Population dynamics of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, and their parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae were examined while considering the spatio-temporal interactions using population modelling as a tool. The modelling of two species host-parasitoid systems identified the some factors concerning the long-term dynamics of interacting populations. In the single host system, the total density of S. zeamais increased exponentially and reached a saturated, asymptotic level with time. This stabilization in the density could be explained by the spatio-temporal dynamics among the patches. S. zeamais disperses continuously from patches of high density to those of low density. This density-dependent dispersal could be one of the mechanisms for stabilizing the S. zeamais population density. In the S. zeamais-A. calandrae system, both populations showed long-term coexistence. The long term coexistence could be attributed to spatio-temporal interactions of S. zeamais and A. calandrae resulted from dispersal of host and a non-random searching behavior of the parasitoid. Because such spatio-temporal variation in population dynamics, the overall host-parasitoid system may have been in a stable state, although the local population system in each patch was unstable.

Understanding population dynamics is an important issue in population ecology because it can provide insight into factors determining population behavior as well as providing guidelines for population management. Complex population dynamics generally result from the combined influences of both intrinsic and exogenous forces. Therefore suitable analyzing methods are needed. In this presentation, various time series analyses approaches such as autocorrelation, Fourier Transformation, Cross-correlation, synchrony etc. will presented to extract information embedded in the population data observed in agricultural and forest ecosystems.

곤충을 포함한 생물의 잠재적 서식지나 정착평가 분야에서 기후․서식지 모형화 기술이 폭넓게 이용되고 있다. 이러한 기술은 최근 지구온난화에 따른 새로운 침입해충의 유입 가능성이 증가함에 따라 향후 잠재적 분포지역 예측 및 관리방안 수립 등에도 활용되고 있다. 지금까지 침입해충의 정착이나 분포확산을 다루는 기술은 근본적으로 생태적 지위 모형(Ecological niche models)로서 기전모형 (Mechanistic models)과 경험적 모형(Empirical models)으로 구분할 수 있다. 전자는 비생물적 요인에 대한 생리적 내성을 기초로 정착 여부 평가하는 방법으로 기본적 니체(fundamental niche)를 추정한다. 후자는 비생물적 요인과 해당 해충의 발생과의 상관관계를 기초로 현실적 니체(realized niche)에 접근한다. 이러한 생태적 지위모형은 다양하게 개발되었는데, CLIMEX, SPECIES, 유전적 알고리즘 (GARP, genetic algorithm), 최대 엔트로피(Maxent, maximum entropy) 등 다양한 기법들이 제시되었다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라로 침입이 우려되는 과실파리류에 대하여 저온사망률 자료를 이용한 내한성 모형(일종의 기전모형)을 소개한다. 또한 국내 기후환경에서 잠재적 분포지역을 추정하고, RCP 8.5 시나리오에 따라 향후 분포지역의 변동을 고찰한다. 본 모형은 1km 전자기후도를 이용하여 GIS 기반 웹-시스템으로 구현하였다 (http://npqs.epinet.co.kr/html2/page1_1.html).

톱다리개미허리노린재 [Riptortus pedestris (Thunberg)]의 경우 콩으로 침입해 들어오는 시기가 콩의 개화시기와 관련하여 특정 시기에 한정되어 있다. 만약 콩이 개화하는 시기에 주변 톱다리개미허리노린재 개체군의 밀도 및 성충의 상대적 비율 등을 추정할 수 있다면 약제 방제 시기의 결정이나, 파종 시기의 변경과 같은 경종적 방법을 이용한 피해 경감 전략 수립에 큰 도움이 될 것이다. 따라서 본 발표는 톱다리개미허리노린재의 발육, 산란 등을 설명하는 수학적 함수를 상용 소프트웨어를 사용하여 밀도변동 예측 모델을 구축한 후 이를 이용한 시뮬레이션 결과 및 의미를 평가하고자 한다. 톱다리개미허리노린재 밀도 변동 예측 모델은 상용소프트웨어인 DYMEX ® (Maywald et. al., 2007)를 이용하여 구축하였다. 모델은 10개의 모듈로 구성되었으며, Lifecycle 모듈은 알, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5령, 성충의 7개 발육 단계로 구성하였다. 각 충태별 온도에 따른 발육율, 발육완료 함수 및 성충의 사망률함수, 누적산란율 함수는 Kim et al. (2009)이 발표한 논문의 자료를 사용하였다. 성충 발육율 함수는 동 논문의 자료를 이용하여 별도로 추정하였고, 성충의 성비는 0.5로 가정하였다. 모델의 평가를 위해 2010∼2012년 3년간 경기도 화성시 팔탄면, 충청남도 예산군 신암면에서 집합페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 3월부터 11월까지 매주 조사된 톱다리개미허리노린재 성충 포획 성적과, 경기도농업기술원과 충청남도농업기술원에서 운영하고 있는 화성시 팔탄면, 예산군 신암면에 설치된 자동기상관측장비(AWS)의 기상 자료를 사용하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 톱다리개미 허리노린재는 연간 3∼4세대 발생 가능하였으며, 예측된 세대간 연도간 발생시기 및 밀도는 조사치와 차이가 있었으나 밀도 변동 경향은 비슷하였다.

