간행물
한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집
- 발행기관 한국응용곤충학회
- 자료유형 학술대회
- 간기 반년간
- 수록기간 2000 ~ 2023
- 주제분류 농수해양 > 농학 농수해양 분류의 다른 간행물
- 십진분류KDC 495DDC 595
권호리스트/논문검색
2013 한국응용곤충학회 정기총회 및 춘계학술발표회 (2013년 4월) 279건
81.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Predatory gamasid mite (Acari: Mesostigmata) is living in soil and litter. They feed on nematode, collembolan and insect larvae. This research compared diversity of gamasid mite in organic and conventional apple orchards. Soil samples were collected in spring season of 2011 to 2012 (5 for each orchard system). Fifteen families, 54 species and 15 families, 50 species were collected from organic and conventional orchards, respectively. In total 18 families and 77 species of gamasid mite were collected. Shannon Diversity was average 2.5 in organic orchard and 2.3 in conventional orchard. Major dominant species was Eugamasus fujisanus (Parasitidae) in organic orchard and Uropoda hokkaidoensis (Uropodidae) in conventional orchard. Parasitidae and Uropodidae were preferred in soil surface, large soil pores and decaying organic material litter. Future, more research on composition of gamasid mite, biotic and abiotic factors in orchard system are demanded.
82.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Ju Il Kim, Min Kwon, Jae Dong Shim, Seong Hee Kim, Eun Ju Hong, Jeom Soon Kim, Yong Gyu Lee, Sam Nyu Jee, Si Hyeock Lee
The physiology of parasitic wasp control of their lepidopteran hosts' not only includes injecting their egg but also various factors such as symbiotic virus. This study was focused on the investigation of sophisticated interaction between parasitoid (Diadegma fenestrale) and their host (Plutella xylostella) in P. xylostella larva at transcriptome level, to check whether it is parasitized or not. Short-read deep sequencing method (Hiseq2000) was used for the transcriptome analysis. De novo assembly of cDNA sequence data generated 196,081 contigs between 201bp and 15,853bp in length. Some detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450 and Immune-related genes such as antimicrobial peptides were up-regulated after parasitism. Expression of symbiotic ichnovirus genes was detected in parasitized larvae with 55 contigs identified from five ichnovirus gene families including vankyrin, viral innexin, repeat elements, a cysteine-rich motif, and polar residue rich protein. This investigation provides a detailed information on differential expression of P. xylostella larval genes and symbiotic ichnovirus genes following parasitization.
83.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Gilsang Jeong, Soyeon Park, Pureum Noh, Seung-Yoon Oh, Hwakyung Hwang, Bitna Lee, Yongwhan Kim, Jae Chun Choe
The hologenome theory of evolution proposes that an organism is simply not an individual but the totality of numerous microbial symbionts to the host. In fact, the evidence of biochemical and physiological associations between the symbionts and the host has been growing fast in all major taxa. The Vollenhovia emeryi ant is tiny and found nationwide in Korea. The ant can be further categorized by its wing morphology, eg. long-winged and short-winged. Our initial screening process showed that the microbial reproductive manipulator, the Wolbachia bacterium, only infected the long-winged morph. This gave us a good opportunity to investigate the effect of the Wolbachia infection on the bacterial community diversity using the next generation sequencing technique. We find that there are about 180 bacterial symbionts in the short-winged morph. On the other hand, the long-winged morph has only about 20 bacterial symbionts. This implies that the bacterial community diversity may be subject to the existence of Wolbachia. Furthermore, the Wolbachia strain diversity is unexpectedly high. In addition, the bacterial structure difference among castes indicates that there may be labour division even between queens. The results and future research direction will be discussed from the hologenome theory perspective.
