Eumenis autonoe belonging to a lepidopteran family Nymphalidae (superfamily Papilionoidea) is an endangered species in Korea. Historically, the species was distributed in Europe and Asian region including a wide region in Korean peninsula. However, in Korean peninsula, the species is found only in two isolate dregions: South in a remote island Jeju, where altitude is higher than1, 400 meter on Halla Mt. and North in far northern Korean peninsula around Mt. Bekdu. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered E. autonoe collected from Mt. Halla. The 15,489-bp long E. autonoe genome has a typical gene content found in animal mitochondrial genomes and contains the gene arrangement identical to all other sequenced lepidopteran insects, which differs from the most common type found in insects, as the result of the movement of tRNAMet to a position 5’-upstream of tRNAIle. As seen in many other lepidopteran insects, no typical ATN codon for COI gene is available. Thus, we tentatively designated the CGA (arginine) found at the beginning of the COI gene, as has been suggested for lepidopteran COI starter. The intergenic spacer sequence located between tRNASer (UCN) and ND1 of E. autonoe mitogenome also contains the ATACTAA motif which is conserved in all sequenced lepidopteran species. The 678-bp long A+T-rich region, which is longest in sequenced lepidopteran insects contains ten identical tandem repeats composed of 27 bp plus one 13-bp long identical incomplete final repeat. Such repeat sequence is rare in the lepidopteran mitogenomes known so far. The E. autonoe A+T-rich region also contains a poly-T stretch located at the end of the region as 19 bp and also contains the downstream conserved motif ATAGA that were previously suggested to serve as a structural signal for minor-strand mtDNA replication. Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated 13 amino acid sequences of PCGs among available six lepidopteran superfamilies (Tortricoidea, Pyraloidea, Papilionoidea, Bombycoidea, Geometroidea, and Noctuoidea) rooted with three dipteran species with BI and ML analyses supported the following topology: ((((Bombycoidea + Geometroidea +Noctuoidea) + Papilionoidea) + Pyraloidea) + Tortricoidea). Within Papilionoidea, a closer relationship between Lycaenidae and Pieridae, excluding Nymphalidae was observed. Further fruitful information will be available after more analysis is done.

Members of Sparassidae of Araneae are small to large sized (3-25mm) huntsman spiders (Jäger 1999). In Korea, there have been recorded 5 species, Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767), Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757), Sinopoda koreana (Paik, 1968), Sinopoda stellatops Jäger & Ono, 2002 and Thelcticopis severa (L.Koch, 1875), belonging to 3 genera (Paik, 1968, 1978, Namkung, 2002, 2003, You and Kim, 2002). In the course of survey for the spider fauna of Mt. Sobaek (1,439m elevation) located in Punggi-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do during 2007 to 2008, one of the 16 National Parks in Korea, 2 matured females of Sinopoda forcipata (Karsch,1881) which has been known to distribute in China and Japan were collected by pitfall traps. S.forcipata is a newly recorded species for the Korean spider fauna. Female of S.forcipata was described with some natural history including vertical distribution at mountain and seasonal fluctuation, and compared distribution and habitat of 3 Korean Sinopoda species referring former reports from Korea.

We have determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the yellow-spotted long horned beetle, Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an endangered insect species in Korea. The 15,856-bp long P. hilaris mitogenome harbors gene content typical of the animal mitogenome and a gene arrangement identical to the most common type found in insect mitogenomes. As with all other sequenced coleopteran species, the 5-bp long TAGTA motif was also detected in the intergenic space sequence located between tRNASer (UCN) and ND1 of P. hilaris. The 1,190-bp long non-coding A+T-rich region harbors an unusual series of seven identical repeat sequences of 57-bp in length and several stretches of sequences with the potential to form stem-and-loop structures. Furthermore, it contains one tRNAArg-like sequence and one tRNALys-likes equence. Phylogenetic analysis among available coleopteran mitogenomes using the concatenated amino acid sequences of PCGs appear to support the sister group relationship of the suborder Polyphaga to all remaining suborders, including Adephaga, Myxophaga, and Archostemata. Among the two available infraorders in Polyphaga, a monophyletic Cucujiformia was confirmed, with the placement of Cleroidea as the basal lineage for Cucujiformia. On the other hand, the infraorder Elateriformia was not identified as monophyletic, thereby indicating that Scirtoidea and Buprestoidea are the basal lineages for Cucujiformia and the remaining Elateriformia.

The genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg is the largest group belonging of the family Adelidae. Based on the material in the collections of the Kangwon Nat. University, Incheon University, and Korea National Arboretum, Korea, we found that three species Nemophora albiantennella Issiki, N. tyriochrysa Meyrick and N. wakayamensis Matsumura are known for the first time from Korea. Taxonomic notes and photographs of adults and male/female genitalia for the newly known species are provided.

Park (2001) described a new species of Tisis Walker, which was the first lecithocerid recognized from Thailand. Subsequently, several taxonomic papers on the family in Thailand have been published, in which more than 50 new taxa were described (Park, 2002a-b; 2003a-c; 2004; 2005a-b; 2006a-b). For the genus Torodora Meyrick, Park (2002a, 2007) described 18 new species from Thailand. Recent study of the lecithocerid moths collected in Thailand during 1980 revealed two species with venation that does not match that of any of the known genera of the family. The two species look more or less similar each other in the forewing coloration, but the shape of the wings and their venation are quite different. Generally, for the genus-level taxonomy in the family Lecithoceridae, the wing venation has been treated as most important character distinguished genera, and many genera of the family, more than 40% of the known genera, were established as monotypic by early workers (Meyrick, 1925; Gozmäny, 1978), based on their different venations. Although the wing venation is an important character to define the generic status of the family, the combination of venations with the other morphological characters including genital character should be considered. For these reasons, many small genera of the family are needed to be revised with a result in comparison of more characters other than wing venation. In this study, two new genera, Caveana gen. nov. and Triviola gen. nov., belonging to the subfamily Torodorinae, based on Caveana diemseoki sp. nov. and Triviola puiensis sp. nov. are described. At the same time, two new Torodora species, T. karismata sp. nov. and T. youwon sp. nov., are also described from Thailand. Images of adults and genitalia are given. Specimens examined are based on the collection of the Osaka Prefecture University, collected in Thailand by Japanese specialists during 1980

The genus Platyptilia Hübner is the largest group of the tribe Platyptiliini (Lepidoptera, Pterophoridae) distributed in the Afrotropical and Palaearctic regions and rarely from the Pacific and Nearctic region, with 107 species (Gielis 2003) known from all over the world. From the Palaearctic region, 25 species have been described: 6 from Japan, 3 from China, and 11 from Russia, and two species, Platyptilia suigensis Matsumura and P. farfarellus Zeller from Korea. Recently, we recognized 5 species, including a new species and two species new to korea: Platyptilia ignifera Meyrick and P. nemoralis Zeller.

Up to days, 15 species of the genus Xylotrechus, which have most diverse species among the tribe Clytini, have been recorded from Korean peninsula. The genus Xylotrechus can be distinguished from the other genera by combination of following characteristics: length of antennal socket longer than 1st segment of antenna; antennae reaches about 2/3 of elytra or less; carinae on frons well developed; 1st segment of hind tarsus 2 times longer than total length of 2nd+3rd segment; carinae on frons exceeding vertex; compound eye joined prothorax. In 2007, we collected a specimen which is belong to the genus Xylotrechus from Goyang-si, Gyeonggi province and we identified this specimen with Xylotrechus pavlovskii Plavilstshikov. Xylotrechus pavlovskii Plavilstshikov is easily distinguished from the congeneric species by following characteristics: femora black except basal half pale brown; antennal socket with yellow pubescence patch; pronotum black with distinct six yellow pubescence patches; elytra black with four pairs of yellowish linear pubescence patches except anterior 1/5 part reddish, apice blunt with inner and outer small sharpen projection. As a result of this study, we report this species for the first time from Korea with description and illustrations of diagnostic characters.