식생의 계절 및 연간변동성은 식물을 먹이자원으로 살아가는 섭식자의 개체군 동태와 상호작용하는 중요한 생태계 요소이다. 이 발표에서는 생태계생지화학모형, 위성영상정보, 지상관측영상정보 등을 활용해 수행한 산림식생의 계절성 및 연간변동성에 대한 연구결과를 소개한다. 구체적인 사례들로 (1) 2009년 남부지방에서 보고된 광범위한 소나무 고사현상에 대한 기상요인의 영향을 파악하기 위해 수행한 생태계 생지화학모델링의 식생동태 계절 및 연간변동성 결과, (2) 지상관측영상정보를 활용해 낙엽활엽수림 임관의 계절변화를 관측하고 이를 증산류 측정과 연계하여 해석한 연구결과, 그리고 마지막으로 (3) 위성영상정보를 활용해 우리나라 전역의 임관개엽일 추정모형의 개발과 적용사례를 소개한다. 생태계 생지화학모형은 대기-식생-토양간의 에너지/물/탄소/질소 흐름과정을 모사하는 과정에서 다양한 생태계 상태(state) 및 과정(flux) 변수를 생산한다. 이를 이용해 식물성장의 빛/물/질소이용효율과 같은 생태생리학적 지수를 산출하여 기상현상에 따른 식물생육의 영향을 분석하는 수단을 제공한다. 2009년에 남부지방에서 소나무 고사현상이 널리 발견되었으며, 모형분석 결과 이전 해 가을부터 당해 이른 봄철까지의 심각한 강수량 부족현상으로 인한 광합성 효율을 저하가 한가지 원인으로 파악되었다. 이러한 물 부족에 의한 생태생리학적 성장저해는 2008-2009년 겨울은 물론, 2000년 이후 수 차례 반복된 현상으로 특히 진주 인근의 경남지역에서 심각했던 것으로 분석되었다. 반면에 중부지역의 경우 2000년대 중반에 경기도 지역을 중심으로 낙엽활엽수림의 성장저해가 심각하였던 것으로 모사되었다. 모형의 모사결과와 당시 중부지방에 창궐하였던 참나무 마름병 간의 연관성은 아직 분석된 바가 없다. 매일 주야 4회 제공되는 MODIS 위성영상은 임관의 개엽과 발달, 성숙, 쇠퇴와 낙엽 등 식물계절현상을 관측하는 유용한 수단을 제공한다. 그러나 250m에서 1km에 달하는 거친 공간해상도는 다양한 수종의 혼합된 분광정보를 제공하고, 빈번한 운무에 의한 위성영상자료의 결손은 정교한 식물계절일 탐지의 어려움을 제공한다. 이러한 단점을 일부 극복한 전처리 과정을 거친 MODIS 영상을 이용해 혼효림 및 낙엽활엽수림 지역의 임관개엽일을 추정하는 기법을 개발하였고, 위성기반의 개엽일 자료와 기상자료를 결합하여 기온의 계절변화에 따른 임관개엽일 추정모형을 개발하였다. 임관개엽모형을 이용해 미래 기후변화에 따른 한반도 식생의 개엽일 변화를 예측하였다. 이 발표에서는 이들 연구과정과 결과들을 간략히 소개하여, 곤충개체군 연구와의 접목점을 논의할 것이다.