84.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Soyeon Park, Haewon Shin, Pureum Noh, Seung-Yoon Oh, Hwakyung Hwang, Bitna Lee, Yongwhan Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Gilsang Jeong
Wolbachia is one of the most common endosymbionts best known to induce several reproductive alterations in its insect hosts. In some cases, the insect hosts harbor more than two strains of the bacterium. The Vollenhovia emeryi ant lives in dead trees and is morphologically subdivided into the long-winged and the short-winged. Interestingly the short-winged morph is free of Wolbachia, but only the long-winged morph is multiple- infected with the Wolbachia bacterium. We sampled four populations of the long-winged morph in Korea and performed pyrosequencing in Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), to determine the bacterial strain diversity. Six different gene regions (coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, hcpA and wsp gene) were targeted and amplified. However, the result shows that diversity of haplotypes is very high. The pyrosequencing approach in MLST, a new method of discriminating Wolbachia strains, is promising to effectively detect multiple infections and rare haplotypes.
85.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, is a freeze-susceptible species and overwinters without diapause in temperate zone. Depression of supercooling point (SCP) and rapid cold hardiness (RCH) allow S. exigua to survive at low temperatures. This study reports a polyol which is responsible for the cold hardiness of S. exigua. Pre-exposure of S. exigua larvae to 4°C for 6 h significantly enhanced survival under a freezing temperature (-10°C). This pre-exposure treatment also significantly depressed larval SCPs. Analysis of polyols indicated that glycerol titers significantly increase with increase of pre-exposure time. Glycerol kinase (GK) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) are involved in glycolysis pathway of insect. The S. exigua GK (SeGK1) and G3PDH (SeG3PDH1) genes were predicted from 454 pyrosequencing transcripts from fifth instar larvae of the beet armyworm, S. exigua. The SeGK1 and SeG3PDH1 genes both were expressed in all larval stage by RT-PCR analysis. Expression of SeGK1 and SeG3PDH1 genes were suppressed by its specific dsRNASeGK1 or dsRNASeG3PDH1 injection into hemocoel of 5th instar larva. Each 200 ng of dsRNASeGK1 or dsRNASeG3PDH1 injection also significantly decreased glycerol amount in hemolymph. Larval treated by either dsRNASeGK1 or dsRNASeG3PDH1 significantly lost the RCH under -10°C exposure. These results indicate that glycerol is a crucial RCH agent and its synthesis is regulated by SeGK1 and SeG3PDH1 genes in S. exigua.
86.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
The sex pheromone of Stathmopoda auriferella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae), an important pest of kiwifruit in Korea, was studied. Two candidate pheromone components detected in the gland extracts of females were identified as (E)-5-hexadecenyl acetate (E5-16:OAc) and (E)-5-hexadecenol (E5-16:OH) in a ratio of 75:25 by mass spectral analysis of natural pheromone components and dimethyldisulfide adducts, and retention index comparisons with synthetic standards. In the kiwifruit orchards, E5-16:OAc alone was attractive to S. auriferella males and caught significantly more males than live virgin females. However, addition of E5-16:OH strongly inhibited attraction to E5-16:OAc. These results suggest that the major component of the female-produced sex pheromone of S. auriferella is E5-16:OAc. This hexadecenyl acetate is a novel moth sex pheromone component.