The tribe Atimiini LeConte containing two genera (Atimia and Paratimia) and about 12 species is distributed in East Asia and North America. The systematic position of the Atimiini has long puzzled the Coleopterist due to the Lamiid-like aspect of the Atimia. But the Atimiini has regarded as a tribe of the subfamily Aseminae since Webb (1912) associated the Atimia with the Asemum on the basis of larval characters. The tribe is very specialized in food habits, the species of Atimia are all restricted to trees of the Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae, including Cupressus, Libocedrus, Thuja, Chamaecyparis, Juniperus, Taxodium, Sequoia, and their relatives. Members of the Atimiini are characterized by the combination of following features: head transverse, front short, vertical, mouthparts nearly horizontal; antennae 11-segmented, shorter than the body in both sexes, eyes large, moderately granulated, deeply emarginate, embracing antennal insertion; labrum transverse, ciliated; palpi unequal in length, the maxillary longer; pronotum quadrate, transverse; anterior coxae rounded, cavities usually not angulated, completely closed behind; mesonotum with a large, divided, stridulatory area; scutellum subquadrate; intermediate coxal cavities closed; metasternum deeply emarginate posteriorly, metepisterna narrow, attenuated behind; legs short; femora feebly clavate; tibiae armed with short spurs; wings with a closed cell in the anal sector. Here, we report the tribe Atimiini for the first time in Korea based on provisional identified species, Atimia spec. okayamensis Hayashi. We also provide a diagnosis, habitus photo, and drawings of diagnostic characters.

The members of the genus Chaitophous(Hemiptera: Aphididae) has limited host specificity on two genera of the family Salicaceae, Salix and Populus. In this study, as a result, we discovered 5 species new to Korea: C. Horii Takahashi 1939, C. leucomelas Koch 1854, C. salijaponicus Essig & Kuwana 1918, C. tremulae Koch 1854, and C. populialbae yomefuri Shinji 1941.

Innate immunity responses are triggered by the immune challenge and therefore involve signaling processes. The cellular response is initiated by hemocytes and mainly involves phagocytosis and encapsulation of intruders by these cells. To address whether Hc-STAT is activated upon bacterial challenge, we examined the subcellular location of STAT protein in hemocyte by immunostaining. A new insect member of the STAT family of transcription factors (Hc-STAT) has been cloned from the lepidopteran, Hyphantria cunea. The domain involved in DNA interaction and the SH2 domain are well conserved. The gene is transcribed at a low level during all stages of development, and the protein is present in hemocytes, fat body, midgut, epidermis, and Malphigian tuble (Mt). Especially, hemocytes and Mt showed transcriptional activation of Hc-STAT upon Gram (-) bacteria and fungal challenge. Gram (-) bacteria and fungal challenge specifically results in nuclear translocation of Hc-STAT protein and induction of DNA-binding activity that recognizes a STAT target site in H. cunea hemocyte. In vitro treatment with pervanadate translocates Hc-STAT to the nucleus in hemocyte cells. Here we report the first evidence for the involvement hemocyte JAK/STAT pathway upon microbial infection in lepidopteran insect.

Apolipophorin-Ⅲ (apoLp-Ⅲ) is a hemolymph protein whose function is to facilitate lipid transport in an aqueous medium in insect. Recently, apolipophorin-Ⅲ in Galleria mellonella and Hyphantria cunea was shown to play an unexpected role in insect immune activation. We show here a novel possible function/role of apoLp-Ⅲ in insects. To investigate the genes which have a relationship with apoLp-Ⅲ in fall webworm larvae, we reduction of endogenous Hc apoLp-Ⅲ mRNA levels in larvae via RNA interference (RNAi). The RNAi-mediated Hc apoLp-Ⅲ reduction resulted in the reduction of antioxidants, like MnSOD, catalase, and glutathione S transferase as well as immune proteins. In particular, expression of MnSOD commonly decreased in fat body, midgut, and hemocytes following the knockdown of Hc apoLp-Ⅲ, which induced an elevated level of superoxide anion in H. cunea larvae. The observed effect of Hc apoLp-Ⅲ RNAi suggests that Hc apoLp-Ⅲ is related to the action/expression of antioxidants.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is toxic to living organisms, because its high reactivity causes oxidative damage to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme facilitating the removal of superoxide anions from living organisms. This study focused on the cloning of MnSOD cDNA from Hyphantria cunea and its induction upon bacterial infection and various stresses. The open reading frame of MnSOD is composed of 645 bp, encoding 215 amino acid residues. The theoretical molecular mass and pI of putative MnSOD was evaluated to be 24276 Da and 9.14, respectively. The MnSOD from H. cunea is highly similar to human MnSOD (59.5%) as well as Bombyx mori MnSOD (76.2%). MnSOD showed no big induction upon bacterial infection and stresses, compared to that of Cu/ZnSOD.

