochemical and sensory properties of macaron with different amounts (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) of CP were examined. The quality of macarons was evaluated based on spread factor, baking loss rate, color, texture, antioxidant activities, and sensory evaluation. As amount of CP addition increased, spread factor, baking loss rate, and L and a values decreased, whereas b value increased (p<0.05). For texture properties, hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness were increased by addition of CP (p<0.05). The gumminess and brittleness did not show significant changes up to 3% CP addition although significant changes in 5-7% CP addition (p<0.05) were evident. The total polyphenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging activities, and reducing power were significantly increased by addition of CP at high concentrations (p<0.05). In the consumer acceptance of macarons, 3% CP showed the highest in color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance and 5% CP showed the highest in taste. Meanwhile, macaron containing 7% CP showed the lowest scores in texture and overall acceptance (p<0.05). These data suggested that adding 3% of CP was the optimal concentration for making macaron.

Fish skin peptide-loaded liposomes were prepared in 100 mL and 1 L solution as lab scales, and 10 L solution as a prototype scale. The particle size and zeta potential were measured to determine the optimal conditions for the production of fish skin peptide-loaded liposome. The liposome was manufactured by the following conditions: (1) primary homogenization at 4,000 rpm, 8,000 rpm, and 12,000 rpm for 3 minutes; (2) secondary homogenization at 40 watt (W), 60 W, and 80 W for 3 minutes. From this experimental design, the optimal conditions of homogenization were selected as 4,000 rpm and 60 W. For the next step, fish peptides were prepared as the concentrations of 3, 6, and 12% at the optimum manufacturing conditions of liposome and stored at 4ºC. Particle size, polydispersion index (pdI), and zeta potential of peptide-loaded liposome were measured for its stability. Particle size increased significantly as manufacture scale and peptide concentration increased, and decreased over storage time. The zeta potential results increased as storage time increased at 10 L scale. In addition, 12% peptide showed the formation of a sediment layer after 3 weeks, and 6% peptide was considered to be the most suitable for industrial application.

This study investigates the quality characteristics of dough and bread added with 6% chestnut shell powder and extruded chestnut shell powder at various conditions. As extrusion process variables, melt temperature (110°C, 130°C, 150°C) and moisture (25% and 30%) were controlled. Total dietary fiber content was slightly increased in extruded chestnut shell powder group. In the farinogram, absorption was significantly increased in the group of 25% moisture content and 30% moisture content (p<0.05). After 2 hours and 3 hours, the leavening heights of dough for control showed a similar tendency to that of dough with extruded chestnut shell at a melt temperature 150°C and with moisture content of 25% and 30%. Specific volume was the highest at a control of 3.74±0.08 cc/g and extruded chestnut shell powder group was slightly higher than the chestnut shell powder group. Firmness after 1 day on control of 107.42±14.52 g was similar to that of the bread with extruded chestnut shell at a temperature of 150°C and moisture content of 25% for 113.33±6.17 g. In conclusion, the extrusion-cooking of chestnut shell powder improved the quality characteristics of dough and bread. The optimum combinations of conditions in tested range were melt temperature at 150°C and moisture content at 25%, and melt temperature at 130°C and moisture content at 30%.

The relationship of in vitro starch digestibility and gel strength was investigated at various concentrations (10-30%) of rice cultivars with different amylose contents (27.9, 17.9, and 5.2%). As the rice flour concentration increased, predicted glycemic index decreased, but gel strength increased regardless of amylose contents. Gel strength correlated strongly with amylose content, whereas in vitro starch digestibility was more highly affected by rice flour concentration than by amylose contents. Moreover, the impact of degree of gelatinization on in vitro starch digestibility of high amylose rice was also examined in terms of structural features and rheological properties. The digestion rate of fully gelatinized flour was 1.7 times higher than that of native flour, while the disrupted structure with a different gelatinization degree during starch digestion was visually demonstrated through the X-ray diffraction and molecular distribution analysis. The rice flour changed from an A-type to a V-type pattern and showed difference in crystalline melting. The low molecular weight distribution increased with increasing degree of gelatinization during starch digestion. The apparent viscosity also increased with degree of gelatinization. These results demonstrated that the starch digestibility of rice was more affected by concentration than by amylose content, as well as by the degree of gelatinization due to structural difference.