87.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
polydnavirus, Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), is symbiotic to an endoparasitoid wasp, C. plutellae, which specifically parasitizes young larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. CpBV contains some genes originated from other insect viruses. CpBV-E94k1 and CpBV-E94k2 are homologous to corresponding baculovirus gene E94k, and may play an important role in host-parasitoid interactions. This study was conducted to confirm the origin and function of CpBV-E94k by analyzing its sequence and functional assays. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that CpBV acquires these E94k genes from baculoviruses. These two genes were expressed during entire period parasitization period. Expression of these E94ks was also tissue-specific because they were expressed in the hemocyte and fat body, but not in the other tissues. Subsequent analysis of gene function by RNA interference showed that it clearly inhibited host immune and developmental processes
88.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Most insect possess two AChEs (i.e., AChE1 and AChE2 encoded by ace1 and ace2 gene, respectively). Due to its higher transcription level and responsibility for insecticide resistance, it is believed that AChE1 is likely the main catalytic AChE, between two AChEs of the insects having both AChE1 and AChE2 studied to date. However, Cyclorrhaphan flies have only AChE2, suggesting the evolutionary scenarios for the takeover of ace2 and the loss of ace1 during Diptera evolution (Huchard et al., 2006). Therefore, it is essential to investigate the evolutionary distribution of AChE1 and AChE2 in Insecta. In this study, among 100 insect species examined, we found 33 species expressing AChE2 as the catalytic major enzyme by Western blotting using AChE1- and AChE2 specific antibodies. These findings are contrary to the common expectation that AChE1 is dominant synaptic enzyme in all insect species with the exception of Cyclorrhapha. In this study, we compared the characteristics of both AChE1 and AChE2 from the German cockroach and the honey bee, in which AChE1 and AChE2 were expressed as major catalytic enzyme, respectively. In addition, we presented a unique case of a damselfly, which expresses both AChEs exhibiting almost identical enzymatic activities, along with the fruit fly, where AChE1 is not present but multiple forms of AChE2 appear to replace the function of AChE1. The current study will provide valuable insights into the evolution of AChE.
89.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Cadherin gene, which is a receptor of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxins, was predicted from 454 pyrosequencing transcripts from fifth instar larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. The S. exigua cadherin gene (SeCad1) encodes 9 cadherin repeats and a tranmembrane domain. The SeCad1 gene was expressed in all developmental stage specifically in gut tissue by RT-PCR analysis. Expression of SeCad1 gene was suppressed by both injection and feeding of its specific dsRNASeCad1 in 5th instar larval stage. The suppression of SeCad1 expression did not significantly influence on pupal and adult development of S. exigua. However, the larval treated with dsRNASeCad1 (100 ng/larva) significantly reduced susceptibility to B. thuringiensis ssp. aizawai (3 × 106 CFU/larva). By contrast, the dsRNASeCad1-treated larvae did not show any change in susceptibility to B. thuringiensis ssp. krustaki (4 × 107 CFU/larva). These results suggest that SeCad1 is a specific receptor of Cry1A toxin from B. thuringiensis in S. exigua, but not Cry1C toxin.
90.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Emergence of resistant two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) can induce the over usage of standard amount of acaricides and result in various side effects. Rapid resistance monitoring is essential step for the efficient management of resistant populations by enabling the selection of appropriate acaricides. Here, we evaluated the 10 acaricides to determine its suitability on residual contact vial bioassay (RCV) by using PyriF strain as standard. Five acaricides (Abamectin, monocrotophos, tebufenpyrad, bifenazate and cyflumetofen) revealed the dose-dependent mortality within 8 h, whereas other remaining acaricides (Fenbutatin oxide, fenpyroxymate, flufenoxuron, spiromesifen and etoxazole) did not. This finding suggests that the application of RCV method is limited depending on the mode of action and physicochemical properties of each acaricide. Resistance levels to five acaricides (Abamectin, monocrotophos, tebufenpyrad, bifenazate and cyflumetofen) were determined for four field populations of TSSM by using RCV diagnostic kit. All TSSM populations showed the highest sensitivity to cyflumetofen, indicating that it would be most effective in controling field populations. RCV diagnostic kit would enable to provide crucial information for choosing the most appropriate acaricides in the field.