Earth’s average temperature has risen by 0.78°C over the past century, and is projected to rise another 1.1 to 6.4°C over the next hundred years based on recent announced RCP8.5 climate change scenario. Small changes in the average temperature of the planet can translate to large and potentially dangerous shifts in biosphere. Based on climate change scenario, local distribution of well-known species should be changed in near future. Models, if applied appropriately, give useful and rapid predictions of the potential distribution of the target species. CLIMEX is one of modeling systems that may provide insights into the climatic factors that limit the geographical distribution of a species in different parts. Climatic parameters and the climate matching function of CLIMEX enable the risks of an exotic species as well as well-known species to be assessed by directly comparing the climatic condition of a given location with any number of other locations without knowing the full distribution of a species. However, CLIMEX supports only three locations in Korea (Seoul, Pusan and Kangnung province). We generated detail weather database of Korea for CLIMEX, and simulated using the data of American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), a key pest and well-known species in Korea for application of future risk assessment under possible climate change condition in Korea.

Recent years have seen the introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and their use in the fields of bioscience and biotechnology. Not only has the availability of NGS technologies revolutionized the way genome research is carried out, the massive sequence data produced by NGS technologies have also been driving the advancement in bioinformatics required for downstream analysis, storage, and accessibility. However, the processing of NGS data is still challenging owing to such properties as the shortness of reads, the sheer amount of data, and the low base qualities. For high-quality de novo genome sequencing, we used a hybrid approach that utilizes Sanger end sequencing of fosmid libraries for the scaffolding of NGS-derived contigs. This strategy was successfully applied to the genome sequencing of microbial cell factories requiring a complete gene list for the metabolic pathway, and a regulatory network for the design and development of industrial strains. Recently, software developments have facilitated de novo genome assembly which can produce genome scaffolds from short reads only. Automatic gap closing, which incorporates paired-end short reads into preexisting scaffolds, is also feasible. High-throughput multiplexed genome sequencing based on the Illumina platform has become a routine task for genome prospecting and the comparative genomic analysis of useful microbial strains. We also carried out the resequencing of E. coli strains generated from a combined approach of a long-term experimental evolution and proton beam-induced mutagenesis. NGS-based resequencing allows the identification of genetic variations from multiple samples at a lower cost, and the tracing of evolutionary pathways that are engraved in the genomic sequences. NGS-based transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), which is becoming popular as a substitute for traditional microarray experiments, also provides evidence for the identification of genes from novel genomes. Recent achievements in genome sequencing and analysis of eukaryotic microbes will also be introduced.

The rapid advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have brought about huge improvement in sequencing throughput for affordable prices and revolutionized genomics researches. Nowadays, whole genome draft sequence for mid-sized genomes such as insects' can be obtained in a couple of months. And the gene space in action can be easily determined by whole transcriptome sequencing, even when the reference genome sequence is not available. In this workshop, experiences at Macrogen with NGS technology for whole genome sequencing and whole transcriptome sequencing will be presented focusing on insect researches, employing Illumina Hiseq2000 and/or Roche 454 platforms.

The application to genome study has been particularly developed with the introduction of the next-generation DNA sequencer (NGS) Roche/454 and Illumina/Solexa systems, along with bioinformation analysis technologies of whole-genome de novoassembly, expression profiling, DNA variation discovery, and genotyping. One of the advantages of the NGS systems is the cost-effectiveness to obtain the result of high-throughput DNA sequencing for genome, RNAnome, and miRNAnome studies. Both massive whole-genome shotgun paired-end sequencing and mate paired-end sequencing data are important steps for constructing de novo assembly of novel genome sequencing data and for resequencing the samples with a reference genome DNA sequence. To construct high-quality contig consensus sequences, each DNA fragment read length is important to obtain de novo assembly with long reading sequences of the Roche/454 system. It is necessary to have DNA sequence information from a multiplatform NGS with at least 2× and 30×depth sequence of genome coverage using Roche/454 and Illumina/Solexa, respectively, for effective an way of de novo assembly, as hybrid assembly for novel genome sequencing would be cost-effective. In some cases, Illumina/Solexa data are used to construct scaffolds through de novo assembly with high coverage depth and large diverse fragment mate paired-end information,even though they are already participating in assembly and have made many contigs. Massive short-length reading data from the Illumina/Solexa system is enough to discover DNA variation, resulting in reducing the cost of DNA sequencing. MAQ and CLC software are useful to both single nucleotide polymorphism discovery and genotyping through a comparison of resequencing data to a reference genome. Whole-genome expression profile data are useful to approach genome system biology with quantification of expressed RNAs from a whole-genome transcriptome, depending on the tissue samples, such as control and exposed tissue. The hybrid mRNA sequences from Rohce/454 and Illumina/Solexa are more powerful to find novel genes through de novo assembly in any whole-genome sequenced species. The 20× and 50× coverage of the estimated transcriptome sequences using Roche/454 and Illumina/Solexa, respectively,is effective to create novel expressed reference sequences. However, only an average 30× coverage of a transcriptome with short read sequences of Illumina/Solexa is enough to check expression quantification, compared to the reference expressed sequence tag sequence. In an in silicomethod, conserved miRNA and novel miRNA discovery is available on massive miRNAnome data in any species. Particularly, the discovered target genes of miRNA could be robust to approach genome biology study.