This study investigated the changes in the physicochemical properties of soybean sprout, radish, and pork loin during frozen Bibimbab production. The qualities of soybean sprout were affected by the blanching, thawing, and cooking processes, with the blanching process particularly regarded as an important process to attribute the overall quality of the soybean sprouts in the final product. High weight loss of radish was found in the thawing and cooking processes, while the weight loss was relatively lower than that of soybean sprout. However, mixing with hot rice can be attributed for the steep decrease in shear force of the radish. For pork meat, normally thermal treatment such as mixing with hot rice and cooking manifested quality deterioration. Based on the results, mixing process appeared to be the most important process which affected the final quality of the materials. To improve the quality of final frozen Bibimbab, therefore, it was recommended to freeze the food ingredient separately from rice prior to packaging, which warranted the follow up exploration.

A cultivar (Malus domestica cv. Fuji) of apple was selected to make apple peel (AP) powder by three different powdering methods. Frozen AP was thawed and subsequently was dried or ground without drying. After AP was dried by hot-air drying at 60°C or freeze-drying, the dried AP was ground using a conventional blender. Separately, the thawed AP was powered by using a cryogenic micro grinding technology (CMGT). The ground AP and three types of AP powder were extracted using deionized water, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% methanol, followed by vacuum evaporation. The total phenolics contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC), DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging capacities of each extract were compared to determine an efficient powdering method. Lyophilized AP powder extract using 60% methanol showed the highest TPC and DPPH radical scavenging capacity. In contrast, 60% methanol extract of the powder by CMGT, resulting in the smallest particle, exhibited the highest TFC and ABTS radical scavenging capacity. This study suggests that the extraction yield of bioactive compounds from AP may be varied according to different powdering methods and that a new powdering process such as CMGT may be applicable to develop functional foods efficiently.

Alcoholic steatosis is a fundamental metabolic disorder and may precede the onset of more severe forms of alcoholic liver disease. In this study, we isolated enzymatichydrolysate from Semisulcospira libertine by alcalase hydrolysis and investigated the protective effect of Semisulcospira libertine hydrolysate on liver injury induced by alcohol in the mouse model of chronic and binge ethanol feeding (NIAAA). In an in vitro study, the hydrolysate protects HepG2 cells from ethanol toxicity. Liver damage was assessed by histopathological examination, as well as by quantitating activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). After the administration of S. libertina hydrolysate, fat accumulation and infiltration of inflammatory cells in liver tissues were significantly decreased in the NIAAA mouse model. The elevated levels of serum AST, ALT, and ALP activities, along with the lipid contents of a damaged liver, were recovered in experimental mice administrated with S. libertina hydrolysate, suggesting its role in blood enzyme activation and lipid content restoration within damaged liver tissues. Moreover, treatment with S. libertine hydrolysate reduced the expression rate of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, which accelerate inflammation and induces tissue damage. All data showed that S. libertine hydrolysate has a preventive role against alcohol-induced liver damages by improving the activities of blood enzymes and modulating the expression of inflammation factor, suggesting S. libertine hydrolysate could be a commercially potential material for the restoration of hepatotoxicity.

Weight loss that influences quality and farmer incomes is affected by the storage environment of agricultural products. The interior of storage should be maintained at high humidity to prevent the weight loss of products which contain a lot of moisture. The research had constantly proceeded with change in the heat exchanger surface areas, humidity systems, and weight loss forecast to maintain high humidity within storage. Relative humidity that exerts an effect weight loss of crop is influenced by storage temperature, leak state, and volume of product. When weight loss is predicted, different conditions of these factors are derived. In case of CA storage, ways of forecasting the weight loss become easier compared to cold storage due to sealed storage with external environment during storage period. In this study, apples were stored in purge-type CA storage and weight loss has been predicted by using operating characteristics and environmental conditions. As a result, humidity variation in the storage fluctuates with the operation of the unit-cooler. Furthermore, unit-cooler operation factor is influenced by outside temperature and respiration heat. Prediction value of weight loss according to temperature and humidity has been most accurately predicted. Prediction value through defrosting water measured shows unit-cooler work quality. K-value needs verification to calculate the VPD method.