The annual reproductive cycle of two species, Upogebia major (de Haan 1841) and Austinogebia wuhsienweni (Yu 1931), of the female mud shrimp from the west coast of Korea was investigated using histology. The collected samples were divided into adult and juvenile groups to understand the mature period of age class based on the carapace length (CL). Juvenile Upogebia (CL<25 mm) were mostly inactive gonad with early (62%-100%) and late (10%-38%) development stages during the year, whereas the adult shrimp showed a seasonal pattern of gonad maturation (CL≥25 mm). The early and late developmental stages of oocytes were observed in adult Upogebia from November to March and mature eggs appeared from April to October. In adult Ausitnogebia (CL≥15 mm), fully grown oocytes were consistently observed during the study period, in which the ripe stage was found between January and June. On the other hand, most juvenile Austinogebia (CL<15 mm) maintained an immature state in the gonad. Both species of the mud shrimp reproduced from ovigerous females in the adult population and their egg-bearing period was distinguished from January to April for U. major and from July to September for A. wuhsienweni.

ATP luminescence measurements (using Relative Light Units, RLU) has been used to assess the levels of bacterial contamination on the surfaces of various materials. However, not much is known about their suitability in assessing bacterial contamination on paper surfaces. This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using ATP luminometers in measuring levels of bacteria contamination on paper surfaces. The three ATP luminometers studied were Clean-Q, smart PD-30, and 3M™ Clean-Trace™ LM1 manufactured by different companies. There were some differences in RLU results among the three ATP luminometers when they were tested with different concentrations of Micrococcus luteus cell suspension. 106 - 107 cells were required in order to effectively detect Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Micrococcus luteus on the surfaces of A4 printing sheets (100 cm2) when using the three ATP luminometers. The sizes and physical properties of surface areas varied slightly among the swabs used for the three ATP luminometers. Concentration-specific measurements (RLU) of M. luteus taken from the surfaces of six kinds of paper (fine print paper, medium print paper, ground paper, newsprint paper, practice paper, tracing paper) were possible using the smart PD-30 and LM1 ATP luminometers. ATP detection values of M. luteus varied among the six types of paper. The highest ATP detection values were found on the surfaces of tracing paper. If the RLU value is recorded at the level of 1000, this could indicate a very high bacterial contamination level of 105 to 106 CFU/4 cm2.

본 연구의 목적은 오수견의 구전적 설화를 중심으로 돌비의 출토 및 현 오수면 원동공원과의 연계성을 통해 오수의 지명적 가치를 분석하는 것이 다. 아울러 오수면에 위치한 의견공원, 김개인 생가 등 풍수적인 물형가치 를 찾아 구전에 합당한 공간을 설정하고, 이 설정이 구전적 오수의견(義犬) 과 부합하는 지리적 형상을 이해하고자 하였다. 오수의견은 구전이나 나름 의 역사성을 갖추고 있는 문헌적 사료(史料)가 있으며 그와 관련하여 오늘 날까지도 이 지역주민들의 사랑을 받고 있는 공간이기도 하다. 그러므로 오수면의 의견스토리가 담긴 공간성은 반려견문화 세계화에 따라서 더욱 그 의미의 확장성을 보일 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 오수면의 정체성과 지 명 그리고 전반적인 인문학적 연구가 더욱 필요할 것이다. 또한 의견의 구 전적 이야기와 합치하는 풍수적 의견물형(義犬物形)을 더하고 구전적 오수 견 이야기의 토대를 돌비출현과 연관 지어 스토리의 완성적 공간을 확장하 였다. 본 연구는 단순히 구전적 이야기로만 전해오던 인간과 반려견(의견) 과의 인격적 애정관계를 통해서 그들 간의 생명관을 고찰함과 동시에 오수 의견 이야기의 실제적 역사로서 그 가능성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 또한 오 수의견 이야기의 주 무대로 알려진 오수면의 지명적 정체성을 알아보고 그 의미를 바탕으로 오수의견과의 연결성 있는 스토리를 찾아보고자 하였다.

Invasive predators are one of the most damaging species groups to biodiversity. In the Nakdong River, the lake skygazer Chanodichthys erythropterus is a dominant species that is fiercely carnivorous and a concern for commercial fish. Although it is important to understand the ecological characteristics related to the feeding habit, studies on the diets of lake skygazer in Nakdong River have been limited to studies of gut contents. In this study, the trophic position (TP) and feeding habits of C. erythropterus were studied by calculating TPs using samples collected from 13 sites throughout the Nakdong River. Compound-specific isotopic analysis of amino acids provided reliable TPs from the muscle of Lake skygazer C. erythropterus without any isotope baseline. The results were approximately 3 to 3.6 and suggesting a carnivorous but size-dependent prey variation. In particular, the TP variability of C. erythropterus observed in the Nakdong River showed that it had a selective feeding habit compared to carnivorous fish species of relatively similar trophic levels.