Insects and animals can recognize surrounding environments by detecting thousands of chemical odorants. Olfaction is a complicated process that begins in the olfactory epithelium with the specific binding of volatile odorant molecules to dedicated olfactory receptors (ORs). OR proteins are encoded by the largest gene superfamily in the mammalian genome. We report here the whole genome analysis of the olfactory receptor genes of S. scrofa using conserved OR gene specific motifs and known OR protein sequences from diverse species. We identified 1,301 OR related sequences from the S. scrofa genome including 1,113 functional OR genes and 188 pseudogenes. OR genes were located in 46 different regions on 16 pig chromosomes. We classified the ORs into 17 families, three Class I and 14 Class II families, and further grouped them into 349 subfamilies. We also identified inter- and intra-chromosomal duplications of OR genes residing on 11 chromosomes. A significant number of pig OR genes (n=212) showed less than 60% amino acid sequence similarity to known OR genes of other species. We also performed a similar analysis on the cattle OR subgenome and identified 1,071 OR related sequences. We show that S. scrofa has one of the largest OR repertoires, suggesting an expansion of OR genes in the swine genome. Considering available information from literature, it seems that OR systems between mammals and insects possess high similarity in their action mechanisms and rapid evolutionary changes due to differences in living environments.

The Diadegma fenestrale is known as parasitoid on potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. The Diadegma genus is reported to have symbiotic virus, ichnovirus, D. fenestrale Ichnovirus (DfIV) was identified from this species which is a first report. DfIV showed typical ichnovirus shape with two membranes surrounding the virus capsid. To identify DfIV genes, whole genome sequencing based on GS-FLX was conducted using purified total DfIV genomic DNA extracted from D. fenestrale calyx. About sixty ORFs were analyzed and several typical ichnovirus gene families were detected such as cys-motif, repeat element, vinnexin and vankyrin. Present study was focused on the gene expression patterns in two different lepidopteran hosts.

The potato leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a polyphagous pest attacking many vegetables and ornamental plants. We found L. huidobrensis were infesting potato crop in Miryang and Goreyong in 2011. Five potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties (Ghowun, Daeri, Sumi, Chubeak, and Seohong) were tested for the preference of L. huidobrensis. In the olfactormeter bioassay, leafminers chose the Ghowun variety most (55%) followed by Sumi (18%). Remaining 3 varieties were chosen less than 10%. When leafminers choose and move toward the preferred variety, movement speed was faster. In the plant choice test in the laboratory, as expected, Ghowon was the most chosen but the choice of the other 4 varieties was not different. The same pattern as found in the plant choice test conducted in the greenhouse. Feeding frequency was the highest in Ghowun variety followed by Sumi > Daeri = Seohong > Chubaek in the laboratory test but Ghowun > Sumi > Chubaek > Daeri = Seohong in greenhouse test. When measured in 2 weeks after release, plant damage rates and number of mines were in congruence to the preference results. Further study is needed to clarity the factor responsible for the choice of the plants and also the ways to manage this new pest.