91.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Ju Il Kim, Min Kwon, Sangeun Park, Jeong-Jin Ahn, Young-Uk Park, Seonwoo Lee, Hyun-Na Koo, Gil-Hah Kim, Si Young Kim, Si Hyeock Lee
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is one of the most serious pests in various vegetable crops. In Korea, some field populations of A. gossypii especially in greenhouse showed high resistance against neonicotinoids. The imidaclopridresistant strain (IR) selected from one of the greenhouse strains was found to be about 3,800 folds more resistant to imidacloprid, compared to the susceptible strain (S), as judged by LC50 values. To identify differentially expressed genes in IR, an isogenic strain, reverse susceptible strain (IRS) was generated from IR and comparative transcriptome analyses based on GS-FLX were conducted using total RNAs extracted from both IR and IRS. Also we confirmed protein expression patterns by 2DE and detoxification enzyme over-expression by synergist test. However there was no significant variation among IR, IRS and S. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of seven nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit (alpha 1-5,7 and beta 1) genes from S and IR strain revealed a point mutation causing an arginine to threonine substitution (R81T) in the loop D region of the nAChR beta 1 subunit of the IR. These mechanisms were also reported in M. persicae and this amino acid change confers a vertebrate-like character to the insect nAChR and results in reduced sensitivity to neonicotinoids. Moreover an extra point mutation, L80S (leucine to serine substitution) was also detected nearby R81T mutation in nAChR beta 1 subunit variant. These mutations can be an additive factor in imidacloprid resistance in A. gossypii. This is the first report of imidacloprid resistance mechanism in A.gossypii. Further, this would be helpful in managing A. gossypii resistant populations in field.
92.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
An assessment was made of the toxicity of hiba, Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai, oil and 24 oil constituents and control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (0.5. 1, 2, and 3% sprays) to adult American house dust mite (AHDM), Dermatophagoides farinae, and copra mite (CM), Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Results were compared with those of three conventional acaricides benzyl benzoate, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), and permethrin. Based on 24 h LC50 values, (–)-thujopsene was the most toxic constituent against AHDM (9.82 μg/cm2) and CM (10.92 μg/cm2) and the toxicity of the compound was nearly identical to that of benzyl benzoate (9.33 and 10.14 μg/cm2). High toxicity was also observed with (–)-(E)-pinocarveol, carvacrol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, β-thujaplicin, cedrol, α-terpineol, (+)-ledene, thymol, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol against both mite species (LC50, 11.92–19.19 and 12.49–22.97 μg/cm2). These constituents were more toxic than deet (LC50, 35.53 and 38.42 μg/cm2). Hiba applied as 2 and 3% sprays provided >95% mortality against both mite species, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/L spray treatment resulted in ca 11% mortality. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments justify further studies on hiba oil preparations containing the constituents described as potential contact-action fumigants or lead molecules for the control of mite populations.
93.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
We evaluated the larvicidal activity of 20 plant essential oils and components from ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) and Peru balsam (Myroxylon pereira) oils against Aedes aegypti. Of the 20 plant essential oils, ajowan and Peru balsam oils at 0.1 mg/mL exhibited 100% and 97.5% larval mortality, respectively. At this same concentration, the individual constituents, (+)-camphene, benzoic acid, thymol, carvacrol, benzyl benzonate and benzyl trans-cinnamate caused 100% mortality. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in 2 active oils indicated that thymol and benzyl benzoate were major contributors to the larvicidal activity of the artificial blend. We also tested the acute toxicity of these 2 active oils and their major constituents against the water flea, Daphnia magna. Peru balsam oil and benzyl trans-cinnamate were the most toxic to D. magna. Two days after the treatment, residues of ajowan and Peru balsalm oils in water were 36.2% and 85.1%, respectively. Less than 50% of benzyl trans-cinnamate and thymol were detected in the water at 2 days after treatment. Our results show that the essential oils of ajowan and Peru balsam and some of their constituents have potential as botanical insecticides against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae.