In this study, we analyzed the changes in concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA), phenols, and indoles, as well as odor contribution in pig slurry. The pig slurry was stored for approximately two months after the manure excretion of pigs which had been fed 3% level of peat moss additive. The investigation was carried out through lab-scale experiments simulating slurry pit conditions within pig house. Throughout the storage period, the concentration of VFA exhibited a tendency to be 11%-32% higher in the pig manure treated with peat moss as compared to the control group. From a concentration perspective, phenol and acetic acid accounted for the majority of the total odor compounds produced during the pig slurry storage period. However, their significance diminished when the concentration of odoros compounds are converted into odor activity value and odor contribution. Despite the odor reduction effect of the ammonia (NH3) adsorption by peat moss, if it cannot effectively reduce the high odor-contributing compounds such as indoles and p-cresol, the sole use of peat moss may not be considered an effective means of mitigating odors produced by pig slurry. According to this study, indoles, p-cresol, skatole, and valeric acid were consistently revealed as major odor-contributing substances during the two-month storage of pig slurry. Therefore, a comprehensive odor mitigation methodology should be proposed, taking into consideration the odor generation characteristics (including temporal concentration and odor contribution) of pig slurry-derived odors during storage.

The purpose of this study was to determine the conditions necessary for the total eradication of mite pests in indoor environments. The study involved the construction of a sterilization experimental setup. For this setup, various sterilization techniques, such as UV-C, ozone, ultrasound, and heat were applied, based on previous research. The experimental procedure consisted of placing mite pests in a chamber and subjecting them to different sterilization techniques. Observations were conducted immediately after the experiment and repeated five days later to assess the extent of eradication. The results showed that UVC, ozone, and ultrasound methods were not successful in completely eradicating the mite pests. In contrast, heat sterilization demonstrated effectiveness depending on the specific temperature and exposure time. To achieve the eradication of mite pests in indoor environments, it is necessary to maintain conditions of short-term high-temperature sterilization above 65°C or sustain temperatures above 50°C for a minimum duration of 90 minutes.

To cultivate pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) artificially, co-cultivation with microorganisms has been introduced. Here, experiments were performed to assess the growth-promoting effect of bacteria on T. matsutake mycelia. Bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected in Yangyang County, Korea. Four of the bacterial isolates (Y22_B06, Y22_B11, Y22_B18, and Y22_B22) exhibited a growth-promoting effect on T. matsutake mycelia (154.67%, 125.91%, 134.06%, and 158.28%, respectively). To analyze the characteristics of the bacteria, especially the antifungal activity, -amylase and cellulase activity assays were performed. In comparison with the controls, the isolated bacteria exhibited low -amylase and cellulase activity. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to identify the four bacterial isolates. The isolates belonged to the Terrabacteria group and were identified as Microbacterium paraoxydans, Paenibacillus castaneae, Peribacillus frigoritolerans, and P. butanolivorans. These bacterial isolates are expected to have contributed to the growth promotion of T. matsutake mycelia and the artificial cultivation of T. matsutake.

This study was conducted to develop a renewable and sustainable bio-material to replace polystyrene (EPS) in fungal-mycelium-based composite using agricultural by-products. Four mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum, Fomitella fraxinea, Phellinus linteus, and Schizophyllum commune) were cultured in an oak sawdust plus rice bran substrate to select the mushroom with the best growth. The mycelia of G. lucidum showed the best growth. To investigate the optimal mixing ratio with spent mushroom substrate (SM) and oak sawdust (OS), samples were prepared by mixing SM and OS at ratios of 50%:50%, 60%:40%, and 80%:20% (w/w). Each substrate was then inoculated with G. lucidum. G. lucidum showed the best mycelial growth of 140.0 mm in the substrate with SM and OS mixed at a 60%:40% ratio. It was also found that the substrate with SM and OS mixed at a 60%:40% ratio had the best handling properties. The compressive strength of mycelial materials inoculated with G. lucidum was in the range of 300–302 kgf mm-1, and the materials were four times stronger than polystyrene materials. These results indicate that substrates comprising spent mushroom substrate mixed with oak sawdust can be successfully upcycled to mycelium-based composite materials using G. lucidum. This represents a sustainable approach.

In this study, the characteristics and taste components of six different oyster mushroom cultivars (Gonji-7ho, Santari, Baekseon, Chunchu, Suhan, and Heuktari) were analyzed and compared. The Heuktari mushroom pileus had the lowest brightness index (32.8) and remained dark (brightness index: 30.5) even after blanching. The moisture content of the mushrooms was approximately 90%. The salinity and sugar contents were highest in Heuktari (5.7% and 7.1%, respectively). Gonji -7ho had the highest contraction rates, with a length contraction rate of 16.4% and thickness contraction rate of 23.9%. The total amino acid content was highest in Heuktari (537.8 mg/100 g), but the glutamine content contributing to umami taste was highest in Santari (59.4 mg/100 g) and the aspartic acid content was highest in Baekseon (33.1 mg/100 g). Among the 5?-nucleotide components, guanosine monophosphate, which enhances umami taste, was highest in Baekseon (0.7 mg/g). Baekseon was also calculated to have the highest umami taste concentration based on amino acid and nucleic acid contents (12.7 g/100 g). The results of this study serve as valuable basic data on the physicochemical characteristics of oyster mushroom cultivars grown in Korea.