The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a vector for transmitting dengue fever and yellow fever. An assessment was made of the histopathological and molecular effects of pellitorine, an isobutylamide alkaloid, on third instar Ae. aegypti larvae. At 5 mg/L concentration of pellitorine, whole body of the treated larvae became dark in color, particularly damaged thorax and abdominal regions. Pellitorine targeted mainly on midgut epithelium and anal gills, indicating variably dramatic degenerative responses of the midgut through a sequential epithelial disorganization. The anterior and posterior midgut was entirely necrosed, bearing only gut lumen residues inside the peritrophic membranes. Pellitorine caused comprehensive damage of anal gill cells and branches of tracheole and the debris was found in hemolymph of anal gills. RT-PCR analysis indicates that the compound inhibited gene expression encoding V-type H+-ATPase and aquaporine 4 after treatment with 2.21 mg/L pellitorine. The results provide a fact that pellitorine merits further study as a potential larvicide with a specific target site or a lead molecule for the control of mosquito populations.

Immune defense is indispensible for insect survival. However, uncontrolled and excessive immune responses would be highly detrimental and energy-consuming processes. An insect cytokine, plasmatocyte-spreading peptide (PSP), induces hemocyte-spreading behavior as well as activating phenoloxidase (PO) in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. A hemocyte transcriptome of S. exigua contains a partial sequence of a putative PSP-binding protein (SePSP-BP). SePSP-BP was expressed in all developmental stages especially in hemocytes and fat body. A quantitative RT-PCR showed that the bacterial infection significantly up-regulated the expression level of SePSP-BP. A double-stranded RNA specific to SePSP-BP (dsRNASePSP-BP) was injected and suppressed SePSP-BP expression even in response to bacterial challenge. The larvae treated with dsRNASePSP-BPsuffered high mortality to infection of nonpathogenic bacteria and prolonged high PO activity after the immune challenge. These results suggest that SePSP-BP may play a role in suppressing immune responses as a negative controller

Hyphantria cunea is a fall webworm is considered an agricultural pest. It is a major pest of many board-leaved trees. H. cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus (HcNPV) and H. cunea granulovirus (HcGV) were isolated from the fall webworm cadavers in Korea. To better understand HcNPV and HcGV, their genomic sequences were determined, analyzed and compared to two viruses together. The entire nucleotide sequence of the HcNPV genome was fully sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing. The genome of the HcNPV was 131,302 bp with a 45 % G+C content. Computer assisted analysis predicted 146 open reading frames (ORFs) of 50 or more amino acids that showed minimal overlap. Further more, when the phylogenetic relationship was analyzed, HcNPV was closely related to Orgyia pseudotsugata MNPV (OpMNPV) which belong to Group I NPV. The HcGV genome was 114,557 bp with a 39% G+C content and contained 130 putative ORFs of 50 or more amino acids. When phylogenetic relationships were analyzed, HcGV was closely related to Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus, which belong to the Type-II GV. HcNPV shares 48 ORFs with HcGV. The most significant difference between HcNPV and HcGV is fgf gene. HcNPV contains one fgf gene, whereas HcGV contains three fgf genes. The presence of fgf reduces the time and efficient systemic infection it takes the virus to kill its host. The difference of fgf number from HcNPV and HcGV suggested that different affect for the speed of systemic infection.

To enhance the production efficiency of foreign protein in baculovirus expression system, the effects of polyhedrin fragments were investigated by fusion expression them with the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). Recombinant viruses were generated to express EGFP fused with polyhedrin fragments based on the minimal region for self-assembly and the KRKK nuclear localization signal (NLS). The increase of EGFP production by fusion expressions was confirmed through protein and fluorescence intensity analyses. The importance of nuclear localization for enhanced production of EGFP was shown by the mutation of the NLS within the fused polyhedrin fragment. Among the fusion expressed protein in cytoplasm, the most hyper-expression was observed in the fusion of amino acids 32 to 59 of polyhedrin. Polyhedrin fragment fusion expression with classical swine fever virus E2 protein also resulted hyper-enhanced expression of E2 protein. However, the fusion expression of porcine circovirus ORF2 with polyhedrin fragment did not show significant enhance of ORF2 production. These results suggested that the enhancement of foreign protein production when fused with polyhedrin is caused by the enhanced stability of expressed protein.

An entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, secretes at least eight bacterial metabolites, which have suppressive effects on insect immunity. This study quantified their sequential production during bacterial growth and analyzed their individual immunosuppressive activities against an insect host, Spodoptera exigua. X. nematophila exhibited a typical bacterial growth in both insect host and culture medium, in which eight metabolites were secreted in different time points. At early growth phase (6 to 12 h), Ac-FGV, Cis-cPY, PHPP and indole metabolites were detected in the culture broth. During early growth phase, PHPP was highly potent to inhibit phenoloxidase activity as well as nodule formation. At late growth phase (24 to 48 h), BZA, HPA, PY were detected at 10 – 140 ppm in the culture broth, their metabolites were highly potent to inhibit phospholipase A2 and to induce cytotoxicity to hemocytes. These results suggest that X. nematophila sequentially produces the immune suppressive metabolites, which cooperatively inhibit different steps of insect immune responses.