94.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Jin Sun Song, Dong Woon Lee, Suk Jun Lee, Chae Min Lee, Tae Heon Lim, Dongpyeo Lyu, Hyeong Hwan Kim, Myoung Rae Cho
The green pale plant bug, Apolygus spinolae was one of the main insect pests that damaged leaves and fruit in grapes and its damage status was firstly reported in 2000 in grape orchards. This research was conducted to evaluate the distribution and difference in damage rate depending in management type of grapevine orchards (domestic sale farm vs export farm) in the export complex area of Korea (Hwangsung in Gyeonggii, Sangju and Yeongcheon in Gyeongbuk, Namwon in Junbuk and Yeongdong in Chungbuk) from 2010 to 2012. Damage by A. spinolae occurred in all 62 survey farms and damage rate differed depending on locality and individual farms in the same area. Damage rate was lower in export farms than in domestic sale farms, and damage rate of leaves was highly correlated with damage rate of new shoots. 15 species of hemipteran insect were attracted to sticky traps and A. spinolae was the dominant species. The attracted number of A. spinolae in the sticky traps differed depending on locality, and more occurred in domestic sale farms than expert farms. A. spinolae was continually attracted to sticky traps in the harvest period in grapevine orchards.
95.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
For replacement of methyl bromide(MB) in Korea, VapormateTM, a gas formulation of ethyl formate(EF) with carbon dioxide, are firslty introduced in import bananas and VivakilTM, a gas formulation of phosphine(PH3) with carbon dioxide, are ready to commercial use in export cut flowers. Their applications are being extended for other import and export commodities. Ethyl formate have been shown to have effectiveness short exposure time(<4hr) but it has a limited application at low temperature for TSM(Two spotted spider mites) due to some phytotoxic to strawberry. Phosphine gas has demonstrated their efficacy to TSM at low temperature but only meets quarantine requirement when applying longer fumigation time(>24hr) to control CA(cotton aphids). We firstly evaluated two MB alternatives, EF and PH3, have enhansive effect within short exposure time(4hr) at low temperature(5℃) for controlling both TSM and CA without any injury to export strawberries.
96.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Insecticide resistance and activation of the metabolic detoxification enzymes of female Culex pipiens pallens by the blood meal were assessed using a micro-application bioassay and micro-plate enzyme activity assays. Four group of Cx. pipiens pallens were used, a susceptible non-engorging group at seven days after emerging, SNE7 Cp; a resistant non-engorging group at seven days after emerging, RNE7 Cp; a resistant engorged group at one day after blood feeding and a resistant engorged group at seven days after blood feeding, REG7 Cp. Insecticide resistance of Cx. pipiens pallans was increased by the blood feeding. Based on LC50 values, SNE7 Cp demonstrated >50 fold of higher susceptibility to all tested insecticides when compared with RNE7 Cp. RNE7 Cp showed higher susceptibility to all tested insecticides than REG1 Cp and REG7 Cp with a relative susceptibility LC50 (SRLC50) of 25.8 to 50.0 and 25.0 to 48.8. In micro-plate enzyme assays, the metabolic detoxification enzyme activity of Cx. pipiens pallans adult females was increased by the blood feeding. Activation of non-specific esterases (EST), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and mixed function oxidase (MFO) in RNE7 were higher than in SNE7 and the all tested enzymes in REG1 and REG7 demonstrated significantly higher enzyme activation than RNE7, except for activation of GST in REG1. Activation of MFO in REG1 and REG7 were 209.4- and 74.6- fold higher than in REG7, respectively. Non-specific esterases (EST) and glutathione-S-transferase exhibited < 10 fold of higher Rr values. These results may be significant in terms of the criteria that are used to evaluate resistance, because blood fed female mosquitoes may show enhanced expression of the resistance phenotype, possibly allowing for earlier detection of insecticide resistance.
97.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne pathogen, is the most important cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. The major vector mosquito of this virus, known as Culex tritaeniorynchus, is mainly live in paddy rice field in Korea. So Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a disease of rural areas. During urbanization, rice cultivated land has decreased also resulting the number of JE patients has decreased. However, recent outbreak of JE in Korea 2010, the patients distribution was not related with that of the mosquito. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate involving other mosquito species in the transmission of JEV. Five localities, JE reported in 5 years, have been selected to collect mosquitoes according their habitats (mountain, swap, cow shed, and downtown area) in 2012. Total 22,774 collected mosquitoes were pooled by species, date and site of collection. Of the 1,282 pools, eight (five were from Culex orientalis, one from Culex pipiens complex, and two from Aedes vexans) were found positive for flavivirus RNA in SYBR Green I-based real-time RT-PCR assay. The results of sequences blasting on NCBI showed that the flaviviruses from Cx. orientalis and Cx. pipiens complex were identified as JEV genotype V.
98.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
우리나라는 1988년 이후 장수풍뎅이, 사슴벌레, 나비류 등 50여 종류의 곤충이 학습과 취미용으로 상품화되어 시장규모가 증가하고 있는 추세에 있으며, 곤충의 체험학습장 및 곤충생태공원, 곤충박물관 등에는 연 200만명 이상이 관람하는 것으로 나타났다(특허청, 2011). 따라서 점차 규모가 커지고 있는 애완학습용 곤충시장을 올바르게 이해하고 적절히 대응하기 위해서는 소비자의 욕구를 파악할 필요가 있기 때문에 실제 이용자의 행동 모니터링을 시행하였다. ‘곤충’으로 검색된 블로그의 게시물을 대상으로 내용분석을 실시한 결과, 방문시기는 1월과 2월, 자녀의 체험학습을 위해 초등학교 저학년 이하의 자녀를 동반한 가족형 방문인 것으로 나타나 방학을 이용한 자녀교육 목적의 방문형태가 주를 이루는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 방문지역은 서울 및 경기의 수도권지역에 집중되어 있으며, 사진 게시물의 내용을 분석한 결과를 살펴보면 곤충과 관련된 전시품사진과 체험활동위주의 사진이 가장 높은 비율을 보였다. 만족스러웠던 경험은 교육적 효과가 높은 다양한 체험활동이 많았다는 것이며, 불만족스러웠던 경험은 곤충을 보는 것만으로도 징그럽고 무섭다는 내용이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 보다 누구나 쉽게 다가갈 수 있도록 친근한 이미지를 형성할 필요가 있으며, 교육적 가치가 높으면서 직접 체험할 수 있는 보다 다양한 형태의 전시 및 프로그램 개발에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.
99.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
In the real world, most of biological systems that follow Markov process have internal states which are unobservable, so called hidden states. However, although the states could not be directly observed, events emitted under any hidden states would often be observable. It infers that a lot of biological systems might be simulated by hidden Markov model (HMM). To date, many studies tried to apply the HMM for monitoring and describing of animal behaviors. In this study, we attempted to build a HMM that emulates the traveling behavior of subterranean termites in the artificial tunnels with varying width and curvature, based on the empirical data obtained from our previous study that explored the relationship between subterranean termite's movement efficiency and the geometric pattern of their tunnels.
100.
2013.04
구독 인증기관·개인회원 무료
Subterranean termites build extensive underground galleries consisting of elaborate tunnels and channels to forage food resources. Diverse soil conditions surrounding the tunnels, such as soil density, may cause irregularities in the size and shape of the tunnels, and termites are likely to encounter a number of tunnel irregularities while traveling. Considering the tunnel length, how termites respond to an irregularity is likely to affect their movement efficiency, and this in turn is directly correlated to their foraging efficiency. To understand the response of termites, we designed an artificial linear tunnel with rectangular irregularities in a 2-D arena. The tunnel widths, W, were 3 and 4 mm. The rectangular irregularities were 2 mm in width and of varying heights H (2, 1, 0, -1, and -2 mm). The positive and negative sign of H represents a convex and concave structure, respectively. We systematically observed the movement of termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, at the irregularity and quantified the time needed, τ, for a termite to pass the irregularity. The time τ was shorter for (W, H) = (3, 0) and (3, -1) than for (W, H) = (3, 1), (3, 2), and (3, -2). The time τ was longer for (W, H) = (4, -1), and (4, -2), than for (W, H) = (4, 0), (4, 1) and (4, 2). Four types of behaviors explained the response to the irregularity. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed in relation to termite foraging efficiency.