B.t가 분비하는 외독소를 이용하며 동시에 병해충방제를 조사하기 위하여 식물의 주요병원균인 Alternaria Panax(인삼점무늬병), Botrytis cineria(잿빛곰팡 이병), Colletotrichum gloeosporioodes(탄저병), Fusarium oxysporum(시들음병)에 대한 생장억제효과를 확인하였다. B.t 균주를 액체배지인 LB배지에 배양하고 원심분리(4℃, 12000rpm)를 한 후 상청액만을 이용하였는데, PDA배지에 각각 의 식물병을 접종하고 주위를 둘러 디스크를 올리고 그 위에 상청액을 접종 하였다. 접종한 PDA 배지를 25℃ 배양기에 약 10~14일 정도를 배양하고 결과 를 확인 한 결과 실험실에 보유하고 있는 B.t 균주 중에서 93균주에 대해서 억제작용이 있는 것으로 나타났으며 A. panax에 효과가 있는 균주가 64균주로 68%나타났고, B. cineria에 효과가 있는 균주가 3균주로 3%, C. gloeosporioodes 에 효과가 있는 균주는 24균주로 4%, F. oxysporum에 효과가 있는 균주는 10 균주로 전체 생장억제효과를 스크리닝한 93개 균주중 10%의 균주가 위의 4종 의 식물병원균의 생장억제를 보이는 것으로 확인되었으며, 이러한 B.t 외독소 를 이용한 식물병원균의 방제효과 가능성을 검토할 계획이다

This study was conducted to evaluate the attractiveness of the sex pheromone trap of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée as a forecasting tool from 2006 to 2008 in Suwon, Gyeong-gi province and Seosan, Chung-nam province, Korea. The sex pheromone lure was composed of Z11-18:Ald (55㎍): Z13-18:Ald (500㎍): Z11-18:OH (120㎍): Z13-18:OH (180㎍): Z13-18:Ac (55㎍) per a rubber septum, which set in a cylindrical cone trap. The trap catches of male moths was counted on a weekly basis and the lures were renewed every two weeks. The flight activity of C. medinalis moths monitored by the sex pheromone trap revealed two distinct peaks a year in both experimental areas from 2006 to 2008. Degree-days accumulation was calculated using lower developmental threshold (13.3℃) and degree-days (386.4DD) since adults had been first recorded. Estimated adult peak of the first generation was almost coincident with that observed by sex pheromone trap except in Suwon in 2008.

무당벌레(Harmonia axyridis)는 생물학적 방제인자로써 주목받고 있을 뿐만 아니라 초시의 무늬 패턴이 매우 다양하여 관심의 대상이 되고 있는 종이다. 이 종의 axyridis 패턴에서의 변이는 월동개체군의 발생비율은 1%이하로 매우 낮지만, 실내에서 대량 사육 시 다양한 변이패턴을 보여주며 높은 비율로 발 생하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 2008년 11월에 충남 금 산군, 대전 궁동, 송강동, 김제시에서 채집한 월동개체군의 색상패턴을 Seo et al.(2007)이 발표한 방법을 변형시켜 분류, 조사하였다. 채집된 4지역에서 평균 출현빈도는 succinea1-4 그룹이 92.40%, conspicua그룹이 3.72%, spectabilis그룹 이 3.63%, 그리고 axyridis그룹이 0.24%로 succinea1-4그룹이 월동개체군의 대 부분을 차지하였고, axyridis그룹은 0.24%로 나타났다. Axyridis 그룹에서 분류 된 개체군 중 RU2와 RT12를 선발하여 교미시킨 후 자손세대에 발현되는 초 시무늬패턴을 조사한 결과, RU2(♀)과 RU2(♂) 사이에서는 RU2패턴에 점이 있는 개체와 YBM19이 96.5%로 출현하였으며, RU2(♀) F1과 월동개체군 RT12(♂) 사이에서는 RU2+RT12패턴과 succinea그룹의 색상패턴 표현형의 비 가 2.53:1로 부모세대 색상패턴이 71.7%를 차지하고 그 중 RT12가 9.7% 더 많았다. RU2+RT12패턴 F1의 자손 중에서 부모세대와 같이 RU2(♀)와 RT12 (♂)를 한 번 더 교배를 해 본 결과 F1세대 패턴과 succinea그룹의 표현형 비 가 2.28:1로 F1의 표현형은 69.5%로 나타났고, RT12가 20.1% 더 많이 출현함 을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 색상패턴 유전의 명확성을 알 수 없으나, RU2와 RT12가 succinea의 형질을 가지고 있는 것으로 생각되고, axyridis그룹이 succinea그룹에 비해 우점을 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 색상패턴 을 형성하는 기본적인 패턴들이 부모세대에 열성형질로 잠재하여 있다가 자 손 세대에서 표현형으로 표출이 될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다

무당벌레(Harmonia axyridis)는 동종 내에서의 색상패턴의 변이가 심한 종으 로 잘 알려져 있으며, 현재까지 무당벌레 개체군 안에서 이러한 색상변이의 주요 원인은 유전적 차이와 물리적 환경요인들에 의한 것으로 암시되고 있으 나, 정확하게 구명된 것은 없는 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 환경적 요인에 의해 무당벌레의 초시다형화 현상이 나타나는지를 조사하기 위해 사육온도와 먹이, 광주기 등의 조건을 달리하여, 초시의 반점의 색상이나 무늬패턴을 확인하여 모세대와의 초시표현형을 비교하고자 하였다. 2007년 12월 중 충남 금산군에서 채집한 월동개체군에서 3개의 주요 표현 형 패턴(succinea, conspicua 그리고 spectabilis)을 암수 1쌍씩 선발하여 목화진 딧물을 공급하며 25±2℃와 50±10% RH, 광주기 L:D=16:8의 실험실 조건에서 Plant culture dish(D×H=100×40mm,SPL Life Science,Korea)를 사육용기로 사용하 여 사육하였으며, 교잡 후 산란한 알을 모두 수거하여 부화시켰다. 부화한 1 령 유충은 실내에서 먹이(복숭아혹진딧물, 목화진딧물, 무테두리진딧물), 광주 기(16:8, 12:12, 8:16), 온도(20℃, 25℃, 30℃)를 달리하여 성충까지 사육하고 우화한 성충의 초시패턴을 분석한 결과, conspicua패턴의 경우, 사육된 광주기 별 모세대의 발현비율이 각각 85.9, 83.1, 88.1%(F=2.95, P=0.061)로 광주기는 자손세대의 초시발현비율에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 먹이에 따른 발현비율은 각각 85.7, 83.3, 88.5%(F=3.51, P=0.038)로 먹이간 차이를 보 여, 자손세대의 초시패턴의 발현에 먹이가 영향을 미치는 것으로 여겨진다

무당벌레(Harmonia axyridis)는 전 세계에 걸쳐 다양하게 분포하고 있으며, 여러 종류의 진딧물을 섭식하는 진딧물의 포식자로 널리 알려지면서 진딧물 의 생물적 방제 프로그램에 유용하게 사용되고 있다. 무당벌레는 같은 종 내 에서도 변이가 매우 심하여 다양한 초시 색상패턴을 나타내는데, 이러한 종이 나 개체간의 분자적 요인의 차이를 밝혀내는 Fingerprinting 방법으로는 RAPD, RFLP, AFLP방법 등이 있으며, 이 중에서 AFLP는 높은 재현성과 정확성을 나 타냄으로 가장 널리 사용되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 AFLP 분석을 통해 무당벌레의 초시 색상패턴에 따른 유전적 다양성을 알아보고자 하였다. 2007년부터 2009년까지 채집된 월동개체군 중에서 검은색 바탕에 2개의 붉 은색 점을 가진 conspicua 개체와, 검은색 바탕에 4개의 붉은색 점을 가진 spectabilis 개체, 노란색 바탕에 19개의 검은색 점을 가지고 있는 succinea1 개 체, 그리고 노란색 바탕에 검은색 점이 전혀 없는 succinea2 개체를 가지고 실 험을 실시한 결과, 8개의 AFLP primer조합을 통해 총 822개의 밴드가 확인되 었고, 그 중 37개의 밴드 특정 색상패턴에서만 확인되어, 특이적 밴드를 통해 무당벌레의 색상변이에 있어 유전적 다양성을 추측할 수 있었다.

Protease from various sources have been studied biotecnologically. For biotechnological applications, one highly preferred enzyme is protease. There have been no reports of cloned genes encoding digestive proteases in the Laccotrephes japonenis, Ranatra unicolor, Muljarus japonicus. These insects are considered to be a predator of aquatic insects. RT-PCR was used to amplify cDNA fragments for digestive proteases from total RNA the hole body of the insects. The flanking sequences of the 5'- and 3'- end of the these genes were characterized by RACE-PCR. Sequence analysis showed that these genes contained complete ORF. The deduced amino acid sequences of these protease showed 62% identity to the serine protease of Creontiades dilutus, 58% to Lygus loneolaris trypsin-like serine proteinase, 54% to Triatonatoma infestans salivary trypsin. To generate Laccotrephes japonensis serine protease, the DNA fragment coding for serine protease is cloning into suttle vector pBACⅠ, named pBAC1-JG and infected to Spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) insect cell. The cDNA encoding JG was expressed as a 32-kDa polypeptide in baculovirus infected insect cells and the recombinant protein showed activity in the protease enzyme assay using gelatin as a substrate.

In order to establish an indoor-rearing system for Copper butterflies; Large Copper butterfly, Lycaena dispar, the effect of temperature, photoperiod on larval development was investigated. As temperature increased, the developmental period was gradually reduced. The developmental periods of Large Copper larvae was 11.0 days and 28.5 days at 30℃ and 17.5℃, respectively. We investigated the sensitivity of stages to diapause induction. The experiment involved transfer of individuals from diapause averting (LD 16:8 h, 25℃) to diapause inducing condition (LD 8:16 h, 20℃) at various stages. Daipause was induced in 95.2% insect transferred at hatching larvae, in 15.6% of insects transferred at 2nd stadium molt, in 0% of insects transferred at after 3rd stadium molt. Percentage of diapause induction increased with the length of short days and low temperature. The main sensitive stage to photoperiodic and temperature induction of diapause determination was the early first larval instar. The diapause sensitivity began 14 days and ended 20 days after hatching larvae. The main stage sensitive to photoperiodic induction of diapause determination was the early first larval instar under low temperature and short day length. In relation to diapause termination, pupation was accelerated with cold treatment after diapausing 15 to 20 days and suitable chilling temperature was 8℃.

Ascotis selenaria, one of the major Geometridae moths, annually damages the citrus leaves and fruits. This study was focused to identify the sex pheromone components of A. selenaria in order to monitoring and control its population. Adult female and male were usually emerged at the time between 2 hour before and 2 hour afterlights-off in 16L:8D photoperiod. Mating, irrespective in female age, started at 2 hour after lights-off and peaked between 4 hour and 6 hour after lights-off. They copulated for 3 hour 47 min per pair. Gland extract of virgin female was analyzed with GC-MS and GC-EAD.Z,Z-6,9-3,4 epoxy nonadecadiene (Z,Z-6,9-3,4 epo- 19Hy) was identified as the candidate. Both of stereo isomer, Z,Z-6,9-3R,4S epo- 19Hy and Z,Z-6,9-3S,4R epo- 19Hy, showed a strong EAG response in male antennae. Further study like field attraction test should be needed to clarify the sex pheromone composition and in A. selenaria. Age and time were related with the amount of sex pheromone components biosynthesized in A. selenaria gland. 0 day old female had 112.7ng per gland at 5 hour after lights off and the amount was decreased as they aged. The sex pheromone biosynthesis started from lights-off and showed the increasing tendency during scotophase.