Entomopathogenic fungi are natural pathogens of insects and contribute to the regulation of host insect populations in the environment. Several these fungi produce a wide range of secreted enzymes, secreted protein toxins and secondary metabolites to overcome host defenses and ultimately kill the host, and to defend host resources against competing pathogens and saprophytes. This study was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 207 entomopathogenic fungi form Korea soils against plant pathogenic bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and plant pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea using dual culture technique on SDYA. As results, twelve isolates (5.7%) and six isolates (2.8%) showing the greatest inhibition against R. solanacearum and B. cinerea, respectively. The culture supernatant of these selected isolates completely suppressed the growth of the pathogen, indicating that suppression was due to the presence of antimicrobial compound in the culture filtrate. The stability test of the culture filtrate showed that the antimicrobial component was heat stable and not protein. These entomopathogenic fungal metabolites may be a good feature to be used in the development of a new biocontrol method of R. solanacearum and B. cinerea.

The bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus echinopus) damages garlic, shallot and onion in the bulbs, corms and tubers. It has recently become a serious problem because of the continuous use of acaricides resulting in resistance among bulb mite population. Thus, there is need to find alternative control measures to suppress bulb mite population. Here, we report the screening result of pathogenic fungi for the control of R. echinopus. Initial screenings were performed using 352 isolates of entomopathogenic fungi from Korea soils. As results, 15 isolates of acaropathogenic fungi showed the pathogenicity to bulb mite supporting fungal conidiation. These isolates were identified as 3 isolates of Metarhizium flavoviride var. pemphigi and 12 isolates of Metarhizium pingshaense by microscopic examination and genetic sequencing of the ITS region and elongation factor-1 alpha. Selected 15 isolates were tested for their virulence against adult R. echinopus and the thermotolerance and the activity to UV-B irradiation of conidia. Additionally, the activities of chitinases and proteases produced by M. pingshaense were compared according to the medium. These acaropathogenic fungi would be considered promising for biological control of bulb mite.

귤응애(Panonychus citri McGregor)는 감귤의 중요한 응애류 해충으로 다른 잎응애류(Tetranychidae)와 같이 재배환경에 따라 발생양상이 달라지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 감귤원에서 초생재배 유무(초생재배 W, 청정재배 NW)와 합성피레스로이드계 살포유무(살포 P, 무살포 NP)를 조합하여 처리하고 2011년 6월 8일부터 2012년 11월 24일 까지 귤응애 및 천적발생밀도를 조사하여 비교하였다. 응애의 발생밀도를 누적응애일수(CMD)로 환산하여 비교한 결과, 2011년에는 가을 응애 개체군을 기준으로 했을 때 NW+NP 처리구에서 CMD가 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 W+NP, NW+P, W+P 순이었다. 전체적으로 합성피레스로이드계를 살포한 경우 기대와는 달리 귤응애 밀도가 낮았고 반대로 무살포구에서 귤응애 발생이 높았다. 2012년 처리별 가을 응애 개체군의 CMD도 2011년의 결과와 동일한 경향이었다. 관측된 천적 개체군(주로 이리응애류와 마름응애류)은 가정에 근거한 기대치와 크게 다르지 않았다. 2011년의 경우 NW+NP 처리구와 W+NP 처리구에서 차이가 있었으나, 2012년 실험에서는 기대치와 관측치가 거의 일치하였다. 전체적으로 약제효과가 뚜렷하게 나타나서 합성피레스로이드계 살포시 천적이 유의하게 감소하였다. 잡초효과는 엇갈리는 결과를 보였는데, 봄 개체군 대비 가을 개체군의 증가 등을 고려할 때 초생재배를 하는 경우 천적의 발생이 증가하였다. 본 연구결과는 합성피레스로이드계가 천적에 대한 독성뿐만 아니라 잎응애에 대한 기피작용을 유발하여 잡초-천적-응애의 선순환적 상호작용 시스템을 교란시킬 